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BIOS4001 - Renal System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  • Excreting waste products & toxins
  • Maintaining fluid homeostasis: regulating BP, V & osmolarity
  • Balancing electrolytes: Ca, K & Na
  • Acid-base balance: blood pH
  • Control production of red blood cells through the release of erythropoietin (hormone)
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2
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

produce urine

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4
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

Connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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5
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Temporarily stores urine prior to elimination

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6
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

A tube that connects the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.
- transports semen in males as well

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7
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

On either side of the vertebral column (T12-L3) against the dorsal abdominal wall

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8
Q

Which kidney is lower in position, the right or the left?

A

The right kidney is lower in position than the left kidney

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9
Q

What is located on the upper surface of the kidneys?

A

The adrenals glands are located on the upper surface of the kidneys

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10
Q

What surrounds the kidneys and provides cushioning and protection?

A

The kidneys are embedded in fat (peri-renal fat) which surrounds and provides cushioning & protection

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11
Q

What are the regions of the kidney?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
    (slide 6)
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12
Q

What is the lobed structure present in the kidney’s medulla?

A

the medullary pyramids

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13
Q

Where does urine empty into after passing through the kidney?

A

Urine empties into the renal pelvis, which is formed by the joining of renal calyces.

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14
Q

What is the central fissure of the kidney called, and what structures enter and leave through it?

A

The hilum - it is the point of entry & exit for the renal artery and vein, lymphatics, nerves, and the ureter.

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15
Q

What is waste excretion?

A

Waste excretion is the process of removing waste from the blood while conserving valuable nutrients.

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16
Q

What are the 3 processes of waste excretion?

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
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17
Q

What is filtration in waste excretion?

A

Filtering out large volumes of serum, including waste products, toxins, nutrients, ions, and water.

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18
Q

What is reabsorption in waste excretion?

A

Selectively reabsorbing what is needed - e.g. nutrients, water, and ions.

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19
Q

What is secretion in waste excretion?

A

Specifically secreting unwanted substances - e.g. drugs, toxins, ions, and water

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20
Q

What composition of urine is made up of water?

A

95% water

21
Q

What are the nitrogenous by-products from protein metabolism found in urine?

A
  • urea (2%)
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
22
Q

What is urobilin and what is its role in urine?

A

Urobilin is a broken down haemoglobin that gives urine its yellow color

23
Q

What kind of waste products can be found in urine?

A
  • toxins and drugs
  • waste metabolites (e.g., steroids)
  • miscellaneous waste (e.g., betalain, which causes beeturia)
24
Q

What percentage of cardiac output goes through the kidney for filtration?

A

Approximately 25% of cardiac output goes through the kidney for filtration

25
Q

How many times is blood filtered in the kidney in a day?

A

Blood is filtered around 60 times a day in the kidney

26
Q

What is the pathway of blood supply to the kidney?

A

renal artery
↓
segmented artery
↓
interlobar arteries (between renal pyramids)
↓
arcuate arteries run across cortico-medullary junction
↓
cortical radiate artery
↓
afferent arterioles
↓
glomerulus (where the filtration occurs)
(slide 10)

27
Q

What is the pathway of blood drainage from the kidney?

A

efferent arterioles
↓
cortical radiate vein
↓
arcuate vein
↓
interlobar vein
↓
segmented vein
↓
renal veins

28
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

29
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A
  • capillary portion
  • tubular portion
30
Q

What is the capillary portion of the nephron composed?

A
  • the glomerulus
  • peri-tubular capillaries
31
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

The glomerulus is the filter unit of the nephron that is responsible for filtering blood from the afferent arteriole and producing glomerular filtrate.

32
Q

What is the pressure like in the glomerulus capillaries?

A

High pressure circuit

33
Q

How is the glomerulus fed and drained?

A
  • fed by the afferent arteriole
  • drained by the efferent arteriole, which has a smaller diameter
34
Q

What is the function of the peri-tubular capillaries?

A

The peri-tubular capillaries wrap around the nephron tubule and are adapted for absorption of substances that were not filtered by the glomerulus.

35
Q

How are the peri-tubular capillaries fed and drained?

A
  • fed from the efferent arterioles
  • drain into the renal venous system
36
Q

How are the peri-tubular capillaries adapted for absorption?

A
  • low pressure
  • porous
37
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus

38
Q

What are the tubules of the Nephron structure?

A
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting duct
39
Q

What do the tubular functions depend on?

A

cell type - e.g. how modified epithelial cells

40
Q

What are the components of the nephron in the cortex?

A
  • glomerulus
  • convoluted tubules
41
Q

What are the components of the nephron in the medulla?

A
  • loop of Henle
  • collecting duct
  • tubular capillaries
42
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  • juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)
  • cortical nephrons (85%)
43
Q

What are the characteristics of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  • adapted for water reabsorption
  • because of thier long loop of Henle that extends into the medulla
44
Q

What are the characteristics of the cortical nephrons?

A
  • a shorter loop of Henle
  • adapted for the regulation of urine composition rather than volume
  • good lymphatic supply
45
Q

What is the appearance of the kidney cortex?

A

reddish brown and granular in appearance

46
Q

What is the appearance of the kidney medulla?

A

appears striated due to the presence of loops of Henle

47
Q

How many nephrons are present in the kidney?

A

1 million nephrons

48
Q

How many collecting ducts are present in the kidney?

A

1000s of collecting ducts

49
Q

What do collecting ducts fuse to form?

A

Collecting ducts fuse to form ducts of Bellini, which end at the pyramid tip and drain into the calyx.

BIOS4001 - Renal System (4 decks)

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