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Otolaryngology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Develop when?

A

Weeks 4 and 5

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2
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Arch 1 develops when?

A

Day 22

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3
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Arch 2 and 3 develop when?

A

Day 24

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4
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Arch 4 and 6 develop when?

A

Day 29

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5
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - 3 main components

A

Core pharyngeal arch
External pharyngeal cleft
Internal pharyngeal pouch

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6
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Core pharyngeal arch is derived from what?

A

Mesenchymal tissue

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7
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - External pharyngeal cleft is derived from what?

A

Ectoderm

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8
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Internal pharyngeal pouch is derived from what?

A

Endoderm

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9
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - The core of mesenchyme for the core arch is derived from what?

A

Paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

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10
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Core Pharyngeal Arch mesoderm forms what?

A

Musculature of the head and neck

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11
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Neural crest cells form what? (2)

A

Connective tissues
Smooth muscles

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12
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Cranial nerve component forms what?

A

Sensory and motor innervation

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13
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Cranial portion is called what?

A

Maxillary process

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14
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Maxillary process forms what skeletal derivatives? (2)

A

Maxilla
Zygomatic bone

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15
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Caudal portion is called what skeletal derivatives?

A

Mandibular process

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16
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Manibular process forms what skeletal derivatives? (5)

A

Meckel’s Cartilage
Incus
Malleus
Mandible
Squamous portion of the temporal bone

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17
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Meckel’s Cartilage function

A

Stimulates the bone formation of the mandible

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18
Q

Embryology: 2nd Arch - Cartilage of this arch is caused what?

A

Reichert’s Cartilage

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19
Q

Embryology: 2nd Arch - What skeletal derivatives does it form? (5)

A

Stapes
Styloid process of the temporal bone
Stylohyoid ligament
Lesser horn of Hyoid Bone
Upper part of the Hyoid body

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20
Q

Embryology: 3rd Arch - Forms what skeletal derivatives? (2)

A

Greater horn
Lower part of the hyoid bone

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21
Q

Embryology: 4th and 6th Arches - Form what skeletal derivatives?

A

Laryngeal Cartilages

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22
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 1st arch

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Maxillary and Mandibular Divisions

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23
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 2nd arch

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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24
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 3rd Arch

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

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25
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 4th and 6th Arches

A

Vagus Nerve:
- 4th Superior Laryngeal Branch
- 6th Inferior Laryngeal Branch

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26
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 1st arch (5)

A

Muscles of mastication
Anterior belly of the digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini

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27
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 2nd arch (5)

A

Muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid
Stapedius
Auricular muscles

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28
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivative of 3rd Arch

A

Stylopharyngeus - elevates the pharynx during swallowing

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29
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 4th and 6th Pharyngeal Arches (5)

A

Levator veli palatini
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
3 pharyngeal constrictors
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx - only one from arch 6

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30
Q

Cervical cysts and fistulas are found where?

A

Along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

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31
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 1st arch are supplied by what nerve?

A

CN IV - Trigeminal Nerve 3

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32
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 2nd arch are supplied by what nerve?

A

CN VII - Facial Nerve

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33
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 3rd arch are supplied by what nerve?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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34
Q

Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 4th and 6th Arches are supplied by what nerve?

A

CN X - Vagus Nerve

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35
Q

Pharyngeal Clefts: What type of structure is this?

A

External indentation

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36
Q

Pharyngeal Clefts: 1st cleft invaginates to give rise to what?

A

External Acoustic Meatus

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37
Q

Pharyngeal Clefts: 2nd to 4th cleft forms what?

A

Cervical sinus via loss of contact with periphery

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38
Q

Cervical Cysts and Fistulas: Why do these form?

A

Due to failure of obliteration of the 2nd to 4th cleft

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39
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 1st pouch forms what? (3)

A

Tympanic membrane
Middle ear
Eustachian tube

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40
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 2nd pouch forms what?

A

Palatine tonsil

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41
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 3rd pouch forms what? (2)

A

Superior portion forms inferior parathyroid gland
Inferior portion forms the Thymus

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42
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 4th pouch forms what? (2)

A

Superior parathyroid gland
Ultimobranchial body - Thyroid gland C-cells

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43
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - Usually develops when?

A

Week 4

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44
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - In week 4 appears in what form

A

Two lateral lingual swellings joined by the tuberculum impar and a midline swelling

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45
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - After 4 weeks what develops?

A

The copula and epiglottal midline swellings

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46
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - Anterior mucosa is derived from what?

A

CN V3

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47
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - Posterior mucosa is derived from what?

A

CN IX

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48
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - Myoblasts originate from where?

A

Occipital somites

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49
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - Myoblasts receive innervation from what?

A

CN XII

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50
Q

Embryology: The Tongue - Developed from what pharyngeal arches?

A

1st and 3rd pharyngeal arches

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51
Q

Embryology: The Thyroid Gland - Migrates down what?

A

Thyroglossal duct

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52
Q

Embryology: The Thyroid Gland - What may remain as a remnant? (3)

A

Pyramidal lobe
Thyroglossal cysts
Foramen cecum

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53
Q

Embryology: Facial Features - Ventral Facial Features develop from what?

A

Pharyngeal arches 1 and 2

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54
Q

Embryology: Facial Features - Upper and Mid-Facial Structures develop from what?

A

Proliferating mesenchyme ventral to the developing brain

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55
Q

Embryology: Facial Swellings - Week 4 has how many swellings present - and what are they?

A

5 - Frontonasal prominence, Maxillary Prominence (x 2) and Mandibular Prominence (x2)

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56
Q

Embryology: Facial Swellings - Week 5 has how many swellings present - and what are they?

A

4 - Medial Nasal swellings (x 2) and Lateral Nasal Swellings (x 2)

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57
Q

Embryology: Facial Swellings - In week 7 what develops?

A

Nasolacrimal gland

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58
Q

Embryology: Facial Swellings - Nasolacrimal gland is located where?

A

Between the maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence

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59
Q

Stomodeum

A

Primitive membrane that surrounds the primitive oral cavity

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60
Q

What forms the nasal placodes?

A

Ectodermal thickenings on the frontonasal prominence

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61
Q

Embryology: Nasolacrimal Groove - At week 7 what happens to the nasolacrimal groove?

