Anatomy Flashcards
BODY PLANES
Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
BODY PLANES
Median/Midsagittal Plane
A vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left portions
BODY PLANES
Coronal/Frontal Plane
A vertical plane dividing the body into front and back portions
BODY PLANES
Transverse Plane
A horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Anatomical Position
Standing with the front of the body and palms facing forward
Prone
Lying on the front of the body with face downward
Supine
Lying on the back of the body with the face upward
Anterior
Front side / in front of
Posterior
Backside / in back of
Medial
Closer toward median plane / midline
Lateral
Further from the median plane / toward the side
Superior
Above / towards the head
Inferior
Below / towards feet
Proximal
Closer to the root of the limb or center of the body
Distal
Further from the root of the limb or center of the body
Fibrous joint
A joint where the bones are directly connected by fibrous tissue. Example: sutures of skull
Cartilaginous joint
A joint where the bones are directly connected by cartilage, example: intervertebral disc
Synovial
A joint where there is a small space between the bones that contains synovial fluid. Examples: shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and many other joints of the limbs
Types of synovial joints
Hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket, gliding
Hinge (Synovial Joint)
A joint formed between a spool-shaped surface and reciprocal concave surface that allows forward-backward movement in one plane. Examples: elbow, knee, and ankle joints
Pivot (Synovial Joint)
A joint formed between a rounded surface or peg and an arch-shaped surface that allows rotation in one plane, examples: joints of the forearm (upper and lower radio on joints)
Condyloid (synovial joint)
A joint formed between an oval-shaped convex surface and a reciprocal cavity that allows movement in two planes. Example: wrist joint.
Saddle (synovial joint)
A joint formed between a saddle-shaped surface and a bone with opposite concave-convex surfaces that allows movement in two planes. Example: thumb (first carpal metacarpal joint)
Ball-and-socket (synovial joint)
A joint formed between a spherical head and a concave socket that allows movement in three planes. Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Gliding (synovial joint)
A joint formed between flat or slightly curved surfaces, allowing slight sliding motions that generally do not occur around an axis. Example: joint between the scapula and clavicle (acromioclavicular joint)
Flexion
Bringing the anterior surface of a body segment towards the anterior surface of an adjacent body segment (except at the knee, where posterior surfaces are approximated)/bending
Extension
Moving from a flexed position towards the anatomical position or beyond/straightening
Hyperextension
Moving in extension past the anatomical position
Abduction
Moving away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Moving toward the midline of the body
External rotation
Turning the anterior surface outward
Internal rotation
Turning the anterior surface inward
Lateral flexion (spine)
Side bending of the trunk to the right or left
Rotation (spine)
Turning the front of the head or trunk to the right or left
Inversion (foot)
Lifting the medial/inside portion of the foot upwards
Eversion (foot)
Lifting the lateral/outside portion of the foot upwards
Pronation (foot)
Rolling in of the foot
Pronation (forearm)
Turning palm backwards
Supination (foot)
Rolling out of the foot
Supination (forearm)
Turning palm forwards
Dorsiflexion ankle-foot
Bringing top of the foot up towards the shin/flexing the foot
Plantar flexion (ankle foot)
Bringing the bottom of foot downwards/pointing the foot
Horizontal adduction (shoulder)
Movement toward midline in horizontal plane with the arm at shoulder height
Horizontal abduction (shoulder)
Movement away from midline in a horizontal plane with the arm at shoulder height
