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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Common iliac arteries bifurcate at __
Branches of internal iliac:
Visceral innervation is from __

A

At SIJ / L5
- “I love going in my very own underwear”
- Posterior
- Iliolumbar
- Lateral sacral
- Gluteal (superior)
- Anterior
- Gluteal (inferior)
- Pudendal (internal)
- Middle rectal
- Vaginal
- Obturator
- Uterine
- Visceral innervation comes only from anterior divisions

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2
Q

Attachments to the pubic crest

A
  • Conjoint tendon
  • External oblique
  • Rectus abdominus
  • Pyramidalis
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3
Q

Greater sciatic foramen
- borders
- contents

A
  • Borders
    • Superior - anterior SI ligament
    • Posteromedial - sacrotuberous ligament
    • Inferior - sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine
    • Anterolateral - greater sciatic notch
  • Contents
    • Piriformis
    • Superior and inferior gluteal nerves and vessels
    • Sacral plexus nerves
      • Pudendal (leaving)
      • Sciatic
      • Poster femoral cutaneous
      • Nerve to obturator internus (leaving)
      • Nerve to quadratus femoris
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4
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen
- borders
- contents

A
  • Borders
    • Superior - sacrospinous ligament
    • Posterior - sacrotuberous ligament
    • Inferior - ischial tuberosity
    • Anterior - lesser sciatic notch
  • Contents
    • Obturator internus tendon
    • Internal pudendal vessels
    • Pudendal nerve (re-entering)
    • Nerve to obturator internus (re-entering)
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5
Q

Lumbosacral plexus
- relation to sciatic foraminae
- runs between the ___

A

anterolateral
superior and inferiori gluteal arteries

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6
Q

Branches of lumbosacral plexus and their roots

A
  • Iliohypogastric T12-L1
  • Ilioinguinal L1
  • Genitofemoral L1-2
  • Lateral femoral cutaneous L2-3
  • Obturator L2-4
  • Femoral L2-4
  • Branch to psoas major L1-3
  • Superior gluteal L4-S1
  • Inferior gluteal L5-S2
  • Posterior femoral cutaneous S1-3
  • Branches to piriformis, obturator interns, quadratus femoris L5-S2
  • Sciatic - L4-S3
  • Pudendal S2-S4
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7
Q

Obturator nerve
- which divisions
- formed where
- splits where
- divisions are separated by
- which divisions supply hip and knee joint

A

Anterior L2-4
psoas
obturator foramen
adductor brevis
anterior - hip | posterior - knee

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8
Q

Femoral nerve
- which divisions
- tibial nerve is between

A

Posterior L2-4
FHL/FDL

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9
Q

Femoral triangle
- borders
- contents

A
  • Boundaries
    • Superior - Inguinal ligament
    • Lateral - Medial sartorius
    • Medial - Medial adductor longus
    • Floor - iliac, psoas, pectineus, adductor longus
  • Contents
    • Femoral nerve
    • LCN of thigh
    • Anterior division obturator nerve
    • Femoral artery and vein
    • Deep inguinal lymph nodes
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10
Q

Contents of inguinal canal

A
  • Spermatic cord / round ligament
    • Ilioinguinal nerve
    • Genital branch of genitogfemoral nerve
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11
Q

Femoral artery
- profunda femoris artery arises where
- branches of profunda
- enters adductor canal ___ to sartorious

A

4cm below inguinal ligament
MCFA / LCFA / perforating arteries
deep to sartorious

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12
Q

Adductors
- adductor longus splits the ___
- adductor brevis splits the ___
- Magnus is supplied by ___

A

femoral nerve and profunda femoris artery
anterior and posterior division of obturator nerve
hamstring section = tibial | adductor section = posterior obturator

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13
Q

Adductor canal
- gutter between ___
- contents
- which structure is in the middle

A

vastus medialis, sartorius, adductor longus
- femoral artery and vein
- saphenous nerve
- nerve to vastus medialis
artery is in the middle

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14
Q

Heads of rectus acetabulum

A

straight head from AIIS
reflected head from acetabulum

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15
Q

Popliteal fossa
- order of structures
- which gastroc higher
- which gastroc has fabella

