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Microbiolgy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hierarchy of complexity?

A

Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system

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2
Q

What are the parts of the cell?

A

Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
mitochondria
lysosomes
Cytostol
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

What are the parts of the plasma membrane?

A

Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head

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4
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

A physical barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

Selectable permeability

Transport of substances inside and outside of the cell

Communication between cells

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5
Q

What are the types of tissues?

A

Epithelial

Muscular

Nervous

Connective

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6
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Tissue that provides a covering for organs and structures

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7
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that provides support for structures

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8
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

Tissue that provides body movement

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9
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissue that helps control homeostasis

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10
Q

What are the types of transport?

A

Passive

Active

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10
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

Primary

Secondary

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11
Q

What is the primary active transport?

A

Transport that directly uses ATP hydrolysiss

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11
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Transport that involves coupling a molecule with another molecule

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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified

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16
Q

What are the functions of epithelial cells?

A

Absorption
Protection
Secretion
Excretion
Filtration
Sensory reception

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16
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that have a similar structure and function working together as a unit to perform a function

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16
Q

Where are epithelial tissues found?

A

Mouth
Skin
Respiratory tract
Bladder
Digestive tract
Air sac
Ovary surface

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17
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding and support
Fuel storage
Insulation
Protection
Transport of substances

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18
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Ground substance
Fibers

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19
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Bone
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Liquid connective tissue

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20
Q

What are the functions of muscular tissue?

A

Produce body movement
Stabilise body positions
Produce body heat
Store and move substances within the body

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21
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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22
Q

What are organs?

A

Structures of two or more tissues organized to carry out a function

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23
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs with a related function

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24
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Detect internal and external stimulus
Process sensory information
Elicit an appropriate response by activating effectors causing muscles and glands to contract

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25
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector
Afferent
Efferent

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26
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

Detects a change in the internal or external environment

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27
Q

What does the afferent do?

A

Transmits information from the receptor to the control center

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28
Q

What does the control center do?

A

Integrates information and decides the outcome

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29
Q

What does the efferent do?

A

Transmits information from the control center to the effector

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30
Q

What does the effector do?

A

Carries out a response

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31
Q

What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central
Peripheral

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32
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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33
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Automic
Somatic

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34
Q

What is the automatic system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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35
Q

What are the types of nervous system cells?

A

Neuron
Neuroglia

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36
Q

What are the types of Neuroglia?

A

Satellite cells
Schwan cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Epenogmal

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37
Q

What neuroglia are a part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Satellite cells
Schwan cells

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38
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Provide strucutre in the peropheral nervous system

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39
Q

What do Schwan cells do?

A

Form the Myelin sheets of the peripheral nervous system

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40
Q

What neuroglia are a part of the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microcytes
Ependymal cells

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41
Q

What do oligodendrocytes?

A

Form and maintain the myelin sheets in the central nervous system

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42
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

support endothelial cells

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43
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Phagocytosis

44
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Move spinal fluid

45
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The basic functional unit of the nervous system

46
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The site of transmission between neurons, muscles, and glands

47
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Electrical impulses that send signals throughout the body

48
Q

What are ion channels?

A

They are a form of facilitated diffusion that allow specific ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane due to gates

49
Q

What are the types of ion channels?

A

Voltage-gated
Leak
ligand

50
Q

What are leak channels?

A

Channels that randomly alternate between open and closed

51
Q

What are voltage-gated channels?

A

Channels that open and close in response to membrane potential changes

52
Q

What are ligand channels?

A

Channels that open in response to binding

53
Q

What are membrane potentials?

A

The difference in electrical potentials inside and outside the cells

54
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via action potentials that depend on membrane potentials

55
Q

How are membrane potentials regulated?

A

By ions moving in and outside the cell via ion channels

56
Q

What are the phases of the action potential?

A

Resting potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

57
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

When the inactivation gate for sodium is open

58
Q

What is depolarization?

A

When the sodium activation gates open and the ions reach the threshold

59
Q

What is repolarization?

