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Health And Social > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q
  1. 4 components of blood
A
  1. Plasma / Red blood cells (Erythrocyte) / white blood cell (Leucocyte) / Platelets
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2
Q

plasma function

A
  1. Transports dissolved substance, blood protein needed for clotting, proteins made by immune system.
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3
Q

red blood function

A
  1. Carry oxygen around the body
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4
Q

white blood function

A
  1. Helps destroy bacteria T types cell destroys viruses and cancer cells B type cell produce antibodies removes dead cells and bacteria.
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5
Q

platelets function

A
  1. Triggers blood clotting
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6
Q
  1. What does blood transport
A
  1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide / fats by lipoproteins / hormones
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7
Q
  1. What does blood regulate
A
  1. Body temperature
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8
Q
  1. What is the myogenic
A
  1. Pacemaker
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9
Q
  1. Types of pump the heart is and how
A
  1. Double pump / need to pump to complete its job (blood enters both atrium and then pushed into the ventricle
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10
Q
  1. Name of ventricles contracting
A
  1. Systole
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11
Q
  1. Name of ventricles relaxing
A
  1. Diastole
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12
Q
  1. Asthma definition
A
  1. Bronchii become inflamed and narrow as muscle contracts.
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13
Q
  1. asthma Potential triggers
A
  1. Smoke, cold air, dust, animal fur, pollen, exercise, stress, laughter
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14
Q
  1. What is Emphysema
A
  1. COPD/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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15
Q
  1. Emphysema Main cause / how is happens
A
  1. Long term smoking / which paralyses the lung cleaning cilia then eventually kill them which causes a build of mucus and trap pathogens in the lungs.
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16
Q
  1. What causes Cystic fibrosis
A

Defective gene in one of the chromosomes

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17
Q

What deos the gene Cystic fibrosis do to cells

A
  1. Defective form of protein that should move water and salt out of the cell cause unusually thick and sticky mucus
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18
Q
  1. Mechanical digestion
A
  1. Muscle in the stomach wall churn up the food into small pieces which becomes into chyme
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19
Q
  1. Chemical digestion
A
  1. Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are large chemical nutrients which cannot pass through gut wall and into blood. So, enzymes brake them down
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20
Q

What are arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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21
Q

What are veins

A

Carr blood back to the heart

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22
Q

What are capillaries

A

Supply the tissues with the oxygen and nurtients from the blood whilst removing waste products CO2

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23
Q

Cardiovasculat malfumction

A

Hypertrnstion
Coronary heart disease

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24
Q

What is hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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25
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

Build up of cholesterol

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26
Q

Digestive malfunction

A

IBS
Gallstones
Coeliac disease

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27
Q

What is IBS

A

Muscles of the gut alter their normal rhythm. Results in alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhoea

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28
Q

What is gall stones

A

Formed form high levels of cholesterol and if stuck in gallbladder then intense pain

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29
Q

What is coeliac disease

A

Autoimmune system

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30
Q

Types of joints (6)

A

Ball and socket
Hinge
Fixed
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding

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31
Q

Where is ball and socket joint found

A

Hip
Shoulder

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32
Q

Where is hindge joint found

A

Knees
Elbows

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33
Q

Where is pivot joint found

A

Skull on vertabral column

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34
Q

Where is gliding joint found

A

Wrist
Ankle

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35
Q

Where saddle joint found

A

Thumb

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36
Q

Where fixed joint found

A

Cranium
Pelvis

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37
Q

Musculoskeletal malfunctions

A

Arthritis
Osteoporosis

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38
Q

Types of arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid

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39
Q

What does Osteoarthritis affect

A

Smooth cartilage,
Cartilage erodes allowing bones to make contact

40
Q

What increases the risk of osteoathritis

A

Repeated movement throughout life,
Such as sports, and manual occupations

41
Q

Where is osteoathritis found

A

Hands
Spine
Knees
Hips

42
Q

What causes rheumatoid athritis

A

Autoimmune disease
Antibodies attack the linings of joints.
Results in inflammation wich causes further damage,
Resulting in breakdown of bone and cartilage

43
Q

What causes osteoporosis

A

Bone thining
Women Low oestrogen levels
Men low testosterone levels

44
Q

Where is osteoporosis commonly found

A

Wrist
Hips
Ribs
Vertebrae of spine

45
Q

Components of nerve systems
(Voluntary and involuntary)

A

Voluntary
Periperal nerves / Brain and spinal cord [central nevouse system]

Involuntary
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

46
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Emotions
Decision making
Speech
Language
Conscience
Memory

47
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Relays signals to thr muscles allowing us accurancy and dexterity of movement
Balance

48
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Detects changes in:
Blood chemistry
Temprature
Regulates our appetite
Controls hormones

49
Q

What does Medulla oblongata do

A

Control vital processes
Swallowing
Heart rhythm
Breathing

50
Q

What connects the cerebral hemislheres

A

Corpus callosum

51
Q

What is the triple layer of tough membranes protecting the brain

A

Meninges

52
Q

What dose the Cerebral cortex do

A

Sensory information is recevied from various area of the body and corresponding actions are sent to the muscles of the body

