Anatomy Flashcards
When evaluating the carotid siphon from the submandibular window, the sample depth should be set to value between
60-80mm (70mm)
The posterior communicating artery connects the
anterior and posterior cerebral vessels
Which artery supplies the brainstem with arterial blood
basilar artery
Blood within the pulmonary veins
contains high oxygen content and flows into the left atrium
The left and right innominate veins merge to form the
SVC
What structures are supplied by branches of the internal carotid artery
eyes, lateral nose and parietal lobe
A normal penile brachial index is
> 0.75
The primary mechanisms that control arterial flow volume changes during the cardiac cycle are
cardiac output, peripheral resistance
Respiration and _______ are responsible for venous blood flow
the calf muscle pump
An effective calf pump causes ______ in the pressure in the deep veins of the calf
a decrease
The achilles tendon is a landmark for which deep calf vein
PTV
Poiseuille’s law states that the ________ has the most significant effect on the blood flow in a vessel
vessel radius
The GSV originates
at the dorsum of the foot and courses anterior to the medial malleolus
__________ receives the blood from the posterior tibial perforators and plays a major role in venous stasis of the lower extremity
the posterior venous arch
What branch comes off the ICA
ophthalmic
What is the proper caliper placement for assessing the portal vein diameter
inner to inner wall at the point the portal vein crosses the IVC
As pressure increases, resistance must _______ to maintain constant flow volume
increase
What is the probe placement for a doppler evaluation of the frontal artery
near the inner canthus of the eye
What intracranial artery courses within the sylvian fissure
MCA
The posterior communicating arteries connect the
PCA and MCA
What is the first branch of the ascending aorta
coronary arteries
Paired veins that accompany an artery of the same name are called
venae comitantes
How can you differentiate the anterior accessory saphenous vein from the great saphenous vein
look for the alignment sign that is only associated with the AASV
Using the suboccipital window, the normal basilar and vertebral arteries will demonstrate
flow away from the probe
A mesenteric to aortic ratio is considered normal when it is
1.0 or less
where is the marginal artery of drummond located
connects the SMA and IMA through the mesentery
What vein does not normally contain any functioning valves
innominate vein
Which branch of the circle of willis supplies the corpus callosum and the CSP with arterial blood
ACA
The small saphenous vein originates
posterior to the lateral malleolus and ascends along the midline aspect of posterior calf
What describes a cardiovascular application of the bernoulli principle
explains the turbulence and layers of flow separation within the carotid bulb
An ineffective calf muscle pump causes
the pressure in the deep calf veins to increase
The supraorbital artery is a branch of the ___________. Branches of the supraorbital artery connect with branches of the ___________, which is a branch of the ECA. This is a common collateral pathway from the ECA to the ICA
ophthalmic artery, superficial temporal artery
What vessel does not drain into the IVC
splenic vein
Once the pressure in the deep venous system consistently exceeds the pressure in the superficial system, perforators will
dilate leading to bi-directional flow
__________ drains the blood from the GSV in the proximal thigh into the proximal and mid femoral vein
thigh perforators
What describes the best technique used to visualize and locate the inferior mesenteric artery
tranverse approach, locate renal arteries and slide inferiorly
The angular artery is the terminal branch of the
facial artery
What terms can be used to describe the normal doppler waveform in the proximal renal vein
respiratory phasicity and mild pulsatility
The _________ is described as the segment of the vessel located between the distal ICA and the origin of the anterior communicating artery
A1 segment of the ACA
The carotid siphon supplies blood to
the ophthalmic artery
The ICA terminates into which two branches of the circle of willis
MCA and ACA
Where is the arc of riolan found
within the mesentery
The hepatic artery carries ______ of the blood entering the liver
20-30%
________ carries the blood from the GSV in the distal thigh into the distal femoral vein
thigh perforators
Which calf vessel’s anatomic vourse has been referred to as a stocking seam
small saphenous vein
Normal flow in the splenic artery
demonstrates reynold’s number >2000
Where are the venous sinusoids in the lower extremity
between the soleal and gastrocnemius muscle