A

artery anterior → vein → nerve
medial higher
lateral fabella

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16
Q

Layers of the knee medial and lateral

A
  • MEDIAL
    • 1 - sartorius and deep fascia
    • Gracilis and semitendinosis are then between 1 and 2
    • 2 - semimembranosus, superficial MCL, posterior oblique ligament and medial patellofemoral ligament
    • 3 - deep MCL, capsule and coronary ligament
  • LATERAL
    • 1 - ITB, biceps femoris, fascia
    • 2 - patella retinaculum, patellofemoral ligament
    • 3 - LCL, arcuate ligament, fabellofibular capsule
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17
Q

MCL
- attachments on femur and tibia
- deep has greatest stability at ___
- superficial has greatest stability at ___

A

1cm anterior and distal to adductor tubercle
4.5cm distal to joint line
extension
25 deg flexion

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18
Q

ACL
- intracapsular ? intrasynovial?
- two bundles - tight in which position - what function
- blood supply
- nerve supply

A

intracapsular but extrasynovial
AM - flexion - anterior drawer
PL - extension - rotation
middle genicalr artery
posterior articular branch (from tibial)

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19
Q

Popliteofibular ligament
- attachments
- particularly important in ___

A

MT junction of popliteus to fibula head
ACL deficient knees

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20
Q

Knee joint innervation from:

A

posterior branch of tibial
posterior division of obturator
recurrent peroneal branch of CPN

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21
Q

Ligament attachments of:
short and long plantar ligaments
spring ligament
bifurcate ligament
cervical ligament

A

calcaneus to cuboid
sustentaculum tali on the calcaneus, to navicular
calcaneus to navicular and cuboid
calcaneus to talar neck

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22
Q

Muscle layers of the foot
What is nerve supply
Which layer are nerves/arteries in

A

Medial plantar nerve - abductor hallucis, FDB, FHB, 1st lumbrical
Between 1 and 2

  • 1
    • FDB
    • Abductor hallucis
    • Abductor digiti minimi
  • 2
    • FHL
    • FDL
    • Quadrates plantae
    • Lumbricals
  • 3
    • FHB
    • FDMB
    • Adductor hallucis
  • 4
    • Dorsal interossei
    • Plantar interossei
    • Peroneus longus
    • Tibialis posterior
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23
Q

Interossei of the foot
- how many of each
- which phalanx is the axis
- nerve supply of the interossei

