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Avian > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What do bird brains lack making them smooth?

A

Gyri - bumps and ridges on the cerebral cortex (most outer layer of the brain)

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2
Q

What is a birds most predominant sense?

Why is this?

A

Sight

Bescuase the optic lobes are found mid brain with the cerebellum

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

A

It plays a muscular coordination. Complex body movements required for flight result in a well developed cerebrum in birds.

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4
Q

How many cranial nerves do birds have

A

12

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5
Q

What reflex do birds lack due to there optic nerves?

A

Consensal light reflex

This is because the optic nerves completely cross

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6
Q

What is the function on plexus’s?

A

They send messages from the brain to allow movement

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7
Q

What does the bronchial plexus supply?

A

It supplies each wing

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8
Q

What does the lumber plexus supply?

A

Supplies the body wall and upper hind limbs

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9
Q

What does the Ischiatic plexus supply?

A

Hind limbs - ischiatic nerve

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10
Q

What does the pudendal plexus supply?

A

Innervate tail and cloacal area

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11
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of which 2 antagonistic systems?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

Sympathetic system purpose?

How does it affect
heart rate?
Breathing rate?
Peristalsis?
Intestinal secretions?

A

Prepares the body for action - fight or flight.

Heart - Increases rate of contraction of cardiac muscle- cardiac output increases
Breathing- smooth muscle of bronchioles relaxes and intake of air increases
Peristalsis- the digestive tract contacts less and peristalsis’s decreases
Intestinal secretions - action on the gland is inhibited- decrease in production of secretions

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13
Q

Purpose of parasympathetic system?

Affects on
Heart rate?
Breathing rate?
Peristalsis?
Intestinal secretions?

A

Also known as rest and digest - body enters calm state

Heart -Decrease in rate of contraction of cardiac muscle - cardiac output decreases
Breathing-Smooth muscle of bronchioles contracts - intake of air decreases
Peristalsis- Smooth muscle of digestive tract contracts more - rate of peristalsis increases
Intestinal secretions- Action of glands is stimulated - increase in production of secretions

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14
Q

What is rhamphotheca?

A

It is the keratin layer which covers the upper and lower beak

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15
Q

What is the upper beak keratin known as?

A

Rhinotheca

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16
Q

What is the lower beak keratin known as?

A

Gnatotheca

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17
Q

Where is the kinetic joint located and it’s purpose?

A

It’s where the upper beak connects to skull in parrots

It acts like a hinge mechanism giving the beak more power

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a ducks having fine serration to the edge of their beaks ?

A

It allows the filtration of fine particles out of the water

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19
Q

How can ducks find food in the water

A

They have fine nerve endings in the tip of the beaks in a raised structure known as the NAIL

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20
Q

What type of bones do birds have? the larger ones and vertebrae

A

Pneumonised Bones (hollow bones) that are attached to there air sacks helping air to move through them, helping them to be lighter when flying

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21
Q

where are the scleral ossicles located?

A

they are small bones which form a ring shaped structure to support the structure of the front of the eye

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22
Q

What are the 2 tear producing glands in birds?

A

Harderian gland located base of 3rd eyelid
lacrimal gland located caudilterally

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23
Q

What is the fuction of the harderian gland in birds?

A

it is the dominant orbit - it has a lubricating and cleaning function
it also plays a part in immunity of the eye and upper respiratory tract

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24
Q

how can you use eye colour to determin age in african greys and blue/gold macaws?

A

uptill 4-5 months = dark grey
after 5 months = yellow/grey turning more silver as bird ages

25
Q

how can you use eye colour to determin sex in cockatoo’s

A

Females = bright red/brown iris
Males = dark brown/black

26
Q

what is the purpose of the pecten oculi?

A

it is a pleated/folded vascular structure that intermitally contracts expelling nutrition in to the vitreous humour from blood stream - this instead of having blood vessels in the retina.

27
Q

what type of fibres are within the iris?

A

Skeletal muscles fibres

28
Q

what reflexes can you not use to determine ocular function in birds?

A

pupillary light reflex - due to skeletal muscle fibres they can contract there eyes at will
consensual light reflex - due to complete separation of the optic nerve.

