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GASTROENTEROLOGY > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The whole of the pancreas is a retroperitoneal structure, T/F?

A

False. Pancreas except for the tail.

The tail is an intraperitoneal structure.

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2
Q

What part of the Duodenum is intraperitoneal?

A

The 1st part.

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3
Q

Falciform ligament contains ___ & ___

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (a derivative of fetal umbilical vein)

Patent paraumbilical veins

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4
Q

The Portal triad is contained in what ligament?

A

Hepatoduodenal

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5
Q

Constituent of the Portal triad

A

(From Left to right)
Common bile duct
Portal vein
Proper hepatic artery

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6
Q

Derivatives of Ventral mesentery are ___ & ___

A

Falciform ligament and Lesser omentum

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7
Q

The Pringle maneuver involves

A

Compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament manually or with a vascular clamp in the omental foramen to control bleeding from hepatic inflow source

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8
Q

The pancreatic tail is contained in which ligament?

A

Splenorenal ligament

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9
Q

Ulcers are in the mucosa only, T/F?

A

False.

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10
Q

Erosions can extend into the submucosa, inner or outer muscular layer, T/F?

A

False.

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11
Q

Basal electric rhythm(slow waves) originates in ____ cells?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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12
Q

The frequency of basal electric rhythm is greatest in what part of the GIT?

A

Duodenum

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13
Q

What third of the esophagus has striated muscles in it’s histology

A

Upper 1/3

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14
Q

What epithelium lines the esophagus?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Defensins, lysozyme, and TNF are secreted by which cells in the duodenum

A

Paneth cells

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16
Q

There is the presence of villi in the colon histology, T/F?

A

False.
No villi

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17
Q

Brunner glands are found where?

A

In the submucosa of the duodenum

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18
Q

Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta is at which Vertebra?

A

L4

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19
Q

Watershed regions of the colon (which are susceptible to colonic ischemia) are___ & ___

A

Splenic flexure
Rectosigmoid junction

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20
Q

What is Nutcracker syndrome

A

Compression of the left renal vein between the SMA and aorta.

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21
Q

Clinical presentations of Nutcracker syndrome are _____, _____, & ____

A

Abdominal(flank) pain
Gross hematuria (from rupture of thin-walled varicosities)
Left-sided varicocele

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22
Q

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is characterized by

A
  • intermittent intestinal obstruction symptoms
  • primarily postprandial pain
  • when the SMA and the aorta compress the transverse(3rd) portion of the duodenum
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23
Q

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome typically occurs in conditions associated with ______

A

Diminished mesenteric fat (e.g., low body weight/ malnutrition)

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24
Q

Inferior Mesenteric artery branches off the aorta at what vertebra level?

A

L3

25
Q

Branches of the Celiac trunk are

Hint: 3

A

Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery

26
Q

Treatment of Portal hypertension is via

A

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) between the portal vein and hepatic vein - this relieves portal hypertension by shunting blood to the systemic circulation, bypassing the liver

27
Q

Can TIPS precipitate hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Yes, due to a decrease in the clearance of ammonia from shunting

28
Q

Mention the sites of Portosystemic anastomoses and their clinical sign when there is a portal hypertension

A
  1. Esophagus - Esophageal varices
  2. Umbilicus - Caput medusae
  3. Rectum - Anorectal varies
29
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein drains into ____

A

Splenic vein

30
Q

Internal hemorrhoids are painful, T/F?

A

False.
Painless b/c they receive visceral innervation

31
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the rectum above the pectinate line is to ___ Lymph node

A

Iliac LN

32
Q

External hemorrhoids are painful, T/F?

A

True.
B/c they receive somatic innervation via the Pudendal nerve [S2-S4]

33
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the rectum below the pectinate line is to ___ lymph node

A

Superficial inguinal LN

34
Q

Tear in the anoderm below the pectinate line is ___

A

Anal fissure

35
Q

The apical surface of the hepatocytes faces the ____ while the basolateral surface faces the _____

A

Bile canaliculi

Sinusoids

36
Q

Which cells in the liver are responsible for hepatic fibrosis?

A

Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells

37
Q

Role of Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells [in the space of Disse] when;
- quiescent
- activated

A

When quiescent- store Vitamin A
When activated - produce extracellular matrix

38
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is affected first by Viral hepatitis?

A

Zone I (Periportal zone)

39
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is affected first by ischemia (least oxygenated)

A

Zone III ( Pericentral or Centrilobular zone)

40
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is most resistant to circulatory compromise?

A

Zone I (Periportal zone)

Means best oxygenated.

41
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is the site for alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Zone III (Pericentral or Centrilobular zone)

42
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is affected by Yellow fever?

A

Zone II (Intermediate zone)

43
Q

High concentration of Cytochrome P-450 is seen in which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule)

A

Zone III

44
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is most sensitive to metabolic toxins (e.g., ethanol, acetaminophen, CCl4, halothane, rifampin)?

A

Zone III

45
Q

Which zone of the functional unit of the liver (hexagonal lobule) is affected by ingested toxins (e.g., cocaine)?

A

Zone I (Periportal zone)

46
Q

An enlarged gallbladder with painless jaundice being positive is what sign that can be elicited during P/E?

A

Courvoisier sign

47
Q

Courvoisier sign is positive in what condition?

A

Obstruction of the common bile duct by tumors that arise in the head of the pancreas

48
Q

Double duct sign is seen in what condition?

A

Hall stone blocking the confluence of the common bile and pancreatic ducts at the ampulla of Vater causing both cholangitis and pancreatitis, respectively.

49
Q

Content of the Femoral triangle from lateral to medial

A

Femoral Nerve, artery, vein

50
Q

The femoral sheath contains the femoral Nerve, T/F?

A

False.

51
Q

The site of protrusion of the indirect hernia is at ____

A

The Deep (internal) inguinal ring

52
Q

What is Hernia

A

Protrusion of peritoneum through an opening, usually at a site of weakness

53
Q

The Most common type of Hiatal hernia is

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

54
Q

The two types of Hiatal hernia

A

Sliding
Paraesophageal

55
Q

Which type of hiatal hernia is associated with GERD?

A

Sliding

56
Q

Direct inguinal hernia is covered by all 3 layers of spermatic fascia, T/F?

A

False.

Covered by external operatic fascia.

57
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia is covered by all 3 layers of operatic fascia, T/F?

A

True.

58
Q

The inguinal triangle is also called ______

Boundaries are?

A

Hesselbach triangle

GASTROENTEROLOGY (3 decks)

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