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cardio week 2 > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

angle of louis
AKA sternal angle

A

between the manubrium and the sternal body (where rib 2 meets sternum)

between T4 and T5 (posteriorly)

plane of Ludwig divides superior and inferior mediastinum

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2
Q

what nerve innervates the pericardium of the heart?

A

phrenic nerve

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3
Q

pericardial sinuses

A

where the parietal becomes the visceral pericardium

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4
Q

transverse pericardial sinus

A

potential space between the pulmonary trunk, aorta, and superior vena cava

a finger can placed between this space

clinical significance: separates the arterial and venous ends of the heart, can clamp these vessels during surgery

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5
Q

oblique pericardial sinus

A

potential space between the posterior surface of the heart/pericardium and the anterior aspect of the esophagus, hands can come in contact with the pulmonary veins entering the L atrium back there

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6
Q

where is the L atrium located in the thorax (near which other anatomical structure)

A

directly related to the esophagus at the level of the tracheal bifurcation

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7
Q

pectinate muscles

A

“teeth of a comb” muscles of the atria

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8
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

rounded, irregular shaped muscles of the ventricles

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9
Q

crista terminalis

A

the rounded edge where the pectinate muscle starts/ends

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10
Q

what 2 structures are found in the R atrium

A

fossa ovalis
opening to the coronary sinus

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11
Q

conus arteriosus

A

smooth wall that lacks trabeculae
between the R ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

forms the outflow tract of the R ventricle?

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12
Q

moderator band

A

“conducting band”, “septo-marginal band”
carries purkinje fibers into the right ventricular wall to the papillary muscle

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13
Q

how many cusps do each of the valves have?

A

tricuspid (3)
mitral/bicuspid (2)
pulmonary (3)
aortic (3)

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14
Q

coronary ostia

A

openings in the aortic sinuses that are the openings of the coronary arteries (feed the heart)

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15
Q

which vein drains the great, middle, and small cardiac veins

A

coronary sinus –> R atrium

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16
Q

where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into?

A

directly into the R atrium

17
Q

ductus (patent ductus) arteriosus –> ligamentum arteriosum

A

during development, connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery
closes at birth –> becomes a ligament that connects the 2 structures

18
Q

heart innervation

A

sympathetic - levels T1-T4
parasympathetic - vagus nerve

19
Q

diaphragm, pericardium innervation

A

phrenic nerve

20
Q

Beck’s Triad

A

low BP
distension of jugular veins
muffled heart sounds

indicative of cardiac tamponade

21
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

build up of fluid, blood, or air in the pericardial sac which can compress the heart

appears as a “shoe shaped or money bag or balloon appearance” of cardiac shadow (enlarged heart, especially on the L)

22
Q

where would you inject the needle to extract fluid in the case of cardiac tamponade?

A

subxiphoid - just left to the xiphoid process
at a 30 degree angle

23
Q

rib types

A

1-7 true ribs
8-10 false (interchondral joints)
11-12 floating ribs

24
Q

where is the neuro-vascular bundle found?

A

contained in the costal groove of the rib
(embedded in the curve of the rib)

25
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome

A

abnormal compression of the brachial plexus nerves or vessels that pass through the axillary inlet to the upper limb

26
Q

causes of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

extra cervical rib (attaches to C7 and rib 1)
muscular abnormalities (i.e. scalene muscles)
injury
tumor

27
Q

clinical presentation of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

abnormal compression of subclavian artery/vein –> thrombosis/embolization

abnormal compression of nerves C8-T1 –> sensory deficit medial arm and muscle wasting

sx: neurological pain, paresthesias, paresis/paralysis, pallor, pulselessness, edema due to venous compression, poikilothermia (cold) due to inability to regulate body temperature

28
Q

what artery do the pericardiophrenic arteries (supplying the pericardium) branch from?

A

internal thoracic

29
Q

intercostal nerve innervation

A

ventral primary rami –> lateral and anterior cutaneous branches

sensory and motor innervation to the thoracic wall, upper abdomen, and lateral limb of the diaphragm (only sensory), and parietal pleura

30
Q

subcostal nerve

A

AKA intercostal nerve below rib 12 (T12?)

31
Q

where are thoracotomy tubes (chest tubes) placed?

A

5th intercostal space at the mid-axillary line
this is a good spot because there’s very little muscle here

indication: pneuomothorax

32
Q

where is a thoracocentesis (needle aspiration of the lung) performed?

A

9th intercostal space at the mid-axillary line
needle inserted into the pleural cavity and a sample of fluid is obtained

indication: pleural effusion (fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura)

cardio week 2 (3 decks)

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