A

Invaginates to form the solid epithelial cord in the floor of the groove

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62
Q

Embryology: Nasolacrimal Groove - What eventually happens to the solid epithelial cord?

A

Detaches from the ectoderm

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63
Q

Embryology: Nasolacrimal Groove - What process enables formation of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Canalisation

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64
Q

Embryology: Facial Features - Upper Lip Components (2)

A

2x Medial Nasal Prominences
2x Maxillary Prominences

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65
Q

Embryology: Facial Features - Lower Lip Component

A

Mandibular prominences

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66
Q

Embryology: Facial Features - Nasal features (3)

A

Frontonasal prominence - bridge and nasal septum
Medial nasal prominences - crest and tip
Lateral nasal prominences - alae (the sides)

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67
Q

Embryology: The Palate - Primary palate formed how?

A

Fusion of the medial nasal prominences to give the intermaxillary segment

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68
Q

Embryology: The Palate - The labial portion of the intermaxillary segment forms what?

A

Philtrum of the upper lip

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69
Q

Embryology: The Palate - The upper jaw component of the intermaxillary segment carries what?

A

4 incisors

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70
Q

Embryology: The Palate - The palatal component of the intermaxillary segment forms what?

A

Primary palate

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71
Q

Embryology: The Secondary Palate - Right and Left Palatal Shelves develop where?

A

Laterally and parallel to the tongue

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72
Q

Embryology: The Secondary Palate - Right and Left palatal shelves fuse at the centre and then do what?

A

Expand anteriorly and posteriorly

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73
Q

Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - When does development begin?

A

Late in the 5th week of gestation

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74
Q

Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs within the fifth week?

A

Nasal pits deepen and penetrate into the underlying mesenchyme with forward growth of the frontonasal prominence
The nasal fin connects the intermaxillary segement

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75
Q

Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs in the sixth week?

A

Nasal fin vacuolizes and thins to open the developing nasal sac

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76
Q

Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs early in week seven?

A

Nasal cavities communicate with the oral cavity via the primitive chonanae behind the primary palate

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77
Q

Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs late in week seven?

A

Definitive choanae open at junction of nasal cavity with pharynx due to formation of secondary palate

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78
Q

Neurocranium

A

Bones surrounding the brain

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79
Q

Viscerocranium

A

Bones making up the facial skeleton

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80
Q

Contents of the Internal Acoustic Meatus (3)

A

CN VII - Facial Nerve
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Labyrinthine Artery and Veins

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81
Q

Labyrinthine artery is a branch of what?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery of the circle of willis

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82
Q

The Nose: Osseocartilaginous Cavities - What are the three chambers?

A

Nasal vestibules
Respiratory regions
Olfactory regions

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83
Q

The Nose: Osseocartilaginous Cavities - Lined by what?

A

Mucosa

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84
Q

The Nose: Osseocartilaginous Cavities - The mucosa is continuous with what?

A

Nasal cavities - Paranasal sinuses, Lacrimal sac and Nasopharynx

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85
Q

Name for bridge of the nose

A

Dorsum

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86
Q

Name for top of the nose

A

Root

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87
Q

Name for most inferior part of the nose

A

Tip

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88
Q

Philtrum

A

Part connecting the upper lip and lower nose

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89
Q

Nasal Conchae: Also referred to as what?

A

Nasal turbinates

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90
Q

Nasal Conchae: Function

A

Causes airflow to become turbulent so spends more time in the nasal cavity before entering the lungs

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91
Q

Nasal Conchae: 3 projecting nasal concha

A

Superior nasal concha of the ethmoid bone
Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha

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92
Q

Nasal Conchae: What is superior and posterior to the Superior nasal concha?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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93
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: How may pairs are there?

A

4

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94
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal Sinus
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

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95
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Lined by what?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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96
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Functions (2)

A

Reduces the weight of the skull
Assists with resonance of the voice

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97
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - What two structures are inferior to the middle nasal concha and meatus? (2)

A

Ethmoidal Bulla
Semilunar Hiatus

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98
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Sphenoid Sinus drains into what?

A

Sphenoethmoidal Recess

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99
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Posterior Ethmoidal Air Cells drain into what?

A

Superior meatus

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100
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Frontal Sinus + Maxillary Sinus + Anterior Ethmoidal Air Cells drains into what?

A

Semilunar hiatus

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101
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Middle Ethmoidal Air Cells drain into what?

A

Ethmoidal Bulla

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102
Q

Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Nasolacrimal Duct drains into what?

A

Inferior meatus

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103
Q

The Pharynx: Function

A

Common pathway for air and food to form a connection between the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and oesophagus

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104
Q

The Pharynx: Internally lined by what?

A

Mucosa

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105
Q

The Pharynx: Muscular arrangement

A

Longitudinal and circular muscles present

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106
Q

The Pharynx: Three components

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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107
Q

The Pharynx: Boundary of Nasopharynx

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity (choanae) to the soft palate

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108
Q

The Pharynx: Function of the Nasopharynx

A

Respiratory Function

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109
Q

The Pharynx: Boundary of the Oropharynx

A

Soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis

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110
Q

The Pharynx: Function of the Oropharynx

A

Digestive function

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111
Q

The Pharynx: Boundaries of the Laryngopharynx

A

Superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

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112
Q

The Pharynx: Function of the Laryngopharynx

A

Digestive function

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113
Q

The Pharynx: Piriform Fossa is a feature of what?

A

Laryngopharynx

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114
Q

The Pharynx: The lingual tonsil is a feature of what?

A

Oropharynx

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115
Q

The Pharynx: The choanae is a feature of what?

A

Nasopharynx

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116
Q

The Pharynx: The Laryngeal aditus is a feature of what?

A

Laryngopharynx

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117
Q

The Pharynx: The Palatopharyngeal and Palatoglossal arch are features of what?

A

Oropharynx

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118
Q

The Pharynx: The palatine tonsil is a feature of what?

A

Oropharynx

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119
Q

The Pharynx: The Torus tubarius is a feature of what?

A

Nasopharynx

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120
Q

The Pharynx: The pharyngeal recess is a feature of what?

A

Nasopharynx

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121
Q

The Pharynx: The Salpingopharyngeal fold is a feature of what?

