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Physiotherapy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

A

L1 - L4

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2
Q

What nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A

L4 - S4

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3
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Adipose tissue, loose connective tissue (fascia) and dense regular tissue (tendons and ligaments)

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4
Q

What is specialised connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and bone

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5
Q

What are three components of connective tissue?

A

Cells (i.e. fibroblasts, chondrocytes, etc), Fibres (collagen and elastin), ground substance (can be firm, hard or fluid)

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6
Q

What are the tissue layers (superficial to deep)?

A

Skin -> superficial fascia (hypodermis) -> deep fascia -> muscle -> bone

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7
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Epithelial tissue, keratinised, self-regenerating, avascular, waterproof

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8
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Fibro-elastic connective tissue, contains most of the sensory nerve endings/ blood vessels, nourishing layer

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9
Q

Which nervous system are the arrector pili muscles supplied by?

A

SNS

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10
Q

Function of hair

A

Sensory and thermoregulation

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11
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum, epidermal barrier

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12
Q

Function of sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation

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13
Q

Function of nails

A

Protects the tips of the fingers and toes and supports the grasping function of the fingers

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14
Q

Describe the superficial fascia

A

Attaches dermis to underlying tissue/deep fascia, mainly adipose tissue, contains sensory receptors and large vessels for dermal vasculature

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14
Q

What do meissner corpuscles detect?

A

Small and light touch

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15
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Large and pressure/vibration

16
Q

Why is fascia important in terms of infection?

A

The fascia splits muscles into compartments to facilitate muscle movement and it is hard for the infection to get past the fascia

17
Q

What are the layers of muscles?

A

Epimysium -> muscle -> perimysium -> muscle fasicle/bundle -> endomysium -> muscle fibres/cells -> myofibril -> sarcomeres -> actin and myosin

18
Q

Describe type I muscles

A
  • Oxidate, slow twitch, red
  • Obtain energy from aerobic oxidation
  • Large number of mitochondria/myoglobin
  • Fatigue resistant i.e. longer periods of time/endurance muscles
19
Q

Describe type II muscles

A
  • Energy obtained by anaerobic glycolysis
  • Fewer mitochondria/myoglobin
  • Non-fatigue resistant i.e. only for short bursts of energy/sprinters
20
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased muscle size due to longitudinal division of myofibrils. This happens in response to physical stress

21
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decreased muscle size

22
Q

What happens to muscle as you age?

A
  • Myofibrils replaced by fibrous CT
  • Decrease in size and elasticity of muscle
23
Q

Layers of bone

A

Periosteum -> endosteum (cellular layer) -> medullary cavity

24
Q

Describe compact/cortical bone

A

Strength/rigidity, resists tensile forces, limited to outer parts of the bone

25
Q

Describe trabecular bone

A

Provide support to the bone while minimising weight, resists compressive forces, seen in epiphysis and vertebral bodies

26
Q

Describe the microstructure of bone (1. and 2.)

A
    • Inorganic (70%) = mineral salts and is hard - resists compression/deformation
    • Organic (30%) = collagen fibres which resists tension and bending forces
    • Osteoblasts: bone-forming cell
    • Osteocytes: mature bone cell
    • Osteoclasts: bone-removing cell
27
Q

Describe lamella

A

Layers of ossified ECM
- Interstitial = between Haversian systems
- Circumferential = periphery of bone is surrounded by circumferential

28
Q

Describe Haversian systems/osteons and Haversian canal

A

Haversian System = bony tubes that lie parallel to each other in bones
Haversian Canal = tube in the haversian system and has some fenestrated capillaries/unmyelinated axons

29
Q

Describe Volkmann’s canals

A

Communicate haversian canals with each other (pretty much lie horizontal)

30
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Formation of bones such as the skull bones and clavicle

31
Q

What is endochondral ossification (including primary and secondary)?

A

Hyaline cartilage at the end of long bones are turned into bone
There is primary (diaphysis) and several secondary (epiphysis)

Physiotherapy (2 decks)

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