Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what bones are there within the resp system?

A

sternum
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the thorax inlet?

A

located at cross roads of sternum and clavicle and ribs.
important anatomical landmark
the space at the top of the rib cage to allow access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the costal facet?

A

site connection between rib and vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are ribs 1 to 10 attached to sternum?

A

via costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the 12 ribs

A

7 true pairs
3 false pairs
2 floating pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is rib 1?

A

flat and under clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe thoracic vertebrae shape

A
  • Heart shaped body
  • Small circular, vertebral foraman
  • Laminae are broad and overlap with those of the vertebrae
  • Long downward pointing spinous process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the sternal angle?

A

important landmark
point at which costal cartilage of second rib articulates with sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the 2nd ICS?

A

below the 2nd Rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the superficial IC?

A

external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do the external IC muscles run?

A

fibres run downwards and forwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the middle layer of IC?

A

internal IC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe internal IC

A

fibres run downwards and backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why do the IC muscles run in different directions?

A

provide stability and strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the deep IC layer?

A

innermost IC muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where do the posterior IC arteries arise from?

A

thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where do the anterior IC arteries arise from?

A

internal thoracic and musclephrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where do the posterior intercostal veins drain into ?

A

azygos system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the azygous system?

A

locates either side of vertebrae column and drains viscera within mediastinium as well as back of thoracic/ abdo walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do the anterior IC veins drain into?

A

internal thoracic or musclophrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do the intercostal nerves arise from?

A

ventral rami at T1-T11 to supply muscle, adjacent skin and pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the diaphragm

A
  • Dome shaped skeletal muscle with a central tendon (anchors heart in place)
  • Attached to xiphisternum, costal margin, 11th and 12th ribs and lumbar vertebrae
  • Openings for IVC, oesophagus and aorta
  • Fibrous pericardium fused to central tendon –
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do muscle fibres of the diaphragm arise from?

A

radially from margins of inferior thoracic aperture and converge at central tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens to the dome height, when the diaphragm contracts?

A

decreases so that thorax volume increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what percentage of breathing is caused by diaphragm?

A

70-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the pectoralis major allow movement for?

A

adduction and medial rotation, flexion of humerus at shoulder joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the role of the pectoralis minor?

A

depresses tip of shoulder and protracts scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where are the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes muscles?

A

deep - running from chest up to neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe the lungs shape

A
  • Conical shaped with soft, spongy texture
  • Apex of lung lies above the clavicle – rises 3-4cm above level of the first costal cartilage. The highest point of the apex is up to 2cm above medial third of clavicle/ just above neck of first rib.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

adjacent to the ribs - smooth and convex as it is adapted to thoracic wall shape

32
Q

what is the mediastinum surface of the lungs?

A

faces mediastinum deeply concave - as it is moulded to cardiac impression

33
Q

which lung is wider and shorter?

A

right lung

34
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three - superior middle and inferior

35
Q

how many fissures does the right lung have?

A

2 - oblique (downwards) and horizontal (across)

36
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 - superior and inferior

37
Q

how many fissures does the left lung have?

A

one - oblique

38
Q

where is the hilum of the lung?

A

located on mediastiatinal surface, where pulomanary vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels enter/ leave the lung

39
Q

what are the characteristics of the lungs?

A
  • Compliance (distensibility) : ability of lungs to expand – connective tissue structure, level of surfactant, mobility of thoracic cage
  • Elasticity – elastic tissue allows lung expansion during inspiration and recoil during expiration
40
Q

what is the pleural cavity lined with?

A

mesothelial membrane called pleura

41
Q

how many layers of serous membrane does pleura contain?

A

2

42
Q

what are the two layers of serous membrane in pleura?

A

visceral - adheres to heart
parietal - adheres to thoracic wall

43
Q

what innervates the pleura?

A

visceral - innervated by CNS - autonomic
parietal - innerved by somatic - helps expansion

44
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing thin serous fluid

45
Q

accessory muscles are used during heavy breathy/ resp pathology, which muscles are these?

A

scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, trapezius, external intercostal

46
Q

describe the pathway of external intercostal muscles?

A

from back and come toward the middle (down slope)

47
Q

describe the structure of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

from front and slope downwards towards the back

48
Q

describe the diaphragm movement during inhalation and exhalation

A

at rest - relaxed
inhalation - contracting
exhalation - relaxed

49
Q

what is resp rate influenced by?

A

stress, blood gases, infection

50
Q

what is the function of the conduction zone?

A

filters, warms and moistens

51
Q

what is included within the conduction zone?

A

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi

52
Q

what is the trachea made up of?

A

hyaline cartilage in a horse shoe shape - prevents closure , back of the trachea is trachelis muscle - can constrict

53
Q

what cells make up the trachea and following structures of the conduction zone and why?

A

modified pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with goblet cells
- goblet produce mucus
- epithelial produce cilia

54
Q

what are the non cilia cell types within the end of the conduction zone (tertiary bronchi)

A

non-ciliated columnar cells

55
Q

what occurs within the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange

56
Q

what does the respiratory zone consist of?

A

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

57
Q

what are the cell types within respiratory zones?

A

simple cupboidal ciliated epithelium
no cartilage
elastic fibres and smooth muscle

58
Q

can bronchioles constrict?

A

yes

59
Q

how many alveoli cells do we have?

A

enough to cover a tennis court
500 million

60
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

breathing volume at rest - 500ml

61
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

total amount of air lungs can hold

62
Q

can all air leave the lungs?

A

no - alveoli would collapse if all the air was removed

63
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

purposeful large breath out and then breath in

64
Q

what is normal O2 partial pressure?

A

10.3-13.5KPa

65
Q

what is normal CO2 partial pressure?

A

4.5-6.0 kPa

66
Q

what does VQ> 1 mean

A

well ventilated but poorly perfused

67
Q

what does VQ< 1 mean?

A

poorly ventilated, well perfused

68
Q

how can alveolar ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) match?

A

altering bronchiole and pulmonary ateriole radius
- bronchiole dilate and due to hypercapnia (HIGH CO2)
- pulmonary arterioles constrict due to hypoxia - diverting blood to alveoli with more oxygen

69
Q

how does CO2 travel in the body?

A

9% in plasma
10-13% in carbamino haemoglobin
78% in bicarbonate

70
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

air/ fluid entering pleural cavity and will compress and collapse lung

71
Q

what is a haemothorax?

A

blood in pleural cavity causing lungs to collapse

72
Q

what is a tension pneumothorax?

A

air continues to enter pleural cavity and can not escape
pushes trachea towards contralateral side

73
Q

what is the aortic knuckle on a chest X ray?

A

distal ascending aorta

74
Q

what is the costophrenic angle - seen in CXR?

A

edge of diaphragm where meets other organs

75
Q

what is costocardiac angle - seen on CXR?

A

angel between edge of heart and diaphragm

76
Q

where does trachea sit in relation to other organs?

A

sits anterior to oesophagus
can be palpated above suprasternal notch
left main bronchus passes under arch of aorta and is longer and narrower than right

respiratory (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions