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Human Body > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q
  • From person to person, environment to person, from tiny animals (insects) to persons
A

Spread of infection

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2
Q

when you sneeze the cold virus is sprayed into a room because little droplets
of nasal discharge go into the air which are then inhaled by another person. (droplet contact). Or, your hands were contaminated with the virus, you touched many objects, and other people
touched the objects you contaminated.

A

Person to Person

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3
Q

contact with contaminated water, air, food, soil. Ex: drinking a
glass of contaminated water – you may develop typhoid fever.

A

Environment to person contact

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4
Q

misquito bites a person that has malaria, now the mosquito has
malaria and bites another person.

A

Tiny animal to person contact

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5
Q

Enter the body through respiraroty (inhaled droplets), gastrointestinal (eating bad food or placing
contaminated hands in mouth) genitourinary tracts, eye, skin, parenteral route. Parenteral is injuries
that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes.

A

Portal of entry

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6
Q

respiratory (sneezed/coughed out), gastrointestinal (stool), genitourinary, the skin (intact
and broken), the eyes (tears), and breasts (milk).

A

Portal of exit

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7
Q

Types of pathogens, characteristics:

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungus, spores, parasites, Sterilization

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8
Q

Types of pathogens:

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, other larger, disease causing organisms including worms
and arthropods.

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9
Q

single celled organisms found everywhere. Can preform useful roles, microbiota or normal
flora do not cause disease.

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

Classified in 3 groups based on shape:

A

coccus (round),bacillus (rod shaped), curved rod

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11
Q

chain patterned, cause disease including gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia.

A

coccus (round)

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12
Q

long and slender shaped like a cigar. Cause tetanus, diphtheria, TB

A

bacillus (rod shaped)

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13
Q

vibrio, spirillum and spirochete, slight curve and resemble a comma. Spirillum look
like corkscrews. Spirochetes are capable of waving and twisting and look tightly coiled.

A

curved rod

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14
Q

Bacteria
have 2 characterstics

A

the presence of a cell well and the ability to form spores. Spores aneable
bacteria to exisist in a dormant state until environment improves.

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15
Q

are bacterial and parasites.

A

Ricksettsia/chlamydia

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16
Q

consist of either ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid. Surrounded by protein shell.
Only reproduce within the living cells of a host, they are parasites. MMR, Flu, polio, COVID, aids.

A

Viruses

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17
Q

plantlike organism, (mushroom etc) grows best in dark, damp placed. Cause mycotic
infections which are usually localized (athletes foot, ringworm, thrush, etc)

A

Fungus

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18
Q

single celled animal like mircrobes. 4 types are amebas, ciliates, flagellates, sporozoa.
Found in soil and water. These parasites can cause diarrhea.

A

Protozoa

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19
Q

multicellular animals and are pathogenic to humans. Roundworm, flatworm, can be
tested found through stool. Worms transmitted through fecal-oral route.

A

Helminths

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20
Q

animals with jointed legs and include insects. Can live on the surface of the body,
skin, mucous membranes, can be disease riddled

A

Arthropods

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21
Q

four major tissue types:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

22
Q

forms large continuous sheets, helps form the skin and covers the entire outer
surface of the body. Line most inner cavities. Concerned with protection and transport, protects
body from sunlight, help with inhaling clean air,

A

epithelial

23
Q

walls of vessels, alveoli, kidneys, permits exchange of nutrients and wastes,
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, filtration of water and electrolytes.

A

Simple squamous

24
Q

lining of kidney tubules, absorption of water and electrolytes.

A

Simple cuboidal

25
Q

covers the body and lines cavities that open to the outside, it is concerned
with protection, secretion, filtration, absorption. Shape of the cells are squamous, cuboidal,
and columnar. Depending on # of layers it can be simple or stratified.

A

Epithelial tissue

26
Q

distributed throughout the body, found in blood, under skin, in bone, around
organs. Connects/binds together parts of the body. Functions: support, protection, fat storage,
transport of substances. Connective tissue has a good blood supply and an abundance of
intercellular matrix (which consists of ground substance and protein fibers)

A

Connective

27
Q

fibers are loosely arrange around cells, areolar tissue: collagen and
elastin fibers, soft, surrounds, protects, and cushions. Acts as tissue glue. adipose tissue: fat is
composed primarily of adipocytes or fat storing cells. Fat is the body reservoir of energy. And
assists in body temp regulation. Fat acts as a cushion, and protects organs by keeping them in
place. reticular connective tissue: network of interwoven cells and fine collagen (reticular
fibers). Internal framework for lymphatic tissue such as spleen, lymph nores, bone marrow.