When performing a lower extremity venous exam for insufficiency, you locate an incompetent vein connected to the GSV in the mid to upper calf by an incompetent perforator. Identify the vein
posterior arch vein
Which arteries will be compressed when evaluating frontal artery flow for a periorbital doppler exam
superficial temporal artery and infraorbital artery
What is considered an abnormality that causes turbulence in a vessel
myointimal hyperplasia
The innominate vein is formed by the junction of
subclavian vein and IJV
The weight of the column of blood within the veins when standing is called
hydrostatic pressure
What vessel is most commonly assessed for the presence of a bruit
CCA
What flow characteristics are seen in a normal hepatic vein doppler tracing
cardiac pulsatility and respiratory phasicity
Normal hepatic venous flow will demonstrate
two large antegrade diastolic and systolic waves followed by a small retrograde component that corresponds with the atrial contraction
Ohm’s Law of electrical current is also used to describe
arterial blood flow volumes
What vessels supply the majority of blood to the cerebellum
vertebral and basilar
What transcranial window is most commonly used to evaluate the carotid siphon and the ophthalmic artery
orbital
A normal peak velocity in the cavernosa arteries after a papaverine injection would be
> 30 cm/s
What two veins converge to form the SVC
right and left innominate
The _______ is described as the segment of the vessel located between the distal basilar artery and the origin of the posterior communicator artery
P1 segment of the PCA
The vessel wall layer that is composed of fibrous connective tissue is called
tunica externa
The ACA and its branches feed which lobes of the brain
parietal and frontal
Describe the proper technique for evaluating the ACA through the temporal window
anterior angulation with 65mm depth
When evaluating the GSV for use as a bypass graft, what is the preferred diameter for the vein
> 3mm
In cases of interrupted IVC, how does the blood from the distal IVC and lower extremities reach the right atrium
azygous vein serves as a collateral pathway and empties into the SVC
Which vessel courses posterior to the anterior scalene muscle
subclavian artery
The hypo gastric artery is another name for what vessel
internal iliac artery
What is a potential collateral pathway for extracranial to intracranial blood flow
facial and maxillary artery branches connect to small branches of the orbital artery
The distal femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery at the
level of the adductor canal
Which veins receive blood from the superficial and deep venous systems
subclavian and popliteal vein
What two vessels are palpated to assess the pulse when peripheral arterial disease is suspected
posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries
A pulsatility index of >5.0 in the extremities indicates
normal resistance
What vein does not normally contain any functioning valves
inferior vena cava
During inspiration the flow in the veins of the lower extremities
decreases
What explains the increased incidence of DVT in the left leg when compared to the right leg
the anatomic course of the left iliac vein leads to increased risk of extrinsic compression
Transcranial doppler most commonly uses which doppler measurement to evaluate flow in the cerebral vessels
time average maximum velocity
Normal brachial pressures should not differ more than _______ between arms
20mmHg
What is the preferred patient position for performing an upper extremity arterial duplex exam
arm abducted 45 degrees and externally rotated
Flow through venous perforators is normally
unidirectional from the superficial to the deep venous system
While performing a lower extremity venous exam, you identify a small pair of veins with an accompanying artery deep in the calf muscle, that connect to the popliteal vein. What veins are these
sural veins
The lateral plantar arch artery originates at the
posterior tibial artery
What occurs during calf muscle relaxation
blood flows through the perforators from the superficial to the deep veins
_______ reflux will be normally seen in the lower extremity superficial system
less than 0.5s
The most common congenital anomaly of the circle of willis is
the absence of one or more communicating arteries
You receive an order for a pre-op arterial mapping to evaluate the internal mammary artery. What vessel should you evaluate to locate the origin of the internal mammary artery
subclavian artery
Branches of the ________ connect to branches of the vertebral arteries to allow collateral flow from the anterior circulation to the posterior circulation
occipital artery
What are branches of the distal ICA