A

3x PAD, 4x DAB
2nd phalanx
lateral plantar nerve

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24
Q

Brachial plexus
- which parts behind which structures

A
  • Roots - scalene muscles
  • Trunks - posterior triangle
  • Divisions - clavicle
  • Cords - axilla
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25
Draw the brachial plexus
***
26
Clavipectoral fascia pierced by:
NAVL - Lateral pectoral nerve - Thoracoacromial artery - Cephalic vein - Lymphatics
27
branche sof subclavian artery
- “VIT C and D” - Vertebral artery - Internal thoracic artery - Thyrocervical trunk - Costocervical trunk - Dorsal scapular artery
28
Branches of axillary artery
- First part - Superior thoracic - Second - Thoracoacromial - Lateral thoracic - Third - Subscapular - Anterior circumflex humeral - Posterior circumflex humeral
29
Branches of thoracoacromial artery
- Clavicular - Acromial - Pectoral - Deltoid
30
Branches of the radial nerve to the triceps
2x to medial head 1x each to lateral and long
31
Cubital fossa - borders - contents - order of structures
BR, pronator teres, and line between epicondyles median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, radial nerve + PIN lateral is tendon → artery → nerve
32
Arcade of of Struther's - what is it - what does it case Struther's ligament - what is it - what does it cause
- Aponeurotic band from medial head of triceps to medial inter muscular septum - Can cause entrapment the ulna nerve AFTER anterior transposition - Medial supracondylar process to medial epicondyle = remnant of third head of coracobrachialis - Can cause entrapment of median nerve and brachial artery
33
Elbow ligaments - what are the lateral ligaments - what are the medial ligaments - of medial ligaments, which is strongest, which is always taut - carrying angle of elbow male and female
- Lateral - Annular ligament - Radial collateral - Lateral ulna collateral - Accessory collateral - Medial - Anterior bundle (strongest and always taut) - Posterior bundle - Transverse ligament 13 deg women 7 deg men
34
Guyon's canal - what's in it, and what's the order
ulna nerve medial to ulna artery
35
ORIF for Bennet's frafcture - Dorsal approach risks ___ - Volar approach risks ___
dorsal branch radial artery recurrent branch median nerve
36
Palmar aponeurosis attaches to
volar plate of MCPJs 2-5th metacarpals proximal phalanges
37
Hand interosseous muscles - how many, and which do which
4x dorsal - abduct 3x palmar - adduct
38
Anterior cord syndrome - involves ___ - prognosis is ___ - bladder/bowel Y/N
everything except dorsal column poor yes
39
Central cord syndrome - it is the most common ___ - prognosis is ___ - mechanism thought to be ___ - distribution of sensory and motor function - bladder/bowel Y/N
incomplete cord injury good cord compression and oedema motor in upper limb, sensory in lower yes
40
Brown-Sequard - ipsilateral loss of ___ - contralateral loss of ___ - prognosis is ___
motor, proprioception, vibration pain and temperature good
41
Anterior scalene muscle - origin/insertion - nerve supply - anterior relation(s) - posterior relation(s)
anterior tubercles C3-6 - to first rib C4-6 - phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, subclavian vein, transverse cervical artery - subclavian artery
42
NV bundle in ribs - sits above or below - between which muscle layers - orientation of NV bundle
under rib innermost intercostals and inner intercostals from above down VAN
43
Branches of the external carotid artery
- "Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students" - Superior thyroid - Ascending pharyngeal - Lingual - Facial - Occipital - Posterior auricular - Maxillary (terminal) - Superficial temporal (terminal)
44
Sternocostal vs costochondral joints - which is synovial
sternocostal
45
Neural crest - group of cells arising from ___ give rise to ___
ectoderm layer - melanocytes - craniofacial cartilage and bone - smooth muscle - peripheral and enteric neurons
46
Mechanisms of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification endochondral occurs where
intramembranous - bone develops from mesenchymal tissue endochondral - bone replaces hyaline cartilage secondary bone healing longitudinal physical growth embryonic long bone formation
47
Age of primary ossification centres in the foot
in utero - metatarsals 9 weeks - calc 6 months - talus 7 months - cuboid 9 months after birth - lateral cuneiform 1year - medial cuneiform 3 years - intermediate cuneiform and navicular 4 years
48
ossification centres hip and femur - pelvis forms? fuses? - triradiate cartilage fuses? - femoral shaft ossifies - femoral head ossifies - GT ossifies - LT ossifies when do femoral centres fuse
pubis, ischium, ilium form in utero, acetabulum puberty fuses 7-9 TC fuses 20-25 fem shaft7 weeks in utero ossifies 6 months GT 2-4 years LT puberty all fuse 14-18 years
49
Shoulder ossification centres - what is unique about clavicle - medial ossifies? fuses? scapula areas and when do they ossify proximal humerus areas and when do they ossify
1st to ossify and last for epiphyseal closure 15 years, fuses at 25 scapula: body - 8 weeks in utero 2x coracoid - 12-18 months glenoid 10 inferior angle puberty medial border puberty 3x acromion puberty humerus: shaft 8 weeks in utero head 1-6 months GT 1 year LT 3-5 years
50
Limb buds - form when - rotate ___
3-4 weeks externally then internally
51
ligamentum teres - attaches to which part of acetabulum - tight in ___ - supplied by ___
anterior superior part flexion and abduction obturator artery and MCF artery
52
Spaces in the axilla