A

Loose connective tissue

28
Q

cordlike strucute – attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

29
Q

cross joints and attach bones to eachother. More easily stretched.

A

Ligaments

30
Q

composed of cells that shorten or contract. Cause movement of a bodt part. Cells are
long and slender so they are called fibers. 3 types of muscle, skeletal: attached to bone, looks
like stripes, moves the skeleton, maintains posture, stabilized joints. Smooth: walls of the
viscera/organs, the function is related to where it is found. and cardiac: only found in heart,
function is to pump blood into blood vessels, they are long branching cells that fit together
tightly at junctions

A

Muscle

31
Q

brain, spinal cord, nerves. Consists of 2 cell types: 1. Neurons and 2. Neuroglia.
Neurons transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. (neuron consists of
dendrites, cell body, axon) neuroglia support and take care of neurons they support and bind
together neurons.

A

Nervous tissue

32
Q

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine gland

A

Endocrine Gland: secret hormones. Ductless, secrete hormone into the blood.

33
Q

is a gland that pours its secretion on the surface or into a particular
region by means of ducts for performing a metabolic activity.

A

Exocrine Gland

34
Q

is the replacement of tissue by cells that are
identical to the original cells. Occurs only in tissues whose cells undergo mitosis.

A

Regeneration

35
Q

is the replacement of injured tissue by the formation of fibrous connective tissue or scar
tissue. The fibers of scar tissue pull the edges of the wound together and strengthen the area.

A

Fibrosis

36
Q

Skin structural layers:

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

37
Q

thin outer layer, protects body from harm, keeps body hydrated, produces new skin
cells, contains melanin. Composed of 5 layers. Stratum germinativum – produces keratin, to
form hair and nails. Stratum spinosum – makes skin flexible and strong. Stratum granulosum –
visible under a microscope. Stratum Lucidum – have a flatter shape. Stratum corneum – protects
you from harm, consists of fats that keep water from entering and leaving the body

A

Epidermis

38
Q

middle layer, protects body from harm, supports epidermis, feels sensations, produces
swear and hair. Consists of 2 layers. Reticular dermis: supports skin overall structure, allows skin
to move and stretch. Papillary dermis: has cells that fight bacteria.

A

Dermis

39
Q

deepest layer, helps body regulate temperature and protects organs from shock.
Fat is stored here, gives your body its appearance, muscles and fascia attach ehere, contains
deep pressure sensors, contains blood vessels that play a role in thermoregulation, stores fat
cells that act as energy reserves and produce hormones.

A

Subcutaneous

40
Q

Accessory structures of skin:

A

sebaceous and sweat glands, nails, hair, glands

41
Q

oil glands, associated with hair follicles, found where there is hair. Secrete oily
substance called sebum, flows into hair root and out of the surface of the skin. Sebum helps waterproof
hair and skin, helps inhibit bacteria growth on skin, with aging sebum decreases. Sebaceous glands play
a role in the fetus (because the cream cheese covering they are born with)

A

Sebaceous glands

42
Q

sense insencts, eyelashes/eyebrows protect eyes from dust, nasal hairs trap dust, head
hair keeps up warm/cosmetic role. Hair growth Is influenced by sex hormones.

A

Hair

43
Q

Parts of a hair:

A

shaft, the root, hair follicle

44
Q

determined by amount of melanin secretion. More melanin = darker, red hair = iron
in melanin

A

Hair colour

45
Q

curly, wavy, straight = determined by the shape of shaft. Round shaft = straight hair.
Oval shaft = wavy hair. Curly shaft = flat shafts

A

Hair type

46
Q

alopecia, drug toxicity (chemo)

A

Loss of hair

47
Q

thin plates of stratified squamous epithelial cells that contain hard keratin. Each nail has a
free edge, a nail body, and a nail root. As it grows it slides over a nail bed, the cuticle is a folg of
stratum corneum.

A

Nails

48
Q

thermal energy produced by millions of chemical reactions occuring in the cells of the
body. Picked up and distributed by blood. Muscles, liver, endocrine glands produce greatest amount of
heat. Heat production can be affected by food consumption/type, amount/types of hormones secreted,
and physical activity.

A

Heat production

49
Q

80% of loss occurs through the skin. Achieved through changing the amount of blood
delivered to the skin and secretion of sweat. 20% is lost through the lungs and in urine and
feces.

A

Heat Loss

50
Q

thermostat of the body is in the hypothalamus, IT SENSes changes in
body temp and sends info to the skin and skeletal muscles. The body responds to temp
elevation by increasing blood to flow to the skin and by sweating.

A

Regulation of temperature

Human Body (1 decks)

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