Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Thyroid Gland: This is the largest what in the body?
A
Endocrine gland
2
Q
Thyroid Gland: What does it require to synthesise hormones?
A
Exogenous Iodine
3
Q
Thyroid Gland: Composed of what?
A
Lobules
4
Q
Thyroid Gland: Lobules are defined by what?
A
Thin fibrous septa containing follicles
5
Q
Thyroid Gland: Each follicle is surrounded by what?
A
Flat to cuboidal follicular epithelial cells
6
Q
Thyroid Gland: What is at the centre of the follicles?
A
Colloid
7
Q
Thyroid Gland: Colloid
A
Dense amorphous material that contains thyroglobulin
8
Q
Thyroid Gland: What cells make this up?
A
Scattered Parafollicular Cells
9
Q
Thyroid Gland: Structure of Parafollicular Cells
A
Large cells with a clear cytoplasm
10
Q
Thyroid Gland: Parafollicular cells secrete what?
A
Calcitonin
11
Q
Thyroid Gland: Function of Calcitonin
A
Reduce serum calcium levels
12
Q
Thyroid Gland: When is the size of the thyroid increased? (2)
A
Pregnancy
Menstruation
13
Q
The Neck Surface: Posterior Triangle - Posterior Border
A
Trapezius
14
Q
The Neck Surface: Posterior Triangle - Anterior Border
A
Sternocleidomastoid
15
Q
The Neck Surface: What is within the superficial fascia?
A
Platysma
16
Q
The Neck Surface: Retropharyngeal Space passes down to what?
A
Mediastinum
17
Q
The Neck Surface: 4 different fascial compartments
A
Investing fascia
Prevertebral deep fascia
Carotid sheath
Pretracheal fascia
18
Q
The Neck Surface: Investing fascia encloses what? (3)
A
All other neck fascial compartments
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
19
Q
The Neck Surface: Prevertebral deep fascia encloses what? (2)
A
Postural neck muscles
Cervical vertebrae
20
Q
The Neck Surface: Prevertebral Deep Fascia located where?
A
Posterior
21
Q
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheath located where?
A
Anterolaterally
22
Q
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheath contains what? (4)
A
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Vagus nerve
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
23
Q
The Neck Surface: Pretracheal Fascia located where?
A
Anteriorly
24
Q
The Neck Surface: Pretracheal Fascia (5)
A
Oesophagus
Trachea
Thyroid Gland
Strap muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
25
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Deep to what?
Investing fascia
26
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Location with respect to thyroid gland
Posterolateral
27
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Attaches where?
Superiorly to the base of the skull - around the jugular foramen and entrance to the carotid channel
28
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - Blends with what and where?
Inferiorly with the mediastinal fascia
29
The Neck Surface: Carotid Sheaths - What is within each carotid sheath?
Common and internal carotid arteries
Deep cervical nerves
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
30
The Neck Surface: Platysma Muscles -Located where?
Immediately deep to the skin within subcutaneous tissue
31
The Neck Surface: Platysma Muscles - Belong to what muscle group?
Muscles of fascial expression
32
The Neck Surface: Platysma Muscles - Innervated by what?
Facial nerve - VII
33
Thyroid Gland: Located within what fascia of the neck?
Pre-tracheal fascia
34
Thyroid Gland: Closely related to what structures in the anterior neck?
Larynx
Trachea
35
Thyroid Gland: Two lobes connected by what?
Isthmus
36
Thyroid Gland: Where do the lobes attach?
To the lateral aspects of the thyroid, cricoid cartilages and trachea
37
Thyroid Gland: Where is the isthmus located?
Anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea
38
Thyroid Gland: How does a goitre move on swallowing?
Superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx
39
Thyroid Gland: Innervation - Parasympathetic Autonomic Supply
Vagus nerves
40
Thyroid Gland: Innervation - Sympathetic Autonomic Supply
Superior, Middle and Inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
41
Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Arteries
Superior and Inferior Thyroid Arteries
Thyroidea Ima Artery
42
Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Veins
Three Pairs of Veins - Superior, Middle and Inferior Thyroid Vein
43
Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Superior and Middle Thyroid Vein passes into what?
Internal Jugular
44
Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Inferior Thyroid Vein passes into what?
Brachiocephalic Veins
45
Thyroid Gland: Ligament Function and Name
Posterior Suspensory Ligament attaches the posteromedial aspect of the gland
46
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - What are they?