A

Nasopharynx

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122
Q

The Pharynx: The Opening of the Eustachian Tube is a feature of what?

A

Nasopharynx

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123
Q

The Larynx: How many cartilages present?

A

9

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124
Q

The Larynx: Most of the laryngeal skeleton is made up of what?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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125
Q

The Larynx: What part of the larynx is made up of elastic cartilage?

A

Epiglottis

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126
Q

The Larynx: 3 regions of the Internal Larynx

A

Laryngeal vestibule
Laryngeal ventricles
Infraglottic region

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127
Q

The Larynx: What is the supraglottis formed of?

A

The laryngeal vestibule and ventricles

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128
Q

The Oral Cavity: What are the names of the two regions?

A

Oral vestibule
Oral Cavity Proper

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129
Q

The Oral Cavity: Oral Vestibule

A

Region between the internal surface of the lips and external surface of the teeth

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130
Q

The Oral Cavity: Oral Cavity Proper

A

Region between the internal surface of the teeth and the oropharynx

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131
Q

Where should the Macintosh blade be placed during Laryngoscopies?

A

Within the vallecula

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132
Q

Vallecula

A

Mucosal lined space between the base of the tongue and anterior aspect of the epiglottis

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133
Q

Nasal Septum: How many components are there? And what are their makeup?

A

3 components - 2 osteological and 1 cartilaginous

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134
Q

Nasal Septum: 4 foramen present

A

Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Posterior ethmoidal foramen
Incisive foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen

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135
Q

Nasal Septum: Vasculature - 3 main arteries

A

Ophthalmic artery
Maxillary artery
Facial artery

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136
Q

Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - Contributes to what anatomically significant arterial location?

A

Kisselbach’s Plexus

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137
Q

Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - Kisselbach’s Plexus is formed from what?

A

5 blood arterial inputs

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138
Q

Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - What are two important branches in epistaxis?

A

Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries

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139
Q

Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - Derived from where?

A

Internal carotid artery

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140
Q

Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Contributes what two arteries?

A

Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery

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141
Q

Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Sphenopalatine artery supplies what?

A

Lateral and nasal septum to supply the Vomer and Kisselbachs Plexus

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142
Q

Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Greater palatine artery supplies what?

A

To the incisor foramen from the hard palate

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143
Q

Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Derived from what?

A

External carotid artery

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144
Q

Nasal Septum: Facial Artery - Course

A

Travels through the upper lip to provide the lateral nasal artery that goes to the midline then the septum to branch again into the septal branch of the superior labial artery

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145
Q

Nasal Septum: Facial Artery - Derived from what?

A

External Carotid Artery

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146
Q

The Nose: Nasal Vestibule cell type

A

Stratified squamous epithelium - transitions from keratinised to non-keratinised

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147
Q

The Nose: Respiratory Epithelium covers what regions?

A

Inferior and middle concha
Associated meatuses
Nasal septum

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148
Q

The Nose: Olfaction - Pathway is controlled by what nerve?

A

CN I - Olfactory Nerve

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149
Q

The Nose: Olfaction - What is the pathway for smell?

A

Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium of the lateral side and nasal septum pass up through the cribiform plate
Synapses with the olfactory bulb
Neurones pass along the olfactory tract into the temporal lobe and olfactory areas

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150
Q

The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Anterosuperior Aspect supplied by what?

A

CN V1 - Ophthalmic division of the Trigeminal Nerve

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151
Q

The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve supplies what?

A

Lateral Nasal Wall and Septa

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152
Q

The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Pathway of the Ophthalmic Division of the Trigeminal Nerve

A
  1. Orbit
  2. Superior Orbital Fissure
  3. Cell body within the Trigeminal Ganglion
  4. Axons to the area of the Pons
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153
Q

The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Posteroinferior Aspect is supplied by what?

A

CN V2 - Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve

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154
Q

The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Nasopalatine nerve supplies what?

A

Superior, Middle and Inferior Concha

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155
Q

The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Pathway of the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve

A
  1. Orbit
  2. Foramen Rotundum
  3. Cell body within the Trigeminal Ganglion
  4. Axons to the area of the Pons
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156
Q

External Ear: What is the name of the ear canal?

A

External acoustic meatus

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156
Q

External Ear: Pinna is formed of what?

A

Cartilage

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157
Q

External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - What is the lateral third formed by?

A

Cartilage

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158
Q

External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - What is the medial two thirds formed by?

A

Bone

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159
Q

External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - Ear wax is produced from what?

A

Ceruminous glands

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160
Q

External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - Medial end is marked by what?

A

Tympanic membrane

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161
Q

External Ear: Pinna - Formed by what?

A

Elastic cartilage

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162
Q

External Ear: Pinna - Attached to what bone structure?

A

Temporal Bone

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163
Q

External Ear: Pinna - Cartilage skeleton has no what?

A

Blood supply - gains nutrients from the skin

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164
Q

The Maxillary Nerve to the nose passes through what foramen?

A

Foramen rotundum

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165
Q

The Ophthalmic Nerve to the nose passes through what?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

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166
Q

External Ear: Nervous Supply - To the Helix

A

C2 and C3 spinal nerves via the greater auricular nerves

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167
Q

External Ear: Nervous Supply - To the tip of the ear

A

C2 and C3 spinal nerves via the lesser occipital nerve

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168
Q

External Ear: Nervous Supply - To the medial side of the helix and superior parts of the anti-helix

A

CN V3 - via the auriculotemporal nerve

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169
Q

External Ear: Nervous Supply - To parts of the concha

A

CN VII Facial Nerve

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170
Q

External Ear: Nervous Supply - Inferior parts of the External Acoustic Meatus and the Tympanic membrane

A

CN X

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171
Q

External Ear: Nervous Supply - Superior parts of the External Acoustic Meatus

A

CN V3 - via the auriculotemporal nerve

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172
Q

Otoscopy: Used to examin what?

A

EAM and Tympanic Membrane

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173
Q

Otoscopy: Children requires what movement of the auricle?

A

Gently pulled posteroinferiorly

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174
Q

Otoscopy: Adult requires what movement of the auricle?

