Anatomy

Question 1

• From person to person, environment to person, from tiny animals (insects) to persons

Answer 1

Spread of infection

Question 2

when you sneeze the cold virus is sprayed into a room because little droplets
of nasal discharge go into the air which are then inhaled by another person. (droplet contact). Or, your hands were contaminated with the virus, you touched many objects, and other people
touched the objects you contaminated.

Answer 2

Person to Person

Question 3

contact with contaminated water, air, food, soil. Ex: drinking a
glass of contaminated water – you may develop typhoid fever.

Answer 3

Environment to person contact

Question 4

misquito bites a person that has malaria, now the mosquito has
malaria and bites another person.

Answer 4

Tiny animal to person contact

Question 5

Enter the body through respiraroty (inhaled droplets), gastrointestinal (eating bad food or placing
contaminated hands in mouth) genitourinary tracts, eye, skin, parenteral route. Parenteral is injuries
that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes.

Answer 5

Portal of entry

Question 6

respiratory (sneezed/coughed out), gastrointestinal (stool), genitourinary, the skin (intact
and broken), the eyes (tears), and breasts (milk).

Answer 6

Portal of exit

Question 7

Types of pathogens, characteristics:

Answer 7

Bacteria, viruses, fungus, spores, parasites, Sterilization

Question 8

Types of pathogens:

Answer 8

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, other larger, disease causing organisms including worms
and arthropods.

Question 9

single celled organisms found everywhere. Can preform useful roles, microbiota or normal
flora do not cause disease.

Answer 9

Bacteria

Question 10

Classified in 3 groups based on shape:

Answer 10

coccus (round),bacillus (rod shaped), curved rod

Question 11

chain patterned, cause disease including gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia.

Answer 11

coccus (round)

Question 12

long and slender shaped like a cigar. Cause tetanus, diphtheria, TB

Answer 12

bacillus (rod shaped)

Question 13

vibrio, spirillum and spirochete, slight curve and resemble a comma. Spirillum look
like corkscrews. Spirochetes are capable of waving and twisting and look tightly coiled.

Answer 13

curved rod

Question 14

Bacteria
have 2 characterstics

Answer 14

the presence of a cell well and the ability to form spores. Spores aneable
bacteria to exisist in a dormant state until environment improves.

Question 15

are bacterial and parasites.

Answer 15

Ricksettsia/chlamydia

Question 16

consist of either ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid. Surrounded by protein shell.
Only reproduce within the living cells of a host, they are parasites. MMR, Flu, polio, COVID, aids.

Answer 16

Viruses

Question 17

plantlike organism, (mushroom etc) grows best in dark, damp placed. Cause mycotic
infections which are usually localized (athletes foot, ringworm, thrush, etc)

Answer 17

Fungus

Question 18

single celled animal like mircrobes. 4 types are amebas, ciliates, flagellates, sporozoa.
Found in soil and water. These parasites can cause diarrhea.

Answer 18

Protozoa

Question 19

multicellular animals and are pathogenic to humans. Roundworm, flatworm, can be
tested found through stool. Worms transmitted through fecal-oral route.

Answer 19

Helminths

Question 20

animals with jointed legs and include insects. Can live on the surface of the body,
skin, mucous membranes, can be disease riddled

Answer 20

Arthropods

Question 21

four major tissue types:

Answer 21

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

Question 22

forms large continuous sheets, helps form the skin and covers the entire outer
surface of the body. Line most inner cavities. Concerned with protection and transport, protects
body from sunlight, help with inhaling clean air,

Answer 22

epithelial

Question 23

walls of vessels, alveoli, kidneys, permits exchange of nutrients and wastes,
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, filtration of water and electrolytes.

Answer 23

Simple squamous

Question 24

lining of kidney tubules, absorption of water and electrolytes.

Answer 24

Simple cuboidal

Question 25

covers the body and lines cavities that open to the outside, it is concerned with protection, secretion, filtration, absorption. Shape of the cells are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. Depending on # of layers it can be simple or stratified.

Answer 25

Epithelial tissue

Question 26

distributed throughout the body, found in blood, under skin, in bone, around organs. Connects/binds together parts of the body. Functions: support, protection, fat storage, transport of substances. Connective tissue has a good blood supply and an abundance of intercellular matrix (which consists of ground substance and protein fibers)

Answer 26

Connective

Question 27

fibers are loosely arrange around cells, areolar tissue: collagen and elastin fibers, soft, surrounds, protects, and cushions. Acts as tissue glue. adipose tissue: fat is composed primarily of adipocytes or fat storing cells. Fat is the body reservoir of energy. And assists in body temp regulation. Fat acts as a cushion, and protects organs by keeping them in place. reticular connective tissue: network of interwoven cells and fine collagen (reticular fibers). Internal framework for lymphatic tissue such as spleen, lymph nores, bone marrow.

