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Anatomy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

Body structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Functions of the body

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body steady state

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4
Q

Pathology

A

Disease and disease causing agents

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Parts we can see with our eyes

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Need a microscope to see

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7
Q

Radiography

A

X-ray (good for hard/dense objects like bone)

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8
Q

Tomography

A

X-ray all angles to see 3D image
(Computer aided tomography- CAT scan)

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9
Q

What does computer aided tomography mean

A

CAT scan ( gives a 3D image)

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10
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Uses Sound waves (medium/dense tissue)

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11
Q

Magnetic resonance imagery

A

MRI- uses magnetic waves (good for soft tissue)

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12
Q

What’s anatonical position?

A

•Face forward
•Arms at side
•Palms forward
•Feet forward
•Standing up

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13
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Above

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14
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Below

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15
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Front

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16
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Back

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17
Q

What Does medial mean?

A

Towards the middle

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18
Q

What does latial mean?

A

Not by middle

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19
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Toward point of origin

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20
Q

What does oistal mean?

A

Away from point of origin

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21
Q

Superficial

A

Towards outside (relaxing massage)

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22
Q

Deep

A

Deep inside ( deep massage)

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23
Q

What’s the 3 body planes

A

•sagittal
•coronal
•transverse

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24
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Left and right

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25
Q

Coronal plane

A

Front to back

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26
Q

Transverse plane

A

Top to bottom

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27
Q

Cell membrane

A

The outer limit of a cell
(Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment)

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28
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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29
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles

A

“Little organs” that are suspended in the cytoplasm of a cell
Ex: Mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, lysosomes

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30
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power house” source of chemical energy for the cell
(ATP)

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31
Q

What is ATP?

A

The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

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32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Capable of strong chemical breakdown
(Membrane enclosed organelle)

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33
Q

Cilia/Flagella

A

Can move things (sweeping action)

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34
Q

Vesical

A

How the cell eats

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35
Q

Microfilaments

A

Can produce movement
Can shorten, pull, move things
(Muscle cells have a lot of microfilaments to be able to move)

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36
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs all activity of cell (brains of cell)

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37
Q

Chromatin

A

Chromosomes
(Can make replica so as you age the less it works so takes longer to heal)

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38
Q

Mitosis

A

Give a direct replica (daughter cell)

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39
Q

Hyperplasia

A

To many cells, making more then what you need (causes tumours/cancer)

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40
Q

Anaplasia

A

Makes different cell not same as rest so has no purpose

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41
Q

Metastasis

A

Speed the different cell starts to replicate (if it don’t spread called benign)

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42
Q

Muscle tissue can only?

A

Contract, don’t push can pull/it can shorten under power, when shorten become larger (flexing)

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43
Q

What’s the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

•Skeletal muscle
•smooth muscle
•cardiac muscle

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44
Q

Skeletal muscle moves

A

Consciously (voluntarily)

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45
Q

Myofilament

A

Actin + myosin
Inside muscle cell (or muscle fiber)

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46
Q

Smooth muscle moves

A

•Unconscious (involuntary)
•Contracts all different angles (shrink down)
•can stay contracted for a long time

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47
Q

Nerve tissue is found in?

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves (all nerves down body)

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48
Q

What’s is the function of nerve tissue

A

•transmits electrical impulses (can tell how much electrical energy something has)(responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities)

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49
Q

What’s two types of fibre extensions

A

•axon
•dendrite

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50
Q

What’s the main function of Axon

A

Portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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51
Q

Whats the main function of Dendrite

A

To receive and store all incoming information from axon terminals (the structure of neurons, which conduct electrical impulses towards the cell body of the nerve cell)

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52
Q

Name 4 membranes in the body

A

•Mucous membrane
•Serous membrane
•Synovial membrane
•Cutaneous membrane

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53
Q

Mucous membrane function

A

•Lines the inside of organs and cavities throughout your body that are exposed to particles from the outside.
•lubricates and protects organs and cavities from abrasive particles, bodily fluids and invasive pathogens