A

Posterosuperiorly as the EAM is cureved

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175
Q

Pars Flaccida

A

Thin part of the tympanic membrane located superiorly

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176
Q

Umbo

A

Most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane

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177
Q

Pars tensa

A

Thick part of the tympanic membrane located posteroinferiorly

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178
Q

Pars tensa

A

Thick part of the tympanic membrane located posteroinferiorly

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179
Q

The Middle Ear: What are the main components of the middle ear?

A

Ossicles

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179
Q

Cone of Light is directed in what direction?

A

Anteroinferiorly

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180
Q

The Middle Ear: Function of the Ossicles

A

Convey vibrations of the tympanic membrane and conduct them to the apparatus of the inner ear

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181
Q

The Middle Ear: Direction of Vibrations

A

Lateral to Medial

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182
Q

The Middle Ear: 3 ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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183
Q

The Middle Ear: Connections between the auditory ossicles are formed by what?

A

Small synovial joints

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184
Q

The Middle Ear: Two muscles involved in the control of ossicle movement

A

Tensor tympani
Stapedius muscle

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185
Q

The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani insertion

A

Onto the handle of malleus

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186
Q

The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani Innervation

A

CN V3 - Mandibular division

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187
Q

The Middle Ear: Stapedius insertion

A

Onto the stapes

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188
Q

The Middle Ear: Innervated by what?

A

CN VII - Facial Nerve

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189
Q

Tympanic Cavity

A

Narrow air-filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

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190
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Delivers sensory information via what nerve?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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191
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Two regions

A

Tympanic Cavity Proper
Epitympanic recess

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192
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Posterior Wall

A

Mastoid

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193
Q

Mastoid Aditus

A

Opening in the epitympanic recess which opens into the air cells of the mastoid process

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194
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Roof

A

Tegmental Wall

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195
Q

Tegmental Wall

A

Thin plate of bone separating the tympanic cavity from the middle cranial fossa

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196
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Floor

A

Jugular wall

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197
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Lateral wall

A

Membranous Wall

198
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Medial Wall

A

Labryrinthine Wall

199
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Oval window receives what?

A

Footplate of Stapes

200
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Round window function

A

Dissipates the forces from the cochlear

201
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Promontory formed from what?

A

Basal turn of the cochlea

202
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Anterior Wall is closely related to what?

A

Carotid canal - contains the internal carotid artery

203
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Auditory tube that is a connection from the middle ear and nasopharynx

204
Q

Chorda Tympani passes between what?

A

Incus and malleus towards the infratemporal fossa

205
Q

Eustachian Tube: Location

A

Posterior to the inferior nasal concha

206
Q

Eustachian Tube: Posterior third made of what?

207
Q

Eustachian Tube: Anterior two thirds made of what?

208
Q

Eustachian Tube: Function

A

Equalises air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx

209
Q

The Middle Ear: Sensory Innervation

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - CN IX

210
Q

The Inner Ear: Functions (2)

A

Reception of sound
Maintenance of balance

211
Q

The Inner Ear: Hearing function involves what structure?

212
Q

The Inner Ear: Balance involves what structures? (3)

A

Semicircular canalas
Utricle
Saccule

213
Q

The Inner Ear: Location

A

Deep within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

214
Q

The Inner Ear: 2 components

A

Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth

215
Q

The Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth

A

Fluid filled network within the otic capsule

216
Q

The Inner Ear: Membranous Labyrinth

A

Series of communicating ducts and sacs suspended within the bony labyrinth

217
Q

Cochlear

A

Shell shaped spiral cavity encircling the bony modiolus core

218
Q

Vestibule

A

Small oval-shaped chamber containing the vestibular organs (utricle and saccule) and the oval window

219
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

3 bony canals that communicate with the vestibule

220
Q

The Inner Ear: The Membranous Labyrinth - Suspended within what?

A

Bony labyrinth

221
Q

The Inner Ear: The Membranous Labyrinth - Suspended by what?

A

Spiral ligament and filaments

222
Q

The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - Location

A

Within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

223
Q

The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - Cochlear labyrinth is orientated in what direction?

A

Anteromedially with respect to the vestibular labyrinthThe Inner Ear: Sensory Areas -

223
Q

The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - Cochlear labyrinth is orientated in what direction?

A

Anteromedially with respect to the vestibular labyrinth

224
Q

The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - How is mechanical energy converted to neural stimuli?

A

Hair cells

225
Q

The Inner Ear: Hair Cells - Location

A

Maculae of the utricle and saccule and in the ampullae of the semi-circular ducts

226
Q

The Inner Ear: Hair Cells - Function

A

Conveys fluid motion into neural stimuli and then to the CNS via the vestibular nerve

227
Q

The Inner Ear: Hair Cells - Cell bodies for the neurones are located where?

A

In the vestibular ganglion

228
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Modiolus

A

Bony core that the cochlea encircles

229
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Modiolus contains what?

A

Canals for conveying blood vessels and distributing branches of the cochlear nerve

230
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Hair cells located where?

A

Organ of Corti

231
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Organ of Corti function

A

Converts fluid vibrations into neural action potentials to travel to the cochlear nerve

232
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Neurone cell bodies of hair cells are located where?

A

Within the spiral ganglion

233
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Name of the Three Fluid-Filled Channels

A

Scala Vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Scala Media

234
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Helicotrema

A

Apex of the cochlear where the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous

235
Q

The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Alternate name for the Scala Media

A

Cochlear duct

236
Q

Facial Nerve: Somatic Sensation function

A

Minor innervation to the concha of the pinna

237
Q

Facial Nerve: Special Sensation of Taste function

A

Anterior two thirds of the tongue

238
Q

Facial Nerve: Somatic Motor function

A

Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid and to the stapedius

239
Q

Facial Nerve: Visceral Motor function

A

Parasympathetic supply to the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands and to the minor glands of the nasal cavity and palate

240
Q

Facial Nerve: Symptoms if there is dysfunction

A

Dry eyes or mucosa
Lack of taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue
Dry mouth
Facial paralysis

241
Q

For the middle ear, the facial nerve passes through what before the facial canal?

A

Geniculate ganglion

242
Q

What extension is present at the geniculate ganglion?

A

Greater petrosal nerve goes to the pterygopalatine ganglion

243
Q

Greater petrosal nerve leaves what?

A

Temporal bone

244
Q

The greater petrosal nerve combines with what nerve to form what?

