Anatomy 131 Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the2 Skeletal Tissue / Connective Tissue
Cartilage Tissue and Bone Tissue
What is the primary cell type of cartilage tissue?
chondrocyte that comes from chondroblast
What fibers are found in cartilage tissue?
collagen and some elastin fibers
what substance are in cartilage tissue
mainly water and organic extracellular substance depending on the type of cartilage it is.
What is the function of cartilage tissue?
What are other traits?
The function of cartilage tissue is to support, protect and cushion
-Avascular and limited regenerative, surrounded by perichondrium (CT), that assists with growth of the cartilage and resist outward expansion when there’s pressure
What is the primary cell for bone?
The primary cell is osteocyte that comes from osteoblast
What is in bone tissue?
Inorganic salts (Calcium phosphatte)
What fibers are bone made of?
Collagen fiber
What is the function of bone?
The same as cartilage, but it also stores mineral and forms blood cells also known as hematopoiesis.
What other traits does bone have?
highly vascular and very regenerative.
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
SRR
support
resilient flexible cushion
resist repetitive stress
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
articular surface of bone,
sternal end of ribs (costal cartilage)
nasal septum
larynx & trachea
fetal skeleton
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
RR
resist compressive force
resist strong tensile forces
What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?
Rich in collagen fibers
Chondroblasts produce the matrix, when mature lie in lacunae and are called chondrocytes
Where is fibrocartilage located?
outer covering of intervertebral discs,
connecting symphyses,
articular disc (menisci of the knee)
some ligaments and tendon
What are the structure of hyaline cartilage?
less firm then hyalin,
contains thick collagen fibers
chondrocytes are parallel with collagen bundle
What is the function elastic cartilage?
The function of is to maintain the shape of the structure
Tolerate repetitive bending
Where is the elastic cartilage located?
pinna ear
auditory tubes
epiglottis
larynx
What is the structure of elastic cartilage?
elastin fibers and collagen fibers
What is the growth of cartilage?
Appositional growth and interstitial growth
What is appositional growth?
Chondroblasts in the perichondrium start producing matrix at the periphery of the cartilage and then differentiate into chondrocytes
What is interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes divide within their lacunae. New chondrocytes transform into chondroblasts and secrete more matrix, which increases the mass of the cartilage
= denser cartilage
What is the function of bone?
support
movement
protection
mineral storage
hematopoiesis
energy storage
energy metabolism –> produce hormone osteocalcin
What are the two bone types?
Compact bone and Spongy Bone
What is the structure of compact bone?
Dense outer layer of bone
80% of the mass of our skeleton
site for calcium storage
What is the structure of spongy bone?
cancellous or trabecular bone
found at the ends of long bones
porous and vascular
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
Muscle Tissue
Osteon = haversian system which has the artery with capillaries, vein, nerve fiber –> lamellae –> collagen fibers
Osteon
nerve, vein artery –> centralaversion canal –> canaliculi—> lamellae –> osteocyte in lacuna
muscle cells/fibers
myoblasts, multinucleated, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm
myofibrils
- sarcoplasm –> sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules
sarcomere
makes up myofibrils and contains myfilament (actin and myosin)
ZHZ disc
IAI band
sarcomere contraction & sliding filament theory
zone of overlap short sarcomere is long
zone of overlap is long and sarcomere is short
Muscle actions
primary mover is agonist more
(biceps
secondary mover synergist less
antagonist muscle that can oppose (triceps
types of contraction
isometric –> length remains the same
isotonic –> cocentric = action shorten and eccentric = cannot
4 types of bone cells
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoid, osteocytes, osteoblasts
lamellae
outer, interstitial and concentric
early development
embryonic period is 8 weeks
fetal which is 9th week to birth
prenatal is both
1st week
0hr = fertilization of egg and sperm
2nd day = blastomeres
3rd day= enters uterine cavity
4th day= blastogenesis –> trophoblast, embryoblast
6th day = implantation
cleavage
embryoblast, blastocyst cavity, tryphoblast
6th day implantation
trophoblast erodes into uterine wall and hypoblast is developed at the 2nd week
2nd week
hypoblast
primordium of amniotic cavity
embryoblast differentiate into amnioblasts and epiblasts, hypoblast lines trophoblast –> bilaminar embryonic disc
disc is the developing embryo which is made of hypoblast and epiblast
chorionic cavity
gastrulation
3 germ layer : hypoblast –> endoderm, epiblast and hypoblast –> mesoderm, remaining epiblast –> ectoderm
notochord
primary inductor, form cellular tube
germ layer
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
notochord
defines the axis of the embryo
mesoderm patterning
fills the space everywhere but the mouth, anal and notochord
body folding
fold in median and horizontal planes,
cranial fold=foregut, caudal fold=hindgut, lateral fold=midgut
three region of mesoderm
paraxial –> longitudinal
intermediate –> thins out laterally
lateral –> makes surround heart, lung and abdominal and pelvic organs
neurulation
primary induction:
neural tube = brain and spinal cord, neural crest cranial, spinal and autonomic ganglia
integumentary system