Answer 27

Loose connective tissue

Question 28

cordlike strucute – attach muscles to bones

Answer 28

Tendons

Question 29

cross joints and attach bones to eachother. More easily stretched.

Answer 29

Ligaments

Question 30

composed of cells that shorten or contract. Cause movement of a bodt part. Cells are long and slender so they are called fibers. 3 types of muscle, skeletal: attached to bone, looks like stripes, moves the skeleton, maintains posture, stabilized joints. Smooth: walls of the viscera/organs, the function is related to where it is found. and cardiac: only found in heart, function is to pump blood into blood vessels, they are long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions

Answer 30

Muscle

Question 31

brain, spinal cord, nerves. Consists of 2 cell types: 1. Neurons and 2. Neuroglia. Neurons transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. (neuron consists of dendrites, cell body, axon) neuroglia support and take care of neurons they support and bind together neurons.

Answer 31

Nervous tissue

Question 32

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 32

Endocrine Gland: secret hormones. Ductless, secrete hormone into the blood.

Question 33

is a gland that pours its secretion on the surface or into a particular region by means of ducts for performing a metabolic activity.

Answer 33

Exocrine Gland

Question 34

is the replacement of tissue by cells that are identical to the original cells. Occurs only in tissues whose cells undergo mitosis.

Answer 34

Regeneration

Question 35

is the replacement of injured tissue by the formation of fibrous connective tissue or scar tissue. The fibers of scar tissue pull the edges of the wound together and strengthen the area.

Answer 35

Fibrosis

Question 36

Skin structural layers:

Answer 36

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

Question 37

thin outer layer, protects body from harm, keeps body hydrated, produces new skin cells, contains melanin. Composed of 5 layers. Stratum germinativum – produces keratin, to form hair and nails. Stratum spinosum – makes skin flexible and strong. Stratum granulosum – visible under a microscope. Stratum Lucidum – have a flatter shape. Stratum corneum – protects you from harm, consists of fats that keep water from entering and leaving the body

Answer 37

Epidermis

Question 38

middle layer, protects body from harm, supports epidermis, feels sensations, produces swear and hair. Consists of 2 layers. Reticular dermis: supports skin overall structure, allows skin to move and stretch. Papillary dermis: has cells that fight bacteria.

Answer 38

Dermis

Question 39

deepest layer, helps body regulate temperature and protects organs from shock. Fat is stored here, gives your body its appearance, muscles and fascia attach ehere, contains deep pressure sensors, contains blood vessels that play a role in thermoregulation, stores fat cells that act as energy reserves and produce hormones.

Answer 39

Subcutaneous

Question 40

Accessory structures of skin:

Answer 40

sebaceous and sweat glands, nails, hair, glands

Question 41

oil glands, associated with hair follicles, found where there is hair. Secrete oily substance called sebum, flows into hair root and out of the surface of the skin. Sebum helps waterproof hair and skin, helps inhibit bacteria growth on skin, with aging sebum decreases. Sebaceous glands play a role in the fetus (because the cream cheese covering they are born with)

Answer 41

Sebaceous glands

Question 42

sense insencts, eyelashes/eyebrows protect eyes from dust, nasal hairs trap dust, head hair keeps up warm/cosmetic role. Hair growth Is influenced by sex hormones.

Answer 42

Hair

Question 43

Parts of a hair:

Answer 43

shaft, the root, hair follicle

Question 44

determined by amount of melanin secretion. More melanin = darker, red hair = iron in melanin

Answer 44

Hair colour

Question 45

curly, wavy, straight = determined by the shape of shaft. Round shaft = straight hair. Oval shaft = wavy hair. Curly shaft = flat shafts

Answer 45

Hair type

Question 46

alopecia, drug toxicity (chemo)

Answer 46

Loss of hair

Question 47

thin plates of stratified squamous epithelial cells that contain hard keratin. Each nail has a free edge, a nail body, and a nail root. As it grows it slides over a nail bed, the cuticle is a folg of stratum corneum.

Answer 47

Nails

Question 48

thermal energy produced by millions of chemical reactions occuring in the cells of the body. Picked up and distributed by blood. Muscles, liver, endocrine glands produce greatest amount of heat. Heat production can be affected by food consumption/type, amount/types of hormones secreted, and physical activity.

Answer 48

Heat production

Question 49

80% of loss occurs through the skin. Achieved through changing the amount of blood delivered to the skin and secretion of sweat. 20% is lost through the lungs and in urine and feces.

Answer 49

Heat Loss

Question 50

thermostat of the body is in the hypothalamus, IT SENSes changes in body temp and sends info to the skin and skeletal muscles. The body responds to temp elevation by increasing blood to flow to the skin and by sweating.

Answer 50

Regulation of temperature