A

Deep Petrosal Nerve to form the Vidian nerve

245
Q

Pterygopalatine Ganglion: Deep petrosal nerve passes through what?

A

Pterygoid Canal

246
Q

Pterygopalatine Ganglion: Greater Petrosal Parasympathetic Nerve distributes to what? (4)

A

Pharynx
Palate
Nasal Cavity
Lacrimal gland - via CN V1 and V2

247
Q

Deglutition

A

Speech and Swallowing

248
Q

What does loss of the Buccal Fat Pad indicate?

A

Malnutrition

249
Q

Function of the Buccinator

A

Assists in aligning the food bolus between the dentition

250
Q

Tongue: Extrinsic Muscles - Function

A

Control the movement of the tongue around the oral cavity

251
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic Muscles - Function

A

Change the shape of the tongue to facilitate food bolus manipulation for swallowing and air manipulation for speech

252
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic Muscles - 4 fibre directions

A

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Horizontal
Vertical

253
Q

Soft Palate: What part of the palate is this?

A

The moveable posterior 1/3

254
Q

Soft Palate: Attachment point

A

Anteriorly to the posterior border of the hard palate

255
Q

Uvula

A

Midline conical process of the posterior free edge of the soft palate

256
Q

Soft Palate: Function

A

Elevates and tenses when swallowing to prevent passage of food into the nasal cavity

257
Q

Soft Palate: 6 muscles

A

Palatoglossus
Musculus uvulae
Palatopharyngeus
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

258
Q

Soft Palate: Function of the palatoglossus

A

Depresses the soft palate towards the tongue

259
Q

Soft Palate: Function of the Musculus uvulae

A

Shortens the uvula

260
Q

Soft Palate: Function of the Palatopharyngeus

A

Elevates the pharynx and depresses the soft palate

261
Q

Soft Palate: Function of the Tensor veli palatini

A

Tenses the palatine aponeurosis

262
Q

Soft Palate: Function of the Levator Veli Palatini

A

Lifts the palatine apopneurosis

263
Q

Innervation of the Palatoglossus

264
Q

Innervation of the Styloglossus

265
Q

Innervation of the Hyoglossus

266
Q

Innervation of the Genioglossus

267
Q

Soft Palate: All muscles bar the … …. … are supplied by what nerve?

A

Tensor Veli Palatini
CN X

268
Q

Innervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini

269
Q

Hard Palate: Innervation comes from branches of what?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

270
Q

Hard Palate: Secretomotor Innervation

271
Q

Hard Palate: General sensation innervation

272
Q

Hard Palate: Main two nerves supplying this?

A

Incisive branch of the nasopalatine nerve
Greater palatine nerve

273
Q

Cell type of the Palatal Rugae

A

Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelium

274
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring

A

Ring of lymphoid aggregation in the sub-epithelial layer of the oropharynx and nasopharynx

275
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Function

A

Provides immunological protection of the shared entrance of the respiratory and digestive tracts

276
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Nodules contain concentrations of what?

A

Lymphocytes

277
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Lymph drains how?

A

Via the efferent lymphatic vessels via the nodal system

278
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Locations (3)

A

Palatine tonsil
Pharyngeal tonsil
Lingual tonsil

279
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Location within the Palatine Tonsil

A

Muscular anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars - palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

280
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Location within Pharyngeal Tonsils

A

Positioned in the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall

281
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring: Location within Lingual Tonsils

A

Sit posteriorly at the base of the tongue

282
Q

What is the name of attachment point for the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils?

A

Plica triangularis

283
Q

Fossa of Rosenmuller

A

Space created lateral to the adenoid and posteromedial to the eustachian tube orifice

284
Q

Gerlach’s Tonsil

A

Lymphoid tissue within the lip of the fossa of Rosenmuller that goes into the Eustachian Tube

285
Q

When is adenotonsillar enlargement unusual?

A

Under the age of 2

286
Q

Palatine Tonsils: Histology - Overall appearance

A

Specialised stratified squamous epithelium with deep crypts and lymphoid follicles

287
Q

Palatine Tonsils: Histology - How is the base separated from the underlying muscle?

A

Dense collagenous hemi-capsule

288
Q

Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - General appearance

A

Deep folds with few crypts

289
Q

Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Cell appearance

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with some stratified squamous epithelium and also a transitional layer present

290
Q

Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Function of the Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Mucociliary clearance

291
Q

Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Impact on ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium during chronic infections?

A

Thinned - causes stasis of secretions and increased exposure of the tissue to antigenic stimuli

292
Q

Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Impact of chronic infection on stratified squamous layer?

293
Q

Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Function of transitional layer

A

Antigen processing

294
Q

Salivary Glands: What produces saliva?

A

Major and minor seromucous glands

295
Q

Salivary Glands: Saliva production is primarily controlled by what?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

296
Q

Salivary Glands: 3 major salivary gland

A

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

297
Q

Salivary Glands: Functions - Impact on the oral cavity

A

Moistens the oral mucosa

298
Q

Salivary Glands: Functions - Provides a medium for what?

A

Dissolved food to chemically stimulate taste buds

299
Q

Salivary Glands: Functions - Contains what enzyme?

300
Q

Salivary Glands: Functions - Controls bacterial flora how?

A

Lysozyme activity and IgA

301
Q

Parotid gland secreted into what and how?

A

Mouth by upper 2nd molar

302
Q

Submandibular gland secretes into what and how?

A

Floor of the mouth via the lingual caruncle

303
Q

Sublingual gland secretes into what and how?

A

Floor of the mouth via several ducts superiorly

304
Q

Salivary Glands: Innervation - Parotid Gland

305
Q

Salivary Glands: Innervation - Parotid Gland CN IX pathway

A

Synapses with the otic ganglion
Auriculotemporal nerve carries parasympathetic fibres from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland

306
Q

Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland

A

CN VII and CN V3

307
Q

Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland Pre-Synaptic Neurone

A

Superior salivary nucleus via the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

308
Q

Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland Chorda Tympani pathway

A

Chorda Tympani unifies with the lingual branch of CN V3 before synapsing at the submandibular ganglion and suspending it between two nerve filaments

309
Q

Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland Post-ganglionic Nerve

A

Secretomotor fibres directly induce the gland to produce secretions

310
Q

Salivary Glands: Secretory Units merge into what?

