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The Endocrine System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid Gland: This is the largest what in the body?

A

Endocrine gland

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2
Q

Thyroid Gland: What does it require to synthesise hormones?

A

Exogenous Iodine

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3
Q

Thyroid Gland: Composed of what?

A

Lobules

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4
Q

Thyroid Gland: Lobules are defined by what?

A

Thin fibrous septa containing follicles

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5
Q

Thyroid Gland: Each follicle is surrounded by what?

A

Flat to cuboidal follicular epithelial cells

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6
Q

Thyroid Gland: What is at the centre of the follicles?

A

Colloid

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7
Q

Thyroid Gland: Colloid

A

Dense amorphous material that contains thyroglobulin

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8
Q

Thyroid Gland: What cells make this up?

A

Scattered Parafollicular Cells

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9
Q

Thyroid Gland: Structure of Parafollicular Cells

A

Large cells with a clear cytoplasm

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10
Q

Thyroid Gland: Parafollicular cells secrete what?

A

Calcitonin

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11
Q

Thyroid Gland: Function of Calcitonin

A

Reduce serum calcium levels

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12
Q

Thyroid Gland: When is the size of the thyroid increased? (2)

A

Pregnancy
Menstruation

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13
Q

The Neck Surface: Posterior Triangle - Posterior Border

A

Trapezius

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14
Q

The Neck Surface: Posterior Triangle - Anterior Border

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

The Neck Surface: What is within the superficial fascia?

A

Platysma

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16
Q

The Neck Surface: Retropharyngeal Space passes down to what?

A

Mediastinum

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17
Q

The Neck Surface: 4 different fascial compartments

A

Investing fascia
Prevertebral deep fascia
Carotid sheath
Pretracheal fascia

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18
Q

The Neck Surface: Investing fascia encloses what? (3)

A

All other neck fascial compartments
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid muscles

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19
Q

The Neck Surface: Prevertebral deep fascia encloses what? (2)

A

Postural neck muscles
Cervical vertebrae

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20
Q

The Neck Surface: Prevertebral Deep Fascia located where?

A

Posterior

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21
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheath located where?

A

Anterolaterally

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22
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheath contains what? (4)

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes
Vagus nerve
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein

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23
Q

The Neck Surface: Pretracheal Fascia located where?

A

Anteriorly

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24
Q

The Neck Surface: Pretracheal Fascia (5)

A

Oesophagus
Trachea
Thyroid Gland
Strap muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerves

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25
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Deep to what?

A

Investing fascia

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26
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Location with respect to thyroid gland

A

Posterolateral

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27
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Attaches where?

A

Superiorly to the base of the skull - around the jugular foramen and entrance to the carotid channel

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28
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Blends with what and where?

A

Inferiorly with the mediastinal fascia

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29
Q

The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - What is within each carotid sheath?

A

Common and internal carotid arteries
Deep cervical nerves
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

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30
Q

The Neck Surface: Platysma Muscles -Located where?

A

Immediately deep to the skin within subcutaneous tissue

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31
Q

The Neck Surface: Platysma Muscles - Belong to what muscle group?

A

Muscles of fascial expression

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32
Q

The Neck Surface: Platysma Muscles - Innervated by what?

A

Facial nerve - VII

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33
Q

Thyroid Gland: Located within what fascia of the neck?

A

Pre-tracheal fascia

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34
Q

Thyroid Gland: Closely related to what structures in the anterior neck?

A

Larynx
Trachea

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35
Q

Thyroid Gland: Two lobes connected by what?

A

Isthmus

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36
Q

Thyroid Gland: Where do the lobes attach?

A

To the lateral aspects of the thyroid, cricoid cartilages and trachea

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37
Q

Thyroid Gland: Where is the isthmus located?

A

Anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

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38
Q

Thyroid Gland: How does a goitre move on swallowing?

A

Superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx

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39
Q

Thyroid Gland: Innervation - Parasympathetic Autonomic Supply

A

Vagus nerves

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40
Q

Thyroid Gland: Innervation - Sympathetic Autonomic Supply

A

Superior, Middle and Inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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41
Q

Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Arteries

A

Superior and Inferior Thyroid Arteries
Thyroidea Ima Artery

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42
Q

Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Veins

A

Three Pairs of Veins - Superior, Middle and Inferior Thyroid Vein

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43
Q

Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Superior and Middle Thyroid Vein passes into what?

A

Internal Jugular

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44
Q

Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Inferior Thyroid Vein passes into what?

A

Brachiocephalic Veins

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45
Q

Thyroid Gland: Ligament Function and Name

A

Posterior Suspensory Ligament attaches the posteromedial aspect of the gland

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46
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - What are they?

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

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47
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Location

A

Anterior to the thyroid gland

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48
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Most superficial

A

Sternohyoid

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49
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Sternohyoid attached to what?

