Anatomy

Question 1

Know the difference between anatomy and physiology.

Answer 1

Anatomy is the structure of the body and Physiology is how it all works together

Question 2

The 11 organ systems that make up the body are

Answer 2

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems

Question 3

The levels of organization in the body

Answer 3

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 4

In order to sustain life an organism must be able to maintain it

Answer 4

boundaries, move, respond to stimuli, digest nutrients and excrete wastes, carry on metabolism, reproduce, and grow.

Question 5

explain the concept of homeostasis in the body and the concept of negative feedback.

Answer 5

Homeostasis is how a body keeps everything balanced and responds to stimuli. Negative feedback is feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end.

Question 6

explain the following directional terms and give examples of each: superior, inferior, ventral, dorsal, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep.

Answer 6

Superior- towards the head, Inferior- towards the feet, Ventral- towards front of body, Dorsal- towards back of body, Medial- towards midline of the body, Lateral- away from the midline of the body, Proximal- close to origin of body part, Distal- far from origin of body part, Superficial- towards body surface (skin), Deep- away from body surface

Question 7

Be prepared to identify the body cavities: cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Answer 7

The cranial cavity is the space inside the skull. The spinal cavity is located inside the vertebral column. The thoracic cavity is under the ribs and holds the lungs and heart etc. The abdominal cavity is located closer to the stomach where the abs are. The pelvic cavity sits below the abdominal cavity and holds the bladder.

Question 8

Know what the anatomical position is.

Answer 8

The anatomical position is a person facing completely forward with their palms facing forward.

Question 9

Know the difference between matter and energy.

Answer 9

Matter is what makes up all material objects and energy is defined as the ability to do work.

Question 10

Know the difference between elements and matter.

Answer 10

Matter makes up all material objects. All matter is made up of elements which are substances that can’t be broken down any further into other substances.

Question 11

Know the four elements that make up 96% of living matter: C, H, O, and N

Answer 11

The 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Question 12

Be able to explain the difference between protons, electrons, and neutrons and where they are located in the atom.

Answer 12

Protons are particles with a positive charge while electrons are particles with a negative charge. Neutrons are neutral. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom and electrons are outside the nucleus.

Question 13

Be able to explain a basic chemical reaction.

Answer 13

Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken.

Question 14

Be able to explain what a chemical bond is.

Answer 14

Chemical bonds are when two or more atoms bond to form a molecule. One of the ways they can bond is by sharing electrons.

Question 15

What is the difference between an acid and a base? Know why this is important in the human body.

Answer 15

Acid is a lower Ph number and a base is a higher Ph number.

Question 16

explain the general functions and locations of the following parts of the cell: nucleus, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

Answer 16

Nucleus- Stores genetic material and controls a cell’s activities, is located in the in the middle of the cell in the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope- is around the nucleus and holds it together
Plasma membrane- contains cell contents and separates them from surrounding environment, around outside of cell
Cytoplasm- “factory area” site of most cellular activities. Most chemical reactions happen inside the cytoplasm, located inside the cell, but outside the nucleus.
Mitochondria- The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It makes ATP and is located inside the cytoplasm
Ribosome- Produces protein, located in the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum- makes fats and membrane proteins, it extends from the nucleus throughout the cytoplasm.
Golgi Apparatus- processes and sorts proteins, is located right near the nucleus.

Question 17

What is meant by the term cell diversity?

Answer 17

It is important to have cellular diversity to build complex organisms because different types of cells form different tissues, which perform different jobs in the body.

Question 18

Be prepared to explain the process of diffusion including terms like concentration gradient and facilitated diffusion.

Answer 18

Concentration gradient refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution. Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules along the concentration gradient.

Question 19

explain the concept of osmosis.

Answer 19

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane.

Question 20

What is active transport?

Answer 20

Active transport is the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy. One of the greatest instances of active transport is the transfer of calcium ions out of heart muscle cells

Question 21

What are mitosis and cytokinesis?

Answer 21

Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided.

Question 22

explain the differences between epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Answer 22

The skin is important to protect the muscles from outside stuff. Helps regulates temperature. The epidermis is the outer layer of skin. It helps protect your body from UV rays. The dermis is the deeper layer of skin and it helps regulate temperature and protect the body. The sweat glands are all over the surface of the body. Sweat glands help control body temperature. Hair can be found on someone’s head. Hair keeps us warm and looks good. Nails are on someone’s fingers and toes. Fingernails protect the tips of our fingers.

Question 23

explain the general functions of the skin.

Answer 23

Most skin cancers are caused by too much exposure to UV rays. People with lighter skin, blonde or red hair, and blue or green eyes are at a higher risk.

Question 24

explain the location and function of the following skin components: epidermis, dermis, sweat glands, hair, and nails

Question 25

Know the general functions of bones.

Answer 25

Bones give structure to your body. Bones can store minerals and make blood cells.

Question 26

Be prepared to explain specific functions of the long bones.

Answer 26

Long bones provide strength and structure to the body. Long bones have red bone marrow which produce blood cells.

Question 27

Be prepared to identify the location of the following bones: skull, cranium, clavicle, thoracic cage, scapula, sternum, humerus, ulna, radius, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, vertebral column

Question 28

Know the results of osteoporosis and the causes.

Answer 28

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures (broken bones). Some other symptoms are back pain, stooped posture, and height loss.

Question 29

Know the function of joints and the three major types of joints.

Answer 29

Joints provide mobility to the body. The 3 major types of joints are in the next paragraph. Synovial joints are freely movable and allow for motion at the location where bones meet. They provide a wide range of motion and flexibility. Other joints provide more stability and less flexibility. Bones at cartilaginous joints connected by cartilage and are slightly movable. Bones at fibrous joints are immovable and connected by fibrous connective tissue.

Question 30

identify the three types of muscle groups and their locations, functions, and appearance (including striation).

Answer 30

The three muscle groups are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles. Cardiac and skeletal muscles are striated. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart, skeletal muscles are found around the body, and smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs.

Question 31

Be prepared to identify the location of the following muscles: trapezius, deltoid, triceps, biceps, thorax, quadriceps, gluteus maximus, hamstring

Question 32

Be prepared to explain muscle movement in terms of skeletal muscles working in pairs.

Question 33

Describe the general functions of the nervous system.

Answer 33

The nervous system allows you to feel things like pain or temperature.

Question 34

Define the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and the major parts of each.

Question 35

Describe the general function of a neuron. Be sure to include information about the cell body, the dendrites, the axons, the axon terminals, the synapse, and neurotransmitters

Answer 35

Somatic reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscles. Autonomic reflexes regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands.

Question 36

Explain the 6 steps of the nerve impulse.