A

When the activation gate for sodium closes and opens for potassium and the action potential; is at its peak

60
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

When the potassium gates remain open and the membrane potential is lower than the action potential

61
Q

What is the propagation of action potentials?

A

The movement of action potentials across a membrane

62
Q

What are the types of propagation?

A

Continuous
Satatory

63
Q

What is continuous propagation?

A

propagation along unmyelinated axons

64
Q

What is satatory propagation?

A

propagation along myelinated axons

65
Q

What causes multpile secrous

A

Progressive destruction of the myelin sheets

66
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system?

A

Meninges
Cerebrol spinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier
Brain and spinal cord

67
Q

What is the meninges?

A

It’s a protective membrane

68
Q

What does the cerebral spinal fluid do

A

protect the brain from trauma

Moves nutrients between the blood-brain barrier and the nervous system cells

69
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

stops harmful substances from entering the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord made of?

A

endothelial cells

71
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

72
Q

What is cerebral spinal fluid made of?

A

ependymal cells

73
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

Cerebum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Diencephalon

74
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The part of the brain that is divided into left and right

75
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The part of the brain that contains the thymus,the hypothalamus,and spinal gland

76
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The part of the brain that controls movement and balance

77
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata

78
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer of the cerebellum

79
Q

What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?

A

Sulcus
Fissure
Gyrus
Inter neurons

80
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
Parietal

81
Q

What does the temporal lobe deal with?

A

Memory
Smell
Speach

82
Q

What does the frontal lobe deal with?

A

Short term memory
Goals

83
Q

What does the occipital lobe deal with?

A

Vission

84
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Receives sensory information

85
Q

What does the precentral gyrus deal with?

A

Voluntary control

86
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

The part of the brain that is involved in behavioral or emotional responses

87
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Memory center

88
Q

What does the amygdala deal with

A

emotional response

89
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A nerve impulse passes from a receptor to the spinal cord and the spinal cord to the effector without going back to the brain

90
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

Provides a means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves

91
Q

What are the parts of the reflex arc

A

Receptor
Sensory neurons
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector

92
Q

What does the automatic nervous system do?

A

Regulates the body’s involuntary automatic functions

93
Q

What are examples of involuntary functions?

A

Blood pressure
Digestion
Sexual response
Heart and Breathing rates

94
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

95
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A

Fight or flight

96
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A

Active during rest

97
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce and maintain myelin sheets in the peripheral nervous system?

98
Q

What are the automatic system neural pathways?

A

sensory receptors
sensory neurons
control center
motor neurons

99
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Controls whether dilute or concentrated urine is formed

100
Q

When is a large volume of dilute urine formed?

A

When fluid intake is high

101
Q

When is a small volume of concentrated urine formed?

A

When fluid intake is low

102
Q

How is blood pressure altered?

A

Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation
Decreasing blood volume

103
Q

How does the R-A-S system affect the body?

A

Vasoconstriction
An increase in thirst
Water and sodium retention

104
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

Systemic vasoconstriction
Binds to the hypothalamus to stimulate thirst
Acts on the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

105
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates the collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and secrete potassium

106
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of waste
Production of hormones
Regulation of blood ion levels
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pH

107
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Urethra
Bladder

108
Q

What are the layers of the kidneys?

A

Renal fascia
Fat capsule
Renal capsule

109
Q

What are the parts of the nephrons?

A

Renal tubules
Renal corpuscles

110
Q

What are the parts of the renal capsule?

A

Glomerulus
Glomerulus capsule

111
Q

What does the afferent arteriole do?

A

Brings blood to the glomerulus

112
Q

What are the parts of the renal tubules?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubules

113
Q

What are the layers of the glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated endothelium
Basement membrane
Podocytes

114
Q

What is the role of kidneys?

A

filter blood

115
Q

What does Renin do?

A

Breaks down angiotensinogen

116
Q

What does angiotensinogen-converting enzyme do?

A

Breaks down angiotensinogen I in Angiotensinogen II

Microbiolgy (2 decks)

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