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54
Q

Serous membrane function

A

•Line and enclose several body cavities
•secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements
•prevents infection from spreading organ to organ

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55
Q

Synovial membrane function

A

•Protects joints where they surround, they form what’s called a synovial capsule around your joints
•work with tendons, cartilage and ligaments to REDUCE FRICTION BETWEEN BONES

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56
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

57
Q

Name 7 functions of the skin

A

•Provides a protective barrier
•prevents loss of moisture
•Reduces harmful effects of UV rays
•Acts as sensory organ
•Helps regulate temperature
•Excrete waste (sweat glands)
•An immune organ to detect infection

58
Q

What’s the two layers of skin called?

A

•Epidermis
•Dermis

59
Q

Functions of Epidermis

A

•Outermost layer of skin
•Protects your body from harm
•keeps your body hydrated
•excrete waste
•temperature regulation
•sensation

60
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells called keratinocytes

61
Q

What’s the Function of the dermis?

A

•support and protect the skin and deeper layers
•assist in thermoregulation and sensation

62
Q

What’s the dermis made of

A

•contains connective tissue, hair follicles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and sweat glands, nerve sensory fibres
•Found beneath the epidermis

63
Q

What is Keratin?

A

A protein that makes cell hard

64
Q

What does keratin help?

A

•helps form hair, nails, and skins outer layer (epidermis), also helps heal wounds

65
Q

Keratinocytes functions In the skin

A

• play an essential role in protection, as they form a tight barrier that prevents foreign substances from entering the body
•minimizing the loss of moisture heat, and other constituents

66
Q

How thick is skin?

A

• skin can be 0.8-1.4mm thick
•In older people it can get down to 0.07mm

67
Q

What is melanin (melanocytes)?

A

•Pigment, the more melanil sites you have the darker you will be

68
Q

How thick is the dermis?

A

about 1.5mm thick

69
Q

3 types of nerves in the dermis

A

•Pacinian corpuscles
•Meissner corpuscles
•Free nerve endings

70
Q

Where is the Subcutaneous later?
What’s it’s function?

A

•Under the dermis
•It’s the deepest layer of the skin, attaches the other skin layers to tissues under the skin like muscles and bones

71
Q

What’s the subcutaneous layer made of?

A

•Loose connective tissue
•Adipose tissue (good insulation)
•Major blood vessels

72
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Mineralized connective tissue

73
Q

What is adipose tissue function?

A

•Provide energy storage
•Insulation from extreme temperatures
•Cushioning around soft organs

74
Q

What is Hair follicles and where is it found?

A

•Tube like structure that surrounds the root and strand of hair
•found in the top 2 layers of skin

75
Q

Where is the Hair root, what kind of cells do it contain?

A

Deeper in the skin
Has epidermal cells

76
Q

Darker hair means?

A

More melanin

77
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

•Tiny muscle connected to each hair follicle and the skin
•causes hair to stand, and a “goosebump” forms on the skin

78
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

•Small oil producing gland in the skin
•Usually attached to hair follicles and produces sebum (make hair shiny)

79
Q

What are nails made out of?

A

•Hardened epithelial cells
•has lots of keratin

80
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

•Eccrine
•Apocrine

81
Q

Eccrine

A

•sweat gland
•exits through pore
•helps regulate temperature
•born with this

82
Q

Apocrine

A

•sweat gland
•exits into hair follicle
•after puberty

83
Q

1st degree burn

A

•epidermis layer
•no scars

84
Q

2nd degree burn

A

•down to the dermis
•can recover with no scaring
•blisters some thickening of skin

85
Q

3rd degree burn

A

•down to the subcutaneous layer
•killed accessory organs
•thickens skin
•white leathery appearance

86
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The devision of cells

87
Q

Properties of epithelial tissue

A

•fast mitosis
•no blood vessels
•tightly packed
•form the covering of all body surfaces
•line body cavities and hollow organs
•major tissue in glands

88
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of epithelial tissue?

A

•protective barrier
•secreting substances
•absorbing substances

89
Q

What is the function of collagen fibres?