29
Q

Why can’t you use the humerus in birds for a intraosseous catheter?

A

Because it’s pneumonised

30
Q

What colour is the cere for Male and Female Budgies?

A

Male Blue
Female Brown

31
Q

Why can a Sinus infection cause problems with Birds with a infraorbital sinus?

A

The infraorbital sinus connects to air sacs in the head, when they have a infection the narrow inlets between these can become blocked and allow air in but not out of the air sacs leading to over inflation

32
Q

How many occipital condyles do birds have?

A

one (mammals have 2)
This makes there necks mobile but weak

33
Q

what is a ‘Dens’?

A

The joint within the atlas

34
Q

the thoracic vertebrae is fused in many species of bird to form a single done known as?

A

Notarium

35
Q

There are 2 intervertebral joints between the notarium and caudal vertebrae is know as?

A

Synsacrum

36
Q

The fused part of the coccygeal vertebrae is known as?

A

pygostyle

37
Q

where do the rectrices attach?

A

pygostyle

38
Q

How does the pelvis of birds differ from that in mammals?

A

The roof is formed by fused lumbar and sacral vertebrae – the synsacrum , which is then fused to the pelvis/ilium.
The acetabulum has no solid bone lining.
An antitrochanter exists - part where the greater trochanter articulates with a ridge in a pelvis
The pubis is unfused and long and thin.

39
Q

what is the purpose of the coracoid bone?

A

it put the shoulder joint against the sternum, counteracting some of the large forces created by flapping the wings

40
Q

Explain the foreman triosseal

A

its a opening enclosed by the clavicle, scapular and coracoid that muscle tendons pass through

41
Q

what muscle extends upwards from the keel, through the foreman triosseal and attaches to the dorsal side of humerous?

A

supracoracoid muscle

42
Q

what muscle pulls the wing downwards?

A

pectoralis muscle

43
Q

what muscle allows elevation on the wing when is contracts

A

supracoracoid muscle

44
Q

purpose and location of alula?

A

1st metacarpal bone
its mobile allowing birds to change airflow over dorsal aspect of wing

45
Q

Where do the 1-6 primaries attach to?

A

metacarpal bone

46
Q

where do the 8-10 primaries attach to?

A

major digit

47
Q

where do the secondaries attach?
how many secondary feathers are there?

A

ulnar
depends on species - ranges from 6-32 feathers

48
Q

What are tertials?

A

Refers to feathers that loosely cover space between wing and body

49
Q

where are covert feathers located ?

A

they cover the bulk of bird bodies

50
Q

which bone in the leg can you use for osseous fluid therapy?

A

Tibiotarsal bone

51
Q

why can you not use the femur for osseous fluid therapy?

A

pnemonised

52
Q

where is suffrago joint located?

A

between tibotarsal bone and tarsometatasal bone

53
Q

zygodactyl limb - digit position?

A

1st + 4th backwards
2nd + 3rd forwards

54
Q

anisodactyle limb - digit position?

A

1st backwards
2nd+3rd+4th forwards

55
Q

which bird has semi zygodactyl?
digit position?

A

Osprey - possibly to do with catching fish
the 4th digit is mobile - can either be 2nd, 3rd, 4th forwards, 1st digit backwards or 2nd 3rd forward and 1st and 4th backwards

56
Q

how many phalanges does each digit have>?

A

digit 1 = 2 phalanges
digit 2 = 3
digit 3 = 4
digit 4= 5

57
Q

What type of larynx do birds have?

But what do they not have in there larynx?

A

Rudimentary

Epiglottis, thyroid or vocal cords

58
Q

What bird form doesn’t have a calcified cartilage in there trachea?

A

Columbiformes

59
Q

Why is intubating cranes (and some types of penguins) diffcult?

How can you maintain these species on anaestetic gas?

A

There trachea splits ventrically into a right and left passage by a midline septrum which may extend from the caudal trachea to just behind the glottis.

You may need 2 ET tubes/circuits, air sac canulars to attach circuit too or maintain gas by face mask

Avian (2 decks)

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