A

Intercalated Ducts

311
Q

Salivary Glands: Intercalated Ducts histology

A

Lined by columnar and cuboidal epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells

312
Q

Salivary Glands: Histology of myoepithelial cells

A

Flat or cuboidal cells with clear cytoplasm

313
Q

Gag Reflex: Fuction

A

Protective reflex that prevents unwanted material from entering the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

314
Q

Gag Reflex: Sensory Component - Areas (6)

A

Posterior third of the tongue
Palatine tonsils
Wall of the oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Auditory Tube

315
Q

Gag Reflex: Sensory Component - Innervated by what?

316
Q

Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Tries to close off what?

A

Oropharynx

317
Q

Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Muscles (4)

A

Constrictors of Pharynx
Longitudinal muscles of the Pharynx
Tongue
Soft Palate

318
Q

Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to Constrictors of the Pharynx

319
Q

Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to the Longitudinal muscles of the Pharynx

A

CN IX and X

320
Q

Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to the Tongue

321
Q

Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to the Soft Palate

322
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - Function of the muscles

A

Direct a food bolus posteroinferiorly towards the oesophagus

323
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - All muscles bar the … are innervated by what nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus
CN X

324
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - Outer circular layer is made up of what?

A

3 constrictor muscles:
- Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
- Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor
- Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

325
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - Outer Circular Layer Action

A

Sequential contraction from superior to inferior forces the food bolus inferiorly

326
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - Each muscle of the Outer Circular Layer inserts where and to form what?

A

Contralateral counterpart to form a midline raphe

327
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - What makes up the Inner Longitudinal Layer? (3)

A

3 paired vertical muscles:
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus

328
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - Inner Longitudinal Layer functions to do what?

A

Elevates the larynx and shortens the pharynx

329
Q

Pharynx: Muscles - Inner Longitudinal Layer ipsilateral muscles insert on to what?

A

Posterior border of the thyroid cartilage

330
Q

Speech: All intrinsic muscles of. thelarynx are supplied by what nerve?

331
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Cricothyroid Muscle Function

A

Tenses vocal ligaments to act on the cricothyroid joint

332
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Cricothyroid Muscle Function

A

Tenses vocal ligaments to act on the cricothyroid joint

333
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Cricothyroid Muscle Attachments

A

Anterolateral cricoid cartilage to the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

334
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Thyroarytenoid Muscle Function

A

Relaxes the vocal ligament to act on the cricoarytenoid joint

335
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Thyroarytenoid Muscle Attachments

A

Posterior thyroid to the anterior arytenoid cartilage

336
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle Function

A

Adducts the vocal ligaments to act on the cricoarytenoid joint

337
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle Attachments

A

Muscular process of the arytenoid to the anterior cricoid cartilage

338
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Arytenoid Muscle Function

A

Adducts vocal ligaments to act on the cricoarytenoid joint

339
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Arytenoid Muscle Attachments

A

One arytenoid cartilage to another cricoid cartilage

340
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle Function

A

Abducts the vocal cords to act on cricoarytenoid joint

341
Q

Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle Attachments

A

Posterior Cricoid Cartilage to muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

342
Q

Speech: Hyoid Bone - What is unique about this?

A

Only bone in the human body not directly connected to another bone

343
Q

Speech: Hyoid Bone - Function

A

Allows for attachment of laryngeal muscles whilst maintaining the patency of the airway for speech and swallowing

344
Q

Speech: Hyoid Bone - Muscles attached to this are separated into what two regions?

A

Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid

345
Q

Speech: Hyoid Bone - Suprahyoid Muscles (4)

A

Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid

346
Q

Speech: Hyoid Bone - Infrahyoid Muscles (3)

A

Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid

347
Q

The Vagus Nerve: How many neural modalities?

348
Q

The Vagus Nerve: 5 modalities

A

Somatic sensation
Somatic motor
Special Taste Sensation
Visceral sensation
Visceral motor

349
Q

The Vagus Nerve: Somatic sensation to what?

A

External acoustic meatus

350
Q

The Vagus Nerve: Somatic motor to what?

A

Palate
Pharynx
Larynx

351
Q

The Vagus Nerve: Special sensation in what structure?

A

Epiglottis

352
Q

The Vagus Nerve: Visceral sensation and motor control to what?

A

Thorax and Abdomen

353
Q

The Vagus Nerve: Passes through what foramen of the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

354
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerve: What is its only modality?

A

Somatic motor control

355
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerve: Supplies what?

A

All muscles of the tongue except the Palatoglossus

356
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - Extends from where?

A

Medulla oblongata

357
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - Passes through what following extension from the medulla oblongata?

A

Hypoglossal Canal

358
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - After passing through the Hypoglossal Canal it descends close to what?

A

Carotid sheath

359
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - Courses lateral to what?

A

Hyoglossus into the floor of the mouth

360
Q

Swallowing: What are the 3 phases?

A

Oral
Pharyngeal
Oesophageal

361
Q

Swallowing: Is the Oral Phase Voluntary Or Involuntary?

362
Q

Swallowing: 3 components of the Oral Phase

A

Mastication
Bolus manipulation
Labial seal

363
Q

Swallowing: Is the Pharyngeal Phase Voluntary or Involuntary?

A

Involuntary

364
Q

Swallowing: 2 components of the Pharyngeal Phase

A

Hyolaryngeal elevation
Sequential constrictor contraction

365
Q

Swallowing: Is the Oesophageal Phase Voluntary or Involuntary?

A

Involuntary

366
Q

Swallowing: What is the process of the Oesophageal Phase?

A

Relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter

367
Q

Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN V3 function

A

Controls masticatory muscles to break down food for mixing with saliva

368
Q

Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN VII function

A

Facial muscles create the Labial seal and tightening of cheeks via the buccinator

369
Q

What muscle enables formation of the Labial seal?