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
47
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Location
Anterior to the thyroid gland
48
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Most superficial
Sternohyoid
49
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Sternohyoid attached to what?
To the sternum up the hyoid bone
50
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Omohyoid attached to what via what??
Shoulder by the inferior belly
51
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Omohyoid passes through what?
The fascial sling
52
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Fascial sling is attached to what?
Clavicle
53
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Sternohyoid attached to what?
Sternum and Hyoid
54
Thyroid Gland: Strap Muscles - Thyrohoid attached to what?
Thyroid and Hyoid bone
55
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - When does it begin development?
4th week
56
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Where does development begin?
As a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior two thirds and posterior one third of the tongue
57
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What is the site of origin called in the adult?
Foramen Caecum
58
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - After initial development what happens with the migration?
Migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct
59
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Gland reaches final position when?
7th week
60
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - When the gland comes into contact with the lower part of the pharynx what happens?
C cells develop
61
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What happens in Week 8?
2 lobes have joined at the Isthmus in front of the trachea and just below the larynx
62
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What replaces the thyroglossal duct contact?
Pyramidal lobe of the thyroid
63
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - What happens at week 12?
Primitive follicles are visible as simple epithelial surrounding a central lumen - this traps Iodide
64
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Lingual Thyroid
Failure for the thyroid to descend
65
Thyroid Gland: Embryology - Retrosternal location of the Thyroid
Excessive descent of the thyroid into the mediastinum
66
Thyroid Gland: Pyramidal Lobe
Small segment of the thyroid gland tissue located along the isthmus
67
Thyroid Gland: Pyramidal Lobe - Most commonly originates from where?
Left lateral lobe
68
Thyroid Gland: Pyramidal Lobe - Most attach where?
Superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
69
Parathyroid Glands: How many?
4
70
Parathyroid Glands: Location
Posterior surface of the thyroid glands of the lateral lobes
71
Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Superior Thyroid Artery origin
First branch of the external carotid artery
72
Thyroid Gland: Blood Supply - Inferior thyroid artery origin
Continuation of the thyrocervical trunk of subclavian arteries
73
Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Pre-tracheal nodes drain into what?
Para-tracheal nodes
74
Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Nodes often drain into what?
Superior cervical lymph nodes
75
Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Pre-laryngeal nodes drain into what?
Superior deep cervical lymph nodes
76
Thyroid Gland: Lymphatic Drainage - Inferior nodes drain into what?
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
77
Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerves - Entry
Medulla Oblongata
78
Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerves - Exit
Jugular Foramen
79
Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerve Pathway - Initially descends in what?
Carotid sheath
80
Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerve Pathway - Right Nerve path
Lateral to the trachea
81
Thyroid Gland: Vagus Nerve Pathway - Left Nerve pathway
Left side of the aortic arch
82
Thyroid Gland: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Wraps around what blood vessel?
Subclavian Artery
83
Classic Thyroidectomy: Where is the incision made?
Collar incision made superior to the clavicles and jugular notch and within a natural crease
84
Classic Thyroidectomy: Incision is made through what?
Skin and Platysma
85
Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Provides ... supply to what?
Somatic motor supply to most skeletal muscles that move intrinsic muscles of the larynx
86
Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Recurrent nerve injury has what impact?
Paralysis of the vocal cords
87
Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Unilateral Damage impact
Hoarseness or weakness of voice with a weak cough
88
Thyroid Gland: Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Bilateral Damage impacts (4)
Aphonia - no sound
Inability to close the rima glottidis
Prevents aspiration
Prevents the production of a cough - as rima glottidis cannot close
89
Components of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
90
Pituitary Gland: Hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland by what?
Infundibulum
91
Pituitary Gland: Alternate name for anterior lobe
Adenohypophysis
92
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Origin
Rathke's Pouch
93
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - 3 structures
Pars Distalsis
Pars Tuberalis
Pars Intermedia
94
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Function
Synthesis and release of pituitary hormones
95
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - What hormones does it produce? (6)
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adenocorticotropic Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Prolactin
96
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Trophic Hormones
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
97
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Non-Trophic Hormones
GH
Prolactin
98
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Alternate Name
Neurohypophysis
99
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Structure
Pars Nervosa - extension of neural tissue consisting of modified glial cells and axonal processes
100
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Function
Produces ADH and Oxytocin
101
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe - Hormones synthesised where?
Hypothalamus
102
Pituitary Gland: Location
Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
103
Pituitary Gland: Location - Pituitary fossa lies where?
In the sella turcica
104
Pituitary Gland: Location - Lies immediately inferior to what?