MCA, ACA, posterior communicating artery
The _______ artery terminates at the external calcaneal artery
peroneal
How can the P1 and P2 segments of the posterior cerebral artery differentiated on a transtemporal evaluation during a TCD exam
P1 demonstrates flow moving toward the transducer and P2 demonstrates flow moving away from the transducer
The normal brachial artery waveform should resemble the flow in the normal _______ artery
peroneal artery
What is the name of the tiny network of vessels that supply/drain blood to /from the vessel wall
vasa vasorum
What vessel supplies the majority of the blood to the hand
ulnar artery
The supraorbital artery originates from the ophthalmic artery and joins what branch of the ECA
superficial temporal artery
What is unaffected by vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the arterioles
hydrostatic pressure
What veins normally do not demonstrate spontaneous flow on doppler evaluation
posterior tibial, peroneal and GSV
There are normally _______ perforator veins in each leg
about 100
The inguinal ligament connects the
superior edge of the iliac crest with the anterior pubic bone
What veins contain blood with a very high oxygen content
pulmonary veins
What vein is located deep to the muscular fascia in the proximal arm and superficial to the fascia in the forearm
basilic
Where is the eustachian valve found
near the junction of the IVC with the right atrium
What venous valves are closed in the lower extremity during calf muscle relaxation
proximal thigh veins
What is the most common anatomic variation in aortic arch anatomy
two branches originate from the arch: a shared innominate/left CCA trunk and the left subclavian artery
A common anatomic variant of the mesenteric arterial anatomy is
the celiac axis and SMA share a common trunk
The term for the most common anatomic variant of the aortic arch anatomy is the
bovine arch
The paratibial perforators connect the
GSV and PTVs
Exercise causes _______ which leads to _________ in the lower extremities
vasodilation, decreased resistance
Normally, what changes occur in the waveform of the SMA postprandially
resistance decreases
The innominate veins lie ________ to the innominate artery
anterior and lateral
The internal iliac artery demonstrates _______ flow than the external iliac artery
lower resistance
What calf vessels can be identified between the medial malleolus and the distal portion of the achilles tendon
posterior tibial artery
What is the primary drainage system of the upper arm
superficial venous system
What venous valves are closed in the lower extremity during calf muscle relaxation
proximal thigh veins
Branches of the _________ connect to branches of the vertebral arteries to allow collateral flow from the anterior circulation to the posterior circulation
occipital artery
The suboccipital window is used in TCD exams to evaluate what arteries
vertebral and basilar
While performing an arterial duplex exam, the patient complains that she is cold. What effect could this have on your exam
increased pulsatility in the vessels evaluated
During a TCD exam the depth is set to 100mm while using the suboccipital window. What vessel will be interrogated and what direction will the flow be moving
basilar, away from the transducer
The popliteal artery _______ the popliteal vein
courses anterior to
The profunda artery courses __________ to the femoral artery
posterior and lateral
The pulsatility index in a normal aorta should be ______ the PI in the normal popliteal artery
lower than
The innominate veins lie _______ to the innominate artery
anterior and lateral
Normally, what changes occur in the waveform of the SMA postprandially
resistance decreases
What calf vessel can be identified between the medial malleolus and the distal portion of the chilles tendon
PTA
Exercise causes _______ which leads to ________ in the lower extremities
vasodilation, decreased resistance
What principle produces an equation that relates pressure gradient to flow and resistance within the circulatory system
poiseuille’s law
The paratibial perforators connect
the GSV and PTVs
The lateral plantar artery originates
at the PTA
You are evaluating the subclavian artery and its branches. How can you differentiate the vertebral artery from the thyrocervical and costocervical trunks
the trunk arteries have many branches and lower end diastolic flow velocities
The profunda artery courses _________ to the superficial femoral artery
posterior lateral
A weak pulse on the PTA will be describes as ________, while a bounding pulse in the ATA will be described as
1+, 4+
The superficial venous system of the lower extremities contains vessels that are located
superficial to he deep muscular fascia