A

Orbicularis oris

370
Q

Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN XII function

A

Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscle function manipulate the bolus and align it between the dentitio and push it against the hard palate

371
Q

Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN X function

A

Soft palate depression to form the oropharyngeal seal to enable the tongue ripples the bolus posteriorly

372
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase

A

Delivery of the bolus to the oropharynx to initiate the involuntary pharyngeal phase

373
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Role of soft palate

A

Elevation of the soft palate seals off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

374
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Role of the tongue

A

Posterior pressure from the tongue seals off the laryngeal aditus via the epiglottis

375
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Role of the hyolarynx

A

Hyolaryngeal elevation protects the airway to open the upper oesophageal sphincter

376
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - In Hyolaryngeal Elevation what movement happens to the hyoid bone?

A

Dragged superiorly and anteriorly

377
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - In Hyolaryngeal Elevation what muscles are responsible for the movement of the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

378
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Hyolaryngeal Elevation is coupled with wht other actions?

A

Posterior tongue pressure - from the stylohyoud and hyoglossus

379
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - In Hyolaryngeal Elevation, what is the main function?

A

Forces the epiglottis inferior to the tongue and covers the laryngeal aditus to protect the airway

380
Q

Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Movement of the food bolus into the oesophagus via the laryngopharynx is aided by what 3 actions?

A

Tongue pressure
Sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors
Relaxation of the Upper Oesophageal Sphincter

381
Q

Swallowing: Oesophageal Phase - Occurs after what?

A

The upper oesophageal sphincter has opened

382
Q

Swallowing: Oesophageal Phase - Cricopharyngeus is innervated by what?

A

External laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves of CN X

383
Q

Parapharyngeal Space

A

Column of tissue allowing communication between regions of the neck and base of the skull

384
Q

Retropharyngeal Space location

A

Posterior to the pharynx
Anterior to the vertebral column

385
Q

Pharyngeal Plexus: Innervates what?

A

Muscles of the soft palate - except the tensor veli palatini
Pharynx

386
Q

Pharyngeal Plexus: Innervates what?

A

Muscles of the soft palate and Pharynx - except the Tensor Veli Palatini

387
Q

Pharyngeal Plexus: Formed from what?

A

CN IX and CN X

388
Q

Speech: Larynx - During forced inspiration what happens to the vocal fold?

A

Abduct to allow passage of the air

389
Q

Speech: Larynx - How is the rima glottidis widened?

A

Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid causes lateral rotation of the cricoarytenoid joint

390
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - Inspiration enabled by what muscles? (2)

A

Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles

391
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - Controlled Expiration is enabled by what?

A

Contraction of inspiratory muscles

392
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - When does air cross the vocal cord to cause vibration?

A

Once subglottal pressure threshold is reached

393
Q

Subglottal pressure

A

Pressure in the respiratory tree inferior to the larynx

394
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - What determines the pitch of sound produced?

A

Length or tension of the vocal cords

395
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - Tension of the vocal cord has what impact?

A

Increases Pitch

396
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - Relaxation of the vocal cords has what impact?

A

Decreases pitch

397
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - Abduction of the vocal cords has what impact?

398
Q

Speech: Phonatory Function - Adduction of the vocal cords has what impact?

399
Q

Speech: Thyroarytenoid Muscles - Function

A

Relaxes the vocal ligament to decrease pitch

400
Q

Speech: Thyroarytenoid Muscles - Attachments

A

Posterior thyroid to the anterior arytenoid cartilage

401
Q

Speech: Cricothyroid Muscles - Function

A

Tenses the vocal ligament to increase pitch

402
Q

Speech: Cricothyroid Muscles - Impact on thyroid cartilage

A

Causes it to ‘nod’

403
Q

Speech: Cricothyroid Muscles - Attachments

A

Anterolateral cricoid cartilage to inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

404
Q

Speech: Innervation - Mucosa above the vocal folds

A

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

405
Q

Speech: Innervation - Mucosa below the vocal folds

A

Inferior laryngeal Nerve

406
Q

Speech: Innervation - What does the inferior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

All intrinsic muscles apart from the Cricothyroid

407
Q

Speech: Resonance - Laryngeal buzz is amplified by what?

A

Pharynx, Oral and Nasal Cavities

408
Q

Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Role of Soft Palate

A

Soft palate tenses and elevates to close off the entrance into the nasopharynx

409
Q

Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Soft palate tension innervation

410
Q

Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Soft palate elevation innervation

411
Q

Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Soft palate tension and elevation has what impact on the oral cavity?

A

Directs stream of air through the oral cavity

412
Q

Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - How is sound produced from air moving through the oral cavity?

A

Sound interuppted by the tongue (CN XII) and the teeth and lips (CN VII) to produce vowels and consonants

413
Q

Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Role of the Soft Palate

A

Tenses and descends to close off the entrance of air into the oropharynx to direct the stream of air through the nasal cavity

414
Q

Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Tension of the Soft Palate innervation

415
Q

Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Descending of the soft palate caused by what nerve?

416
Q

Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Produces what three sounds?

417
Q

Dysphonia

A

Impaired ability to produce an appropriate level of phonation

418
Q

Supra-glottic Tumours: Spread to where?

A

Deep cervical nodes

419
Q

Glottic Tumours: Present where?

A

On the cords

420
Q

Sub-glottic Tumours: Spread to what?

A

Paratracheal Nodes

421
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Leaves the CNS from where?

A

Upper Medulla Oblongata

422
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Passes … from the medulla oblongata

423
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Next anatomical structure after the upper medulla oblongata

A

Jugular foramen

424
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: After the jugular foramen where does it go?

A

Enters the parapharyngeal space to lay on the sylopharyngeus muscle

425
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Enters the jugular foramen and then does what?

A

Gives off the tympanic branch at the temporal bone to form the tympanic plexus

426
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Function of the tympanic plexus

A

Provides sensation and parasympathetic neurones over the promontory

427
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - The Tympanic Plexus leaves the temporal bone as what?

A

The lesser petrosal nerve

428
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Lesser petrosal nerve goes to where?

A

Middle cranial fossa

429
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Leaves the middle cranial fossa to go where?

A

Foramen ovale

430
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Pre-ganglionic axon route

A

Passes through the middle ear and middle cranial fossa to exit the foramen ovale

431
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Passes from. thepre-ganglionic axon to what?

A

Otic ganglion

432
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Otic Ganglion location

A

Inferior to the foramen ovale

433
Q

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Post-ganglionic Axon pathway

A

Joins CN V3 (Auriculotemporal Nerve) close to the parotid gland - piggybacks of this nerve

434
Q

Location of the Tympanic Canaliculus

A

Between the jugular foramen and external carotid canal

435
Q

Chemo- and baroreceptors of the carotid body and sinus travel via what?