Optic chiasm
105
Fields of Vision: Comprises what fields?
Temporal and Nasal Fields
106
Fields of Vision: Pathways of the lateral sides merge to synapse where?
Lateral geniculate body to the right side of the body
107
Fields of Vision: Pathways of the medial sides of the eye merge to synapse where?
Optic radiation of the geniculocalcarine tract - to the left side of the brain
108
Fields of Vision: Left and right pathways cross where?
Optic chiasma
109
Fields of Vision: Optic Chiasma formed from what?
Right and Left Optic II nerves
110
Fields of Vision: Right and left optic tracts pass ... from the chiasma?
Posteriorly
111
Fields of Vision: Axons in the chain pass via ... ... to what?
Optic radiation
Visual cortex of the occipital lobe
112
Fields of Vision: Pituitary tumours increase the risk of what?
Compression of the Optic chiasma
113
Fields of Vision: Compression on the optic chaisma disrupts what?
Transmission of action potentials from the nasal retina bilaterally
114
Fields of Vision: Compression of the optic chiasma causes loss of what?
Ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field bilaterally to cause Bitemporal hemianopia
115
Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Access approaches (2)
Transcranial approach
Trans-sphenoidal approach
116
Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Transcranial approach
Sub-frontal approach that is inferior to the frontal lobe
117
Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Trans-sphenoidal approach
Access via the nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus
118
Pituitary Gland: Surgery - Superior part of the septum of the nasal cavity is formed by what?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
119
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities that are lined by mucus-secreting respiratory mucosa
120
Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Consists of what four bones?
Frontal sinuses
Maxillae sinuses
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoid sinuses
121
Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Largest sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
122
Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Function (3)
Secrete mucus
Reduce skull weight
Adds resonance to voice
123
Pituitary Gland: Paranasal Sinuses - Mucus drains to nasal cavities by what?
Ostia
124
Le Fort Fractures of the Facial Skeleton: Type I
Down-fracture approach to the nasal cavities
125
Le Fort Fractures of the Facial Skeleton: Type iI
Pyramidal shaped fracture along the nasal bridge involving the inferomedial orbital rim and orbital floor to cause separation of the midface from the skull base
126
Le Fort Fractures of the Facial Skeleton: Type III
Craniofacial dislocation
127
Tentorium cerebelli
Tough sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa
128
Diaphragma sellae
Tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa
129
Dural Venous Sinuses: What drains most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity?
Venous channels in the dura mater
130
Dural Venous Sinuses: Venous blood from the brain drains into what?
Internal jugular veins then the jugular foramen
131
Dural Venous Sinuses: Pituitary gland is surrounded by what sinuses? (2)
Cavernous sinuses
Intercavernous sinuses
132
Adrenal Glands: Location
Superior and medial to the upper pole of the kidneys
133
Adrenal Glands: How many zones of the cortex?
3
134
Adrenal Glands: 3 zones of Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
135
Adrenal Glands: Function of Zona Glomerulosa
Produce mineralocorticosteroids and Aldosterone
136
Adrenal Glands: Function of Zona Fasciculata
Produce Glucocorticoids and Cortisol
137
Adrenal Glands: Function of Zona Reticularis
Produce Sex Steroids and Glucocorticoids
138
Adrenal Glands: Adrenal Medulla innervated by what?
Pre-synaptic fibres of the sympathetic system
139
Adrenal Glands: What cells are present?
Chromaffin Neuroendocrine cells
140
Adrenal Glands: Chromaffin cell function
Secrete catecholamines - Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
141
Adrenal Glands: Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids - Cortisol and Androgen production are regulated by what?
Hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
142
Adrenal Glands: Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids - Hypothalamus produces what?
Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone
143
Adrenal Glands: Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids - Anterior Pituitary Gland produces what?
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
144
Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Major regulator of what hormone?
Aldosterone
145
Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Activated by what?
Hypotension
146
Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Hypotension detected by what?
Macula densa
147
Adrenal Glands: RAAS System - Angiotensin acts on the adrenal gland to produce what?
Aldosterone
148
Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Corticosteroids bind to what?
Intracellular steroid receptor
149
Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Examples of Corticosteroids
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Progestin
Oestrogen
Androgen
Vitamin D
150
Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Is Cortisol Catabolic/Anabolic?
Catabolic
151
Adrenal Glands: Hormones - Aldosterone has receptors present on what organs? (4)
Kidneys
Salivary glands
Gut
Sweat Glands