53
Q

What damages the cerebral cortex and what results in it being damaged

A

Head injury
Stroke
Resulting in the loss of a specific senses or action

54
Q

Nerve cell parts

A

Dendrited
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Nkdds of ranvia
Myelin sheath
Schwann cells
Axon terminal

55
Q

What is the synapse

A

A gap between nurons

56
Q

How do electrical impulses cross the synaps

A

Electrical impulse will be turned into a chemical call neurotransmitter wich diffuses across the gap

57
Q

9 hormonal glands and where it is

A

Pineal - brain
Pituitary - brain
Thyroid - throat below the larynx
Pancreas - behind the stomach
Adrenal cortex - top of each kidney
Ovary
Testis
Hypothalamus - brain
Thymus - upper part of chest

58
Q

Adrenal gland - hormone produced and what it does

A

Adrenalin
Prepares body for action [ increase heart rate]

59
Q

Pancreas - hormone produces and what it does

A

Insulin
Lowers blood sugar levels to promote uptake of glucose

Glucagon
Raises blood sugar level, by converting carbohydrate store in muscles and the liver into glucose

60
Q

Thyroid - hormone produced and what it does

A

Thyroxine
Regulates cell metebolism

Calcitonin
Regulates calcium absorption and use

61
Q

Pituitary - hormons produces and what it does

A

Somatotrophin
Growth hormome

Prolactin
Initiates production of breast milk

LH and FSH
Both contol menstrual cycle

Oxytocin
Iniatiates contractions of uterus

ADH
Triggers uptake of water from the urine in the kidney

62
Q

The functions of the kidney

A

Removal of urea
Regulations of water

63
Q

What is rapid exit of plasma called

A

Ultrafiltration

64
Q

Kidney - what is absorbed in reabsorption

A

Water 95%
Glucose
Amino acids
Vitamins
Most mineral salts

65
Q

Regulation of water in the kidney

A

Loss of water increases the concentration of the blood and if left uncorrected it could result in our cells losing water by osmosis, as water now diffuses into the concentrated plasma.
The hypothalamus detects this rise in blood concentration and sends impluse to pituitary gland, releasing ADH, hormone travels all over the body till cells in the kidneys collecting ducts walls

66
Q

Liver - what is deamination

A

Remove surplus amino acids, resulting in the production of urea

67
Q

Liver - detoxification

A

Remove poisons (alcohol) by breaking them down into harmless components

68
Q

What breaks down and recycle red blood cells

A

Liver cells ( as RB has no nucleus and only live for 3 months

69
Q

Whats produced by recycling red blood cells and what do they do

A

Biliverdin
Bilirubin

Give the characterisic colour of faeces

70
Q

What happends if biliverdin and bilirubin cant pass in the bile and if not treated

A

The chemical pass into the blood and results in a yellow tinge ( jaundice ).

Brain damage
Death

71
Q

Malfunction of the brain

A

Stroke
Ischaemic - clot block blood vessel blocking oxygen
haemorrhagic - blood vessel ruptures. Cutting of blood supply

72
Q

Stroke symptoms and LT effects

A

Numbness on 1 side of body
Weakness on 1 side of body
Speech problems
Blurred vision

Memory loss
Depression
Angry out bursts

73
Q

Malfunction - central nervouse system

A

Multiple sclerosis

74
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease
Immune system attacks and destroy myelin sheath

75
Q

Effects of multiple sclerosis

A

Tingling sensations and numbness to affect vision and incontinence.
Mobility issues

76
Q

Malfunction of Endocrine

A

Diabetes
Type 1 Type 2

77
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin is not produced

78
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Not enough insulin produced

79
Q

Malfunction - kidney

A

Nephrotic syndrome

80
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome

A

Rare kidney disease
Immune system over reacts and attacks part of the kidney

81
Q

Malfunction of the liver

A

Cirrhosis

82
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

The liver does not re grow cells but scar tissue and when it becomes extensive than the liver fails
a sign of long term liver abuse

83
Q

Malfunctions of the eye

A

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Retinopathy
AMD Age related macular degeneration

84
Q

Malfunction of the ear

A

Deafness

85
Q

What is cataracts

A

Cloudy patches that develop in the lens of the eye.
Can cause blurred or misty vision

86
Q

Causes of cataracts

A

Age
Smoking

87
Q

What is glaucoma and what cannit damage

A

Aqueous humour fluid cannot drain properly so pressure in the eye imcreases
Optic nerve

88
Q

What causes glaucoma

A

Gemetics
High blood pressure
Age

89
Q

What is AMD [ahd related macular degeneration

A

Loss of central vision
Does not affect peripheral vision

90
Q

2 types of ADM

A

Dry
Wet

91
Q

What is dry AMD

A

Cells of macula becomes damaged by a build up of deposits called drusen

92
Q

Wet AMD

A

Abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cell

93
Q

Which AMD is more serious

A

Wet

94
Q

2 types of hearing loss

A

Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss

95
Q

What is conductive hearing loss

A

Sounds are unable to pass from the outer ear to the inner ear
Usually because of a blockage such as earwax or fluid

96
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to the sensitive hair cell of the organ of Corti in the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve

Health And Social (3 decks)

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