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renal > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the organs of the urinary tract?

A

kidney- produce urine
ureter- drains urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder- stores/empties urine
urethra- excretion of urine

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2
Q

where can an upper UTI spread to?

A

the kidneys
a lower UTI will involve the urethra and bladder

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3
Q

where are the organs of the urinary tract located?

A

retroperitoneum- kidneys and proximal ureters
pelvis- distal ureters, bladder and the proximal urethra
perineum- distal urethra

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4
Q

what is located laterally to the kidneys?

A

anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis (from lateral to medial)

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5
Q

what is located medially to the right kidney?

A

posterior abdominal wall muscle
the renal hilum (right renal artery, right renal vein and the right ureter)

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6
Q

what lies superior to the kidneys?

A

renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal (deep) fascia
paranephric fat
visceral peritoneum

(from closest to kidney to furthest out)

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7
Q

what is located posterior to the kidney?

A

posterior abdo wall muscle
psoas major
quadratus lumborum

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8
Q

what vertebral level are the kidneys at?

A

right (slightly inferior than the left)- L1-L3
left- T12-L2

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9
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

left flank/LUQ
right flank/RUQ

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10
Q

what happens to the kidneys when someone breathes?

A

kidneys move inferiorly in inspiration and superiorly on expiration

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11
Q

which organs lies superior to the right kidney?

A

the liver (and hapatorenal recess)
the 2nd part of the duodenum
ascending colon
right colic flexure

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12
Q

which organs lie superior to the left kidney?

A

stomach
tail of pancreas
hilum of spleen
splenic vessels

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13
Q

what is the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity?

A

the hepatorenal recess

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14
Q

which sits anterior- the renal vein or renal arteries?

A

renal vein

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15
Q

which vessels supply the ureter?

A

branches from
- the renal artery
-abdominal aorta
-common iliac artery
-internal iliac artery
- vesicle (bladder) artery

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16
Q

which is anterior- the common iliac arteries or common iliac veins?

A

common iliac arteries

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17
Q

at which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

at the level of the umbilicus

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18
Q

what do the kidneys consist of?

A

an outer cortex
inner medulla

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19
Q

what are the features of the medulla?

A

contains renal pyramids
each pyramid contains around 50,000 nephrons
regular arrangement of nephrons give the pyramid their striped appearance

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20
Q

how does urine drain from the kidneys?

A

from the nephron collecting duct to the
minor calyx to the
major calyx to the
renal pelvis to the
ureter

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21
Q

where does the ureter constrict?

A

pelviuteric junction
ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses at the bifurcation)
ureteric oriface (opening into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)

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22
Q

what are renal calculi (stones) formed by?

A

urine calcium salts

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23
Q

how does the urinary tract respond to obstruction?

A

increased peristalsis proximal to the sight of the obstruction in an attempt to remove it
ass peristalsis comes in waves a patient with a uretic obstruction tends to experience pain that comes and goes (colicky)

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24
Q

where is the ‘false pelvis’ located?

A

from the iliac crests to pelvic inlet
part of the abdo cavity

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25
Q

where is the bladder located?

A

pelvic cavity

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26
Q

which muscle makes up the pelvic floor?

A

levator ani

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27
Q

true or false- the ureters pass posteriorly to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?

A

false
they pass anterior

28
Q

which aspect of the bladder do the ureters enter?

A

posterior aspect

29
Q

what is the importance of the ureters entering the bladder in an inferomedial direction?

A

helps prevent the reflux of urine back into the ureters when bladder contracts

30
Q

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

A

rectovesicle pouch

31
Q

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

A

the rectouterine pouch

32
Q

where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and artery?

A

runs inferiorly to the uterine tubes and the artery

33
Q

where does the ureter run in relation to the vas deferens?

A

inferiorly

34
Q

where do the arteries entering the pelvis usually come from?

A

usually branches of the internal iliac vein

35
Q

what forms the trigone of the bladder?

A

the 2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifices

36
Q

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?

A

the bladder

37
Q

where does the uterus lie in relation to the bladder?

A

superior

38
Q

where does the prostate gland lie in relation to the bladder?

A

inferior

39
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

40
Q

how do testes descend during embryological development?

A

they move from their original position in the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum

41
Q

where do the testes sit within the scrotum?

A

in a sac called the tunica vaginalis

42
Q

what do the testicular arteries arise from?

A

the abdominal aorta

43
Q

where does the vas deferens pass within the spermatic cord?

A

superiorly to the deep inguinal ring

44
Q

where is sperm stored

A

in the epididymis

45
Q

where do most prostate cancers arise from?

A

the peripheral zones

46
Q

what is the blood supply to the penis?

A

via the deep arteries of the penis
branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)

47
Q

what is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

via the internal pudendal (branch of internal iliac) and branches from the external iliac artery

48
Q

where does lymph from the scrotum and penis drain to?

A

superficial inguinal lymphnodes

49
Q

which nervous system controls ureteric peristalsis?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

50
Q

which nervous system controls bladder contraction?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

51
Q

which nervous system controls the urethral sphincter?

A

somatic motor

52
Q

what do visceral afferent nerves control in the renal system?

A

pain from kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (in the pelvis) and testis

53
Q

what does the somatic sensory nerves innervate in the renal system?

A

pain from the perineal part of the urethra

54
Q

what controls the voluntary control of the elimination of urine from the bladder?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic motor and visceral afferent

55
Q

what innervates the lumbar and sacral plexus?

A

somatic sensory and somatic motor

56
Q

which bit of the CNS do sympathetic nerves leave from?

A

between T1 and L2

57
Q

how do sympathetic nerve fibres reach the kidneys, ureter and bladder?

A

leave spinal cord between T10 and L2
enter the sympathetic chain but do not synapse
leave the sympathetic chain within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
synapse at the abdominal sympathetic ganglia which are located around the abdominal aorta

58
Q

from which nerves do the parasympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X

59
Q

parasympathetic nerves that innervate the kidneys and ureter are carried by which nerve?

A

vagus CNX

60
Q

parasympathetic nerves that inneravate the bladder are carried by which nerve?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

61
Q

at which spinal level so pelvic splanchnic nerves leave?

A

S2,3,4

62
Q

where does pain arising from the kidneys usually present?

A

in the “loin”
posterior flank region

63
Q

where does pain from the ureter usually present?

A

radiates from loin to groin on affected side

64
Q

where does pain from the bladder usually present?

A

in the suprapublic region

65
Q

where does pain from the perineal part of the urethra usually present?

A

localised in the perineum

66
Q

where do visceral afferent nerve fibres from the kidneys enter the spinal cord?

A

T11-L1

renal (22 decks)

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