- Quadrangular space - LH triceps, humerus, teres major, teres minor - Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery - Triangular space - LH triceps, teres major, teres minor - Scapular circumflex artery (terminal branch of subscapular artery) - Triangular interval - LH triceps, lateral head triceps / humerus, teres major - Radial nerve and profunda brachii
53
Ossification centres - distal radius - distal ulna - distal femur - patella - proximal tibia - proximal fibula - distal tibia - distal fibula
- distal radius 1 - distal ulna 4 - distal femur 0 - patella 4 - proximal tibia 0 - proximal fibula 4 - distal tibia 6 months - distal fibula 1
54
cervical spine - spinous processes are ___ - uncinate process is on ___ - uncovertebral joints are in which plane - uncovertebrla joints ?synovial
- bifid - superior lateral aspect of C3-7 only - coronal - no
55
cervical rib - uni or bilateral - communicates with - how is it formed - which structures at risk
usually unilateral sternum / 1st rib / costal cartilage persistent ossification of C7 lateral costal element C8/T1 nerve roots, subclavian vein
56
- annulus fibrosus fibres
- 25-45 deg to horizontal plane, and others run 90 deg to those
57
nucleus pulposus - derived from ___ which is derived from ___ - lies where in IVD - comprises how much of IVD - comprises how much water
- notochord, mesoderm - posteriorly - 15% - 90%, deg to 70% old age
58
ALL - origin insertion - broad/narrow - attachment to periosteum and IVD PLL - origin insertion - superiorly continues as - attachment to periosteum and IVD
anterior tubercle of atlas (narrow) to anterior sacrum (broad) firmly to periosteum, loosely to IVD back of body of axis, to sacral canal tectorial membrane loosely to periosteum, firmly to IVD
59
facet joints - ?synovial - ligamentum flavum attaches to - nerve supply
yes capsule, and from anterior upper lamina to posterior lower own nerve and one above
60
C1 - lacks a - which arch is larger - anterior rami go ___ joints
- centrum (body) - posterior - behind
61
Atlanta-occipital joint - synovial? - flexion/extension? - posterior atlanto-occipital membrane is deficient where, and why?
yes yes deficient laterally to allow suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery
62
atlanto-axial joint - synovial? - nerve supply
yes C2
63
C1/2 ligaments - apical ligament where to where / ?strong / remnant of - alar ligaments where to where / ?strong - cruciform ligament where to where / ?strong
- tip of dens to anterior foramen magnum / weak / notochord - tip of dens to sides of foramen magnum / strong - transverse ligament of atlas crosses behind dens, longitudinal component then connects body of C2 to anterior foramen magnum / strong
64
tectorial membrane - extension of - attaches where to where - relation to cruciform ligament
- PLL - posterior body of axis to anterior foramen magnum - immediately behind
65
pre-vertebral fascia - contains - forms a sheath for - extends from where to where - pierced by 4 nerves
- sympathetic trunk, brachial plexus, phrenic nerve, pre-vertebral muscles, vertebral column - brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein - base of cranium to T3 - greater auricular, lesser occipital, supraclavicular, transverse cervical
66
ossification centres of the spine
3x primary - vertebral body and 2x for neural crest (pedicles) - appear 9 weeks in utero, fuse by age 6 5x secondary centres - spinous process, 2x transverse processes, superior and inferior vertebral body - appear at puberty, fuse by 25
67
PTH secreted by calcitonin secreted by
parathyroid cells parafollicular cells (Chief cells) in thyroid
68
sympathetic parasympathetic nerve anatomy
sympathetic - T1 to L2 para - cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-4
69
structures in carotid sheath
common carotid artery internal carotid artery internal jugular vein vagus nerve
70
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
anterior - single artery - from vertebral artery - runs immediately anterior along cord posterior - pair of them - from vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery - runs immediately posterior along cord
71
dermatomes of iliac crest
T11-L2
72
proximal femur anastamoses
trochanteric - descending superior gluteal - ascending medial circumflex - ascending lateral circumflex - ascending inferior gluteal cruciate - descending inferior gluteal - transverse medial circumflex - transverse lateral circumflex - ascending perforator
73
three columns of spine
anterior - ALL, anterior half of body and disc middle - PLL, posterior half of body and disc posterior - rest
74
primary cartilaginous joint example secondary cartilaginous joint examples
primary - 1st sternocostal joint secondary - pubic symphysis - manubriosternal joint
75
carotid triangle boundaries
SCM, posterior digastric, superior omohyoid
76
confirming HIV diagnosis
ELISA screening Western blot to confirm
77
adductor pollicis origin insertion lumbrical origin insertion interossei origin insertion
oblique head - base of 2-3rd metacarpals and capitate transverse head - anterior 3rd metacarpal body insertion - base of proximal phalanx of thumb FDP tendon to radial lateral bands of extensor expansion palmar - unipennate muscles from 2,4,5 shafts, to extensor expansions and base of proximal phalanges dorsal - bipennate muscles from adjacent metacarpals, to extensor expansion and base of proximal phalanx of 2-4
78
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
endoderm - digestive tract and organs and all epithelial linings mesoderm - bone, cartilage, muscle, connective tissue, dermis, spleen, notochord ectoderm - brain, spinal cord, pituitary, motor neurons, neural crest
79
anterior posterior axilla
posterior wall - subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi. Anterior wall - pec major and the underlying pec minor,

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