A

To provide structure, strength and support throughout the body

90
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

•Helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints
•Supporting and reinforce body structures and joints

91
Q

3 functions of Adipose tissue

A

•provides cushioning around soft organs
•good heat insulation
•energy storage and release
•hormone secretion

92
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

93
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

94
Q

Skeletal system contains

A

•support
•protection
•levers (joints)
•stores minerals

95
Q

Skeletal system make up

A

• blood cells
•cartilage
•fibrous connective tissue
•blood supply
•nerve tissue

96
Q

4 classifications of bones

A

•long bones
•short bones
•flat bones
•if neither of the above called irregular bone

97
Q

Long bone

A

•Two ends called epiphysis
•Middle/shaft of bone called diaphysis
•longer than it is wide

98
Q

Periosteal/periosteum

A

•wraps around outer layer of bone
•contains fibrous connective tissue

99
Q

Articular cartilage

A

•cartilage between bones
•a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastic properties

100
Q

Articular cartilage function

A

•Provide a smooth lubricated surface for low friction between opposing Articular cartilage

101
Q

Process

A

•A process protrudes from a bone
•Serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
•use as land marks

102
Q

Diaphysis

A

•middle/shaft of bone
•Compact bone

103
Q

Diaphysis is made up of

A

•Cortical bone
•contains brown marrow
•Adipose tissue

104
Q

Epiphysis

A

•Ends of long bone which ossified separately from the bone shaft. Becomes fixed to the shaft when full growth is attained
•spongy bone

105
Q

Epiphysis is made of

A

•spongy cancellous bone
•covered by thin layer of compact bone

106
Q

Haversian canals/Osteonic

A

Very small microscopic holes in bones for blood vessels

107
Q

Bone formation

A

•Bone starts as cartilage then ossifies to bone
•bones grow top to bottom
•if bone breaks at growth plate and don’t get fixed the bone won’t grow any longer

108
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Bone gets thicker from physical stress

109
Q

Atrophy

A

Bones can get thinner with no daily exercise

110
Q

Medullary cavity

A

•the hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow

111
Q

Bone marrow

A

Makes blood cells and stores fat

112
Q

Red bone marrow

A

•produces blood cells

113
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

•Stores fat
•can produce red blood cells during life threatening situation (bleeding out)

114
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

115
Q

70% of the weight of bone is?

A

Calcium

116
Q

Around how many bones in the body?

A

206

117
Q

Axial

A

Everything but arms and legs

118
Q

Appendicular

A

Arms and legs

119
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded, knuckle like, large prominence point of articulation

120
Q

Crest

A

A ridge / raised edge of bone

121
Q

Epicondyle

A

Small bump or rise
(In elbow)

122
Q

Fissure

A

A natural cleft between body parts

123
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in bone
(Allows for the passage of structures from from one region to another)

124
Q

Fossa

A

groove, depression in bone or hollow

125
Q

Fovea

A

Small pit in bone

126
Q

Line

A

Little ridge on bone
(Less prominent ridge then crest)

127
Q

Ramus

A

A branch, such as a branch of blood vessels or nerves

128
Q

Sinus

A

A cavity within a bone

129
Q

Suture

A

Interlocking bones

130
Q

Trochanter

A

Large prominence on the side of the bone
(Some of the largest muscle groups and most dense connective tissue is attached to the trochanter)

131
Q

Tubercle

A

A small rounded prominence where connective tissues attach

132
Q

Tuberosity

A

A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach

133
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

Muscle contraction occurs when the thin actin and thick myosin filaments slide past each other causing shortening of the muscle

134
Q

Thick filaments

A

Organized bundles of myosin

135
Q

Thin filaments

A

Made of actin along with two other proteins

136
Q

Myosin

A

•Superfamily of motor proteins
•Best known for their rolls in muscle contraction
•ATP dependent
•responsible for actin based motility

137
Q

Actin

A

•Family of globular multi-functional proteins
•Form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton
•Form filaments in muscle fibrils

138
Q

Function unit of nerve tissue

A

Nerve cell or neuron

Anatomy (4 decks)

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