A

Carotid branch of CN IX

436
Q

Sensations of the tongue are divided by what?

A

Sulcus Terminalis

437
Q

Vallate papillae supplied by what?

438
Q

The External Ear: Composed of what?

A

Cartilaginous pinna and the external acoustic meatus that ends at the tympanic membrane

439
Q

The External Ear: Pinna - Function

A

Collects sound waves and funnels them into the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane

440
Q

The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Posterior or cranial part of the ear

A

Lesser occipital nerve of C2 and C3

441
Q

The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Inferior part of the ear

A

Greater auricular nerve of C2 and C3

442
Q

The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Concha

443
Q

The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Superior and Anterior part of the auditory canal or cartilaginous portion

444
Q

The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Inferior and Posterior part of the auditory canal or cartilaginous portion

445
Q

The Middle Ear: Main function

A

Conduct sound waves in the air towards the fluid filled cavities of the inner ear

446
Q

The Middle Ear: Joint between the incus and malleus

A

Malleoincal joint

447
Q

The Middle Ear: Joint between the head of the stapes and the incus

A

Incudostapedial joint

448
Q

The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Runs between what?

A

Cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube to the handle of the malleus

449
Q

The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Contracts to do what?

A

Reduce the potential for ossicles to vibrate to dampen sound

450
Q

The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Innervated by what?

451
Q

The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Reduces noise during what activity?

452
Q

The Middle Ear: Stapedius - Runs between what?

A

Pyramidal eminence to the neck of the stapes

453
Q

The Middle Ear: Stapedius - Function

A

Dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the stapes on the oval window

454
Q

The Middle Ear: Stapedius - Innervated by what?

455
Q

The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - Typical middle ear pressure is equal to what?

A

Surrounding air pressure

456
Q

The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - When Atmospheric Pressure = Tympanic Cavity Pressure what happens?

A

Tympanic cavity pressure is ideal

457
Q

The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - When Atmospheric pressure >Tympanic Pressure what happens?

A

Tympanic Membrane pushes in to reduce the vibration of ossicles
Example - under water

458
Q

The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - When Atmospheric Pressure < Tympanic Pressure what happens?

A

Tympanic membrane pushes outwards to reduce vibration of ossicles
Example - In a plane

459
Q

The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - How is pressure equalised?

A

Palate muscles open the eustachian tube

460
Q

Why do children have an increased risk of middle ear infection?

A

Shorter eustachian tube

461
Q

What connects the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx?

A

Auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Tube)

462
Q

The Middle Ear: Sensory Innervation - What is it?

A

Tympanic Plexus from the Glossopharyngeal Nerve

463
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Infection of the Mastoid Air Cells

464
Q

Mastoiditis: How can this lead to Meningitis?

A

Spread to the middle cranial fossa

465
Q

Inner Ear: Otic Capsule - Located where?

A

In the temporal bone

466
Q

Inner Ear: What is the cavity of the otic capsule?

A

Bony labyrinth

467
Q

Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth - Filled with what and what is this similar to?

A

Perilymph - similar to extracellular fluid

468
Q

Inner Ear: Membranous Labyrinth - Filled with what and what is this similar to?

A

Endolymph - similar to intracellular fluid

469
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - What detects auditory stimuli?

A

Receptor hair cells within the Organ of Corti

470
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Where is the Organ of Corti located?

A

Basilar membrane of the cochlear duct

471
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Helicotrema

A

Point at which the oval window communicates with the round window

472
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Cochlear duct is suspended by what and from where?

A

By the spiral ligament at the lateral edge and the modiolus at the medial edge

473
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Function of the Scala Tympani

A

Enables communication with the round window

474
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Function. ofthe Scala Vestibuli

A

Enables communication with the oval window

475
Q

Balance: What structure is responsible for balance and perception of head movement?

A

Vestibular apparatus

476
Q

Balance: Hair cells are stimulated by what?

A

Movement of endolymph

477
Q

Balance: At the … there are hair cells to detect where the head lies

478
Q

Balance: Semi-circular ducts detect what?

A

Angular movement change

479
Q

Balance: Utricle and saccule detect what?

A

Linear movement change

480
Q

Balance: Utricle detects what?

A

Horizontal movement

481
Q

Balance: Saccule detects what?

A

Vertical movement

482
Q

Balance: Semi-circular Ducts - Anterior semi-circular canal located in what plane?

A

Sagittal plane

483
Q

Balance: Semi-circular Ducts - Posterior semi-circular canal located in what plane?

A

Coronal plane

484
Q

Balance: Semi-circular Ducts - Lateral semi-circular canal located in what plane?

A

Axial plane

485
Q

Balance: Nerves - Internal Acoustic Meatus contains what? (3)

A

CN VII
CN VIII
Labyrinthine artery and veins

486
Q

Balance: Facial Nerve - Cranial Portion Course

A

Leaves the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction at the cerebellopontine angle to enter the internal acoustic meatus

487
Q

Balance: Facial Nerve - Temporal Portion Course

A

Travels through the temporal bone in close relationship to the middle ear and leaves the bone via the stylomastoid foramen

488
Q

Balance: Facial Nerve - Extratemporal Portion Course

A

Courses towards and through the parotid gland and splits into 6 branches

489
Q

Chorda Tympani: Function (2)

A

Taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue
Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular ganglion

490
Q

Chorda Tympani: Leaves. thetympanic cavity via what?

A

Petrotympanic fissure

491
Q

Chorda Tympani: Combines with what after moving through the petrotympanic fissure?

A

Mandibular division of CN V

492
Q

Chorda Tympani: Courses between what two ossicles?

A

Incus and the Malleus

493
Q

What is the pathway of hearing? (8 stages)

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane
  2. Vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles
  3. Footplate of the stapes vibrates within the oval window
  4. Vibration of the stapes creates pressure waves within the perilymph out of the round window
  5. Hair cells in the cochlea are moved to put pressure on the organ of corti to stimulate action potentials
  6. AP conveyed to the brain by the cochlear nerve
  7. Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
  8. Pressure waves are dampened at the round window

Otolaryngology (4 decks)

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