Anatomy

Question 1

What nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

Answer 1

L1 - L4

Question 2

What nerves make up the sacral plexus?

Answer 2

L4 - S4

Question 3

What is connective tissue proper?

Answer 3

Adipose tissue, loose connective tissue (fascia) and dense regular tissue (tendons and ligaments)

Question 4

What is specialised connective tissue?

Answer 4

Cartilage and bone

Question 5

What are three components of connective tissue?

Answer 5

Cells (i.e. fibroblasts, chondrocytes, etc), Fibres (collagen and elastin), ground substance (can be firm, hard or fluid)

Question 6

What are the tissue layers (superficial to deep)?

Answer 6

Skin -> superficial fascia (hypodermis) -> deep fascia -> muscle -> bone

Question 7

Describe the epidermis

Answer 7

Epithelial tissue, keratinised, self-regenerating, avascular, waterproof

Question 8

Describe the dermis

Answer 8

Fibro-elastic connective tissue, contains most of the sensory nerve endings/ blood vessels, nourishing layer

Question 9

Which nervous system are the arrector pili muscles supplied by?

Answer 9

SNS

Question 10

Function of hair

Answer 10

Sensory and thermoregulation

Question 11

Function of sebaceous glands

Answer 11

Produce sebum, epidermal barrier

Question 12

Function of sweat glands

Answer 12

Thermoregulation

Question 13

Function of nails

Answer 13

Protects the tips of the fingers and toes and supports the grasping function of the fingers

Question 14

Describe the superficial fascia

Answer 14

Attaches dermis to underlying tissue/deep fascia, mainly adipose tissue, contains sensory receptors and large vessels for dermal vasculature

Question 14

What do meissner corpuscles detect?

Answer 14

Small and light touch

Question 15

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

Answer 15

Large and pressure/vibration

Question 16

Why is fascia important in terms of infection?

Answer 16

The fascia splits muscles into compartments to facilitate muscle movement and it is hard for the infection to get past the fascia

Question 17

What are the layers of muscles?

Answer 17

Epimysium -> muscle -> perimysium -> muscle fasicle/bundle -> endomysium -> muscle fibres/cells -> myofibril -> sarcomeres -> actin and myosin

Question 18

Describe type I muscles

Answer 18

• Oxidate, slow twitch, red
• Obtain energy from aerobic oxidation
• Large number of mitochondria/myoglobin
• Fatigue resistant i.e. longer periods of time/endurance muscles

Question 19

Describe type II muscles

Answer 19

• Energy obtained by anaerobic glycolysis
• Fewer mitochondria/myoglobin
• Non-fatigue resistant i.e. only for short bursts of energy/sprinters

Question 20

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 20

Increased muscle size due to longitudinal division of myofibrils. This happens in response to physical stress

Question 21

What is atrophy?

Answer 21

Decreased muscle size

Question 22

What happens to muscle as you age?

Answer 22

• Myofibrils replaced by fibrous CT
• Decrease in size and elasticity of muscle

Question 23

Layers of bone

Answer 23

Periosteum -> endosteum (cellular layer) -> medullary cavity

Question 24

Describe compact/cortical bone

Answer 24

Strength/rigidity, resists tensile forces, limited to outer parts of the bone

Question 25

Describe trabecular bone

Answer 25

Provide support to the bone while minimising weight, resists compressive forces, seen in epiphysis and vertebral bodies

Question 26

Describe the microstructure of bone (1. and 2.)

Answer 26

1. - Inorganic (70%) = mineral salts and is hard - resists compression/deformation - Organic (30%) = collagen fibres which resists tension and bending forces 2. - Osteoblasts: bone-forming cell - Osteocytes: mature bone cell - Osteoclasts: bone-removing cell

Question 27

Describe lamella

Answer 27

Layers of ossified ECM - Interstitial = between Haversian systems - Circumferential = periphery of bone is surrounded by circumferential

Question 28

Describe Haversian systems/osteons and Haversian canal

Answer 28

Haversian System = bony tubes that lie parallel to each other in bones Haversian Canal = tube in the haversian system and has some fenestrated capillaries/unmyelinated axons

Question 29

Describe Volkmann's canals

Answer 29

Communicate haversian canals with each other (pretty much lie horizontal)

Question 30

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 30

Formation of bones such as the skull bones and clavicle

Question 31

What is endochondral ossification (including primary and secondary)?

Answer 31

Hyaline cartilage at the end of long bones are turned into bone There is primary (diaphysis) and several secondary (epiphysis)