A

To the sternum up the hyoid bone

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50
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Omohyoid attached to what via what??

A

Shoulder by the inferior belly

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51
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Omohyoid passes through what?

A

The fascial sling

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52
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Fascial sling is attached to what?

A

Clavicle

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53
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Sternohyoid attached to what?

A

Sternum and Hyoid

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54
Q

Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Thyrohoid attached to what?

A

Thyroid and Hyoid bone

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55
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - When does it begin development?

A

4th week

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56
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Where does development begin?

A

As a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior two thirds and posterior one third of the tongue

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57
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What is the site of origin called in the adult?

A

Foramen Caecum

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58
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - After initial development what happens with the migration?

A

Migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

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59
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Gland reaches final position when?

A

7th week

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60
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - When the gland comes into contact with the lower part of the pharynx what happens?

A

C cells develop

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61
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What happens in Week 8?

A

2 lobes have joined at the Isthmus in front of the trachea and just below the larynx

62
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What replaces the thyroglossal duct contact?

A

Pyramidal lobe of the thyroid

63
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What happens at week 12?

A

Primitive follicles are visible as simple epithelial surrounding a central lumen - this traps Iodide

64
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Lingual Thyroid

A

Failure for the thyroid to descend

65
Q

Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Retrosternal location of the Thyroid

A

Excessive descent of the thyroid into the mediastinum

66
Q

Thyroid Gland: Pyramidal Lobe

A

Small segment of the thyroid gland tissue located along the isthmus

67
Q

Thyroid Gland: Pyramidal Lobe - Most commonly originates from where?

A

Left lateral lobe

68
Q

Thyroid Gland: Pyramidal Lobe - Most attach where?

A

Superiorly to the thyroid cartilage

69
Q

Parathyroid Glands: How many?

A

4

70
Q

Parathyroid Glands: Location

A

Posterior surface of the thyroid glands of the lateral lobes

71
Q

Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Superior Thyroid Artery origin

A

First branch of the external carotid artery

72
Q

Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Inferior thyroid artery origin

A

Continuation of the thyrocervical trunk of subclavian arteries

73
Q

Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Pre-tracheal nodes drain into what?

A

Para-tracheal nodes

74
Q

Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Nodes often drain into what?

A

Superior cervical lymph nodes

75
Q

Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Pre-laryngeal nodes drain into what?

A

Superior deep cervical lymph nodes

76
Q

Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Inferior nodes drain into what?

A

Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

77
Q

Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerves - Entry

A

Medulla Oblongata

78
Q

Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerves - Exit

A

Jugular Foramen

79
Q

Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerve Pathway - Initially descends in what?

A

Carotid sheath

80
Q

Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerve Pathway - Right Nerve path

A

Lateral to the trachea

81
Q

Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerve Pathway - Left Nerve pathway

A

Left side of the aortic arch

82
Q

Thyroid Gland: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Wraps around what blood vessel?

A

Subclavian Artery

83
Q

Classic Thyroidectomy: Where is the incision made?

A

Collar incision made superior to the clavicles and jugular notch and within a natural crease

84
Q

Classic Thyroidectomy: Incision is made through what?

A

Skin and Platysma

85
Q

Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Provides … supply to what?

A

Somatic motor supply to most skeletal muscles that move intrinsic muscles of the larynx

86
Q

Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Recurrent nerve injury has what impact?

A

Paralysis of the vocal cords

87
Q

Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Unilateral Damage impact

A

Hoarseness or weakness of voice with a weak cough

88
Q

Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Bilateral Damage impacts (4)

A

Aphonia - no sound
Inability to close the rima glottidis
Prevents aspiration
Prevents the production of a cough - as rima glottidis cannot close

89
Q

Components of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

90
Q

Pituitary Gland: Hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland by what?

A

Infundibulum

91
Q

Pituitary Gland: Alternate name for anterior lobe

A

Adenohypophysis

92
Q

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Origin

A

Rathke’s Pouch

93
Q

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - 3 structures

A

Pars Distalsis
Pars Tuberalis
Pars Intermedia

94
Q

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Function

A

Synthesis and release of pituitary hormones

95
Q

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - What hormones does it produce? (6)

A

Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adenocorticotropic Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Prolactin

96
Q

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Trophic Hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

97
Q

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Non-Trophic Hormones

A

GH
Prolactin

98
Q

Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Alternate Name

A

Neurohypophysis

99
Q

Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Structure

A

Pars Nervosa - extension of neural tissue consisting of modified glial cells and axonal processes

100
Q

Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Function

A

Produces ADH and Oxytocin

101
Q

Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Hormones synthesised where?

A

Hypothalamus

102
Q

Pituitary Gland: Location

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

103
Q

Pituitary Gland: Location - Pituitary fossa lies where?

