anatomy Flashcards
what are the functions of the organs of the urinary tract?
kidney- produce urine
ureter- drains urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder- stores/empties urine
urethra- excretion of urine
where can an upper UTI spread to?
the kidneys
a lower UTI will involve the urethra and bladder
where are the organs of the urinary tract located?
retroperitoneum- kidneys and proximal ureters
pelvis- distal ureters, bladder and the proximal urethra
perineum- distal urethra
what is located laterally to the kidneys?
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis (from lateral to medial)
what is located medially to the right kidney?
posterior abdominal wall muscle
the renal hilum (right renal artery, right renal vein and the right ureter)
what lies superior to the kidneys?
renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal (deep) fascia
paranephric fat
visceral peritoneum
(from closest to kidney to furthest out)
what is located posterior to the kidney?
posterior abdo wall muscle
psoas major
quadratus lumborum
what vertebral level are the kidneys at?
right (slightly inferior than the left)- L1-L3
left- T12-L2
where are the kidneys located?
left flank/LUQ
right flank/RUQ
what happens to the kidneys when someone breathes?
kidneys move inferiorly in inspiration and superiorly on expiration
which organs lies superior to the right kidney?
the liver (and hapatorenal recess)
the 2nd part of the duodenum
ascending colon
right colic flexure
which organs lie superior to the left kidney?
stomach
tail of pancreas
hilum of spleen
splenic vessels
what is the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity?
the hepatorenal recess
which sits anterior- the renal vein or renal arteries?
renal vein
which vessels supply the ureter?
branches from
- the renal artery
-abdominal aorta
-common iliac artery
-internal iliac artery
- vesicle (bladder) artery
which is anterior- the common iliac arteries or common iliac veins?
common iliac arteries
at which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
at the level of the umbilicus
what do the kidneys consist of?
an outer cortex
inner medulla
what are the features of the medulla?
contains renal pyramids
each pyramid contains around 50,000 nephrons
regular arrangement of nephrons give the pyramid their striped appearance
how does urine drain from the kidneys?
from the nephron collecting duct to the
minor calyx to the
major calyx to the
renal pelvis to the
ureter
where does the ureter constrict?
pelviuteric junction
ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses at the bifurcation)
ureteric oriface (opening into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)
what are renal calculi (stones) formed by?
urine calcium salts
how does the urinary tract respond to obstruction?
increased peristalsis proximal to the sight of the obstruction in an attempt to remove it
ass peristalsis comes in waves a patient with a uretic obstruction tends to experience pain that comes and goes (colicky)
where is the ‘false pelvis’ located?
from the iliac crests to pelvic inlet
part of the abdo cavity
where is the bladder located?
pelvic cavity
which muscle makes up the pelvic floor?
levator ani
true or false- the ureters pass posteriorly to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?
false
they pass anterior
which aspect of the bladder do the ureters enter?
posterior aspect
what is the importance of the ureters entering the bladder in an inferomedial direction?
helps prevent the reflux of urine back into the ureters when bladder contracts
what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?
rectovesicle pouch
what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?
the rectouterine pouch
where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and artery?
runs inferiorly to the uterine tubes and the artery
where does the ureter run in relation to the vas deferens?
inferiorly
where do the arteries entering the pelvis usually come from?
usually branches of the internal iliac vein
what forms the trigone of the bladder?
the 2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifices
what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?
the bladder
where does the uterus lie in relation to the bladder?
superior
where does the prostate gland lie in relation to the bladder?
inferior
where is sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules of the testes
how do testes descend during embryological development?
they move from their original position in the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum
where do the testes sit within the scrotum?
in a sac called the tunica vaginalis
what do the testicular arteries arise from?
the abdominal aorta
where does the vas deferens pass within the spermatic cord?
superiorly to the deep inguinal ring
where is sperm stored
in the epididymis
where do most prostate cancers arise from?
the peripheral zones
what is the blood supply to the penis?
via the deep arteries of the penis
branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)
what is the blood supply to the scrotum?
via the internal pudendal (branch of internal iliac) and branches from the external iliac artery
where does lymph from the scrotum and penis drain to?
superficial inguinal lymphnodes
which nervous system controls ureteric peristalsis?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
which nervous system controls bladder contraction?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
which nervous system controls the urethral sphincter?
somatic motor
what do visceral afferent nerves control in the renal system?
pain from kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (in the pelvis) and testis
what does the somatic sensory nerves innervate in the renal system?
pain from the perineal part of the urethra
what controls the voluntary control of the elimination of urine from the bladder?
sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic motor and visceral afferent
what innervates the lumbar and sacral plexus?
somatic sensory and somatic motor
which bit of the CNS do sympathetic nerves leave from?
between T1 and L2
how do sympathetic nerve fibres reach the kidneys, ureter and bladder?
leave spinal cord between T10 and L2
enter the sympathetic chain but do not synapse
leave the sympathetic chain within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
synapse at the abdominal sympathetic ganglia which are located around the abdominal aorta
from which nerves do the parasympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS?
CN III, VII, IX and X
parasympathetic nerves that innervate the kidneys and ureter are carried by which nerve?
vagus CNX
parasympathetic nerves that inneravate the bladder are carried by which nerve?
pelvic splanchnic nerves
at which spinal level so pelvic splanchnic nerves leave?
S2,3,4
where does pain arising from the kidneys usually present?
in the “loin”
posterior flank region
where does pain from the ureter usually present?
radiates from loin to groin on affected side
where does pain from the bladder usually present?
in the suprapublic region
where does pain from the perineal part of the urethra usually present?
localised in the perineum
where do visceral afferent nerve fibres from the kidneys enter the spinal cord?
T11-L1
