anatomy

Question 1

what are the functions of the organs of the urinary tract?

Answer 1

kidney- produce urine
ureter- drains urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder- stores/empties urine
urethra- excretion of urine

Question 2

where can an upper UTI spread to?

Answer 2

the kidneys
a lower UTI will involve the urethra and bladder

Question 3

where are the organs of the urinary tract located?

Answer 3

retroperitoneum- kidneys and proximal ureters
pelvis- distal ureters, bladder and the proximal urethra
perineum- distal urethra

Question 4

what is located laterally to the kidneys?

Answer 4

anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis (from lateral to medial)

Question 5

what is located medially to the right kidney?

Answer 5

posterior abdominal wall muscle
the renal hilum (right renal artery, right renal vein and the right ureter)

Question 6

what lies superior to the kidneys?

Answer 6

renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal (deep) fascia
paranephric fat
visceral peritoneum

(from closest to kidney to furthest out)

Question 7

what is located posterior to the kidney?

Answer 7

posterior abdo wall muscle
psoas major
quadratus lumborum

Question 8

what vertebral level are the kidneys at?

Answer 8

right (slightly inferior than the left)- L1-L3
left- T12-L2

Question 9

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 9

left flank/LUQ
right flank/RUQ

Question 10

what happens to the kidneys when someone breathes?

Answer 10

kidneys move inferiorly in inspiration and superiorly on expiration

Question 11

which organs lies superior to the right kidney?

Answer 11

the liver (and hapatorenal recess)
the 2nd part of the duodenum
ascending colon
right colic flexure

Question 12

which organs lie superior to the left kidney?

Answer 12

stomach
tail of pancreas
hilum of spleen
splenic vessels

Question 13

what is the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 13

the hepatorenal recess

Question 14

which sits anterior- the renal vein or renal arteries?

Answer 14

renal vein

Question 15

which vessels supply the ureter?

Answer 15

branches from
- the renal artery
-abdominal aorta
-common iliac artery
-internal iliac artery
- vesicle (bladder) artery

Question 16

which is anterior- the common iliac arteries or common iliac veins?

Answer 16

common iliac arteries

Question 17

at which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

Answer 17

at the level of the umbilicus

Question 18

what do the kidneys consist of?

Answer 18

an outer cortex
inner medulla

Question 19

what are the features of the medulla?

Answer 19

contains renal pyramids
each pyramid contains around 50,000 nephrons
regular arrangement of nephrons give the pyramid their striped appearance

Question 20

how does urine drain from the kidneys?

Answer 20

from the nephron collecting duct to the
minor calyx to the
major calyx to the
renal pelvis to the
ureter

Question 21

where does the ureter constrict?

Answer 21

pelviuteric junction
ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses at the bifurcation)
ureteric oriface (opening into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)

Question 22

what are renal calculi (stones) formed by?

Answer 22

urine calcium salts

Question 23

how does the urinary tract respond to obstruction?

Answer 23

increased peristalsis proximal to the sight of the obstruction in an attempt to remove it
ass peristalsis comes in waves a patient with a uretic obstruction tends to experience pain that comes and goes (colicky)

Question 24

where is the ‘false pelvis’ located?

Answer 24

from the iliac crests to pelvic inlet
part of the abdo cavity

Question 25

where is the bladder located?

Answer 25

pelvic cavity

Question 26

which muscle makes up the pelvic floor?

Answer 26

levator ani

Question 27

true or false- the ureters pass posteriorly to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?

Answer 27

false they pass anterior

Question 28

which aspect of the bladder do the ureters enter?

Answer 28

posterior aspect

Question 29

what is the importance of the ureters entering the bladder in an inferomedial direction?

Answer 29

helps prevent the reflux of urine back into the ureters when bladder contracts

Question 30

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 30

rectovesicle pouch

Question 31

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 31

the rectouterine pouch

Question 32

where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and artery?

Answer 32

runs inferiorly to the uterine tubes and the artery

Question 33

where does the ureter run in relation to the vas deferens?

Answer 33

inferiorly

Question 34

where do the arteries entering the pelvis usually come from?

Answer 34

usually branches of the internal iliac vein

Question 35

what forms the trigone of the bladder?

Answer 35

the 2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifices

Question 36

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?

Answer 36

the bladder

Question 37

where does the uterus lie in relation to the bladder?

Answer 37

superior

Question 38

where does the prostate gland lie in relation to the bladder?

Answer 38

inferior

Question 39

where is sperm produced?

Answer 39

seminiferous tubules of the testes

Question 40

how do testes descend during embryological development?

Answer 40

they move from their original position in the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum

Question 41

where do the testes sit within the scrotum?

Answer 41

in a sac called the tunica vaginalis

Question 42

what do the testicular arteries arise from?

Answer 42

the abdominal aorta

Question 43

where does the vas deferens pass within the spermatic cord?

Answer 43

superiorly to the deep inguinal ring

Question 44

where is sperm stored

Answer 44

in the epididymis

Question 45

where do most prostate cancers arise from?

Answer 45

the peripheral zones

Question 46

what is the blood supply to the penis?

Answer 46

via the deep arteries of the penis branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)

Question 47

what is the blood supply to the scrotum?

Answer 47

via the internal pudendal (branch of internal iliac) and branches from the external iliac artery

Question 48

where does lymph from the scrotum and penis drain to?

Answer 48

superficial inguinal lymphnodes

Question 49

which nervous system controls ureteric peristalsis?

Answer 49

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 50

which nervous system controls bladder contraction?

Answer 50

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 51

which nervous system controls the urethral sphincter?

Answer 51

somatic motor

Question 52

what do visceral afferent nerves control in the renal system?

Answer 52

pain from kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (in the pelvis) and testis

Question 53

what does the somatic sensory nerves innervate in the renal system?

Answer 53

pain from the perineal part of the urethra

Question 54

what controls the voluntary control of the elimination of urine from the bladder?

Answer 54

sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic motor and visceral afferent

Question 55

what innervates the lumbar and sacral plexus?

Answer 55

somatic sensory and somatic motor

Question 56

which bit of the CNS do sympathetic nerves leave from?

Answer 56

between T1 and L2

Question 57

how do sympathetic nerve fibres reach the kidneys, ureter and bladder?

Answer 57

leave spinal cord between T10 and L2 enter the sympathetic chain but do not synapse leave the sympathetic chain within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves synapse at the abdominal sympathetic ganglia which are located around the abdominal aorta

Question 58

from which nerves do the parasympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS?

Answer 58

CN III, VII, IX and X

Question 59

parasympathetic nerves that innervate the kidneys and ureter are carried by which nerve?

Answer 59

vagus CNX

Question 60

parasympathetic nerves that inneravate the bladder are carried by which nerve?

Answer 60

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 61

at which spinal level so pelvic splanchnic nerves leave?

Answer 61

S2,3,4

Question 62

where does pain arising from the kidneys usually present?

Answer 62

in the "loin" posterior flank region

Question 63

where does pain from the ureter usually present?

Answer 63

radiates from loin to groin on affected side

Question 64

where does pain from the bladder usually present?

Answer 64

in the suprapublic region

Question 65

where does pain from the perineal part of the urethra usually present?

Answer 65

localised in the perineum

Question 66

where do visceral afferent nerve fibres from the kidneys enter the spinal cord?

Answer 66

T11-L1