A

In the sella turcica

104
Q

Pituitary Gland: Location - Lies immediately inferior to what?

A

Optic chiasm

105
Q

Fields of Vision: Comprises what fields?

A

Temporal and Nasal Fields

106
Q

Fields of Vision: Pathways of the lateral sides merge to synapse where?

A

Lateral geniculate body to the right side of the body

107
Q

Fields of Vision: Pathways of the medial sides of the eye merge to synapse where?

A

Optic radiation of the geniculocalcarine tract - to the left side of the brain

108
Q

Fields of Vision: Left and right pathways cross where?

A

Optic chiasma

109
Q

Fields of Vision: Optic Chiasma formed from what?

A

Right and Left Optic II nerves

110
Q

Fields of Vision: Right and left optic tracts pass … from the chiasma?

A

Posteriorly

111
Q

Fields of Vision: Axons in the chain pass via … … to what?

A

Optic radiation
Visual cortex of the occipital lobe

112
Q

Fields of Vision: Pituitary tumours increase the risk of what?

A

Compression of the Optic chiasma

113
Q

Fields of Vision: Compression on the optic chaisma disrupts what?

A

Transmission of action potentials from the nasal retina bilaterally

114
Q

Fields of Vision: Compression of the optic chiasma causes loss of what?

A

Ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field bilaterally to cause Bitemporal hemianopia

115
Q

Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Access approaches (2)

A

Transcranial approach
Trans-sphenoidal approach

116
Q

Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Transcranial approach

A

Sub-frontal approach that is inferior to the frontal lobe

117
Q

Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Trans-sphenoidal approach

A

Access via the nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

118
Q

Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Superior part of the septum of the nasal cavity is formed by what?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

119
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities that are lined by mucus-secreting respiratory mucosa

120
Q

Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Consists of what four bones?

A

Frontal sinuses
Maxillae sinuses
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoid sinuses

121
Q

Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Largest sinuses

A

Maxillary sinuses

122
Q

Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Function (3)

A

Secrete mucus
Reduce skull weight
Adds resonance to voice

123
Q

Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Mucus drains to nasal cavities by what?

A

Ostia

124
Q

Le Fort Fractures of the Facial Skeleton: Type I

A

Down-fracture approach to the nasal cavities

125
Q

Le Fort Fractures of the Facial Skeleton: Type iI

A

Pyramidal shaped fracture along the nasal bridge involving the inferomedial orbital rim and orbital floor to cause separation of the midface from the skull base

126
Q

Le Fort Fractures of the Facial Skeleton: Type III

A

Craniofacial dislocation

127
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Tough sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa

128
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

129
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses: What drains most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity?

A

Venous channels in the dura mater

130
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses: Venous blood from the brain drains into what?

A

Internal jugular veins then the jugular foramen

131
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses: Pituitary gland is surrounded by what sinuses? (2)

A

Cavernous sinuses
Intercavernous sinuses

132
Q

Adrenal Glands: Location

A

Superior and medial to the upper pole of the kidneys

133
Q

Adrenal Glands: How many zones of the cortex?

A

3

134
Q

Adrenal Glands: 3 zones of Cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

135
Q

Adrenal Glands: Function of Zona Glomerulosa

A

Produce mineralocorticosteroids and Aldosterone

136
Q

Adrenal Glands: Function of Zona Fasciculata

A

Produce Glucocorticoids and Cortisol

137
Q

Adrenal Glands: Function of Zona Reticularis

A

Produce Sex Steroids and Glucocorticoids

138
Q

Adrenal Glands: Adrenal Medulla innervated by what?

A

Pre-synaptic fibres of the sympathetic system

139
Q

Adrenal Glands: What cells are present?

A

Chromaffin Neuroendocrine cells

140
Q

Adrenal Glands: Chromaffin cell function

A

Secrete catecholamines - Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

141
Q

Adrenal Glands: Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids - Cortisol and Androgen production are regulated by what?

A

Hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

142
Q

Adrenal Glands: Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids - Hypothalamus produces what?

A

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone

143
Q

Adrenal Glands: Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids - Anterior Pituitary Gland produces what?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

144
Q

Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Major regulator of what hormone?

A

Aldosterone

145
Q

Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Activated by what?

A

Hypotension

146
Q

Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Hypotension detected by what?

A

Macula densa

147
Q

Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Angiotensin acts on the adrenal gland to produce what?

A

Aldosterone

148
Q

Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Corticosteroids bind to what?

A

Intracellular steroid receptor

149
Q

Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Examples of Corticosteroids

A

Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Progestin
Oestrogen
Androgen
Vitamin D

150
Q

Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Is Cortisol Catabolic/Anabolic?

A

Catabolic

151
Q

Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Aldosterone has receptors present on what organs? (4)

A

Kidneys
Salivary glands
Gut
Sweat Glands

The Endocrine System (5 decks)

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