Anatomy Flashcards
- 4 components of blood
- Plasma / Red blood cells (Erythrocyte) / white blood cell (Leucocyte) / Platelets
plasma function
- Transports dissolved substance, blood protein needed for clotting, proteins made by immune system.
red blood function
- Carry oxygen around the body
white blood function
- Helps destroy bacteria T types cell destroys viruses and cancer cells B type cell produce antibodies removes dead cells and bacteria.
platelets function
- Triggers blood clotting
- What does blood transport
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide / fats by lipoproteins / hormones
- What does blood regulate
- Body temperature
- What is the myogenic
- Pacemaker
- Types of pump the heart is and how
- Double pump / need to pump to complete its job (blood enters both atrium and then pushed into the ventricle
- Name of ventricles contracting
- Systole
- Name of ventricles relaxing
- Diastole
- Asthma definition
- Bronchii become inflamed and narrow as muscle contracts.
- asthma Potential triggers
- Smoke, cold air, dust, animal fur, pollen, exercise, stress, laughter
- What is Emphysema
- COPD/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Emphysema Main cause / how is happens
- Long term smoking / which paralyses the lung cleaning cilia then eventually kill them which causes a build of mucus and trap pathogens in the lungs.
- What causes Cystic fibrosis
Defective gene in one of the chromosomes
What deos the gene Cystic fibrosis do to cells
- Defective form of protein that should move water and salt out of the cell cause unusually thick and sticky mucus
- Mechanical digestion
- Muscle in the stomach wall churn up the food into small pieces which becomes into chyme
- Chemical digestion
- Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are large chemical nutrients which cannot pass through gut wall and into blood. So, enzymes brake them down
What are arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
What are veins
Carr blood back to the heart
What are capillaries
Supply the tissues with the oxygen and nurtients from the blood whilst removing waste products CO2
Cardiovasculat malfumction
Hypertrnstion
Coronary heart disease
What is hypertension
High blood pressure
What is coronary heart disease
Build up of cholesterol
Digestive malfunction
IBS
Gallstones
Coeliac disease
What is IBS
Muscles of the gut alter their normal rhythm. Results in alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhoea
What is gall stones
Formed form high levels of cholesterol and if stuck in gallbladder then intense pain
What is coeliac disease
Autoimmune system
Types of joints (6)
Ball and socket
Hinge
Fixed
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Where is ball and socket joint found
Hip
Shoulder
Where is hindge joint found
Knees
Elbows
Where is pivot joint found
Skull on vertabral column
Where is gliding joint found
Wrist
Ankle
Where saddle joint found
Thumb
Where fixed joint found
Cranium
Pelvis
Musculoskeletal malfunctions
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid
What does Osteoarthritis affect
Smooth cartilage,
Cartilage erodes allowing bones to make contact
What increases the risk of osteoathritis
Repeated movement throughout life,
Such as sports, and manual occupations
Where is osteoathritis found
Hands
Spine
Knees
Hips
What causes rheumatoid athritis
Autoimmune disease
Antibodies attack the linings of joints.
Results in inflammation wich causes further damage,
Resulting in breakdown of bone and cartilage
What causes osteoporosis
Bone thining
Women Low oestrogen levels
Men low testosterone levels
Where is osteoporosis commonly found
Wrist
Hips
Ribs
Vertebrae of spine
Components of nerve systems
(Voluntary and involuntary)
Voluntary
Periperal nerves / Brain and spinal cord [central nevouse system]
Involuntary
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Frontal lobe functions
Emotions
Decision making
Speech
Language
Conscience
Memory
Cerebellum function
Relays signals to thr muscles allowing us accurancy and dexterity of movement
Balance
Hypothalamus functions
Detects changes in:
Blood chemistry
Temprature
Regulates our appetite
Controls hormones
What does Medulla oblongata do
Control vital processes
Swallowing
Heart rhythm
Breathing
What connects the cerebral hemislheres
Corpus callosum
What is the triple layer of tough membranes protecting the brain
Meninges
What dose the Cerebral cortex do
Sensory information is recevied from various area of the body and corresponding actions are sent to the muscles of the body
What damages the cerebral cortex and what results in it being damaged
Head injury
Stroke
Resulting in the loss of a specific senses or action
Nerve cell parts
Dendrited
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Nkdds of ranvia
Myelin sheath
Schwann cells
Axon terminal
What is the synapse
A gap between nurons
How do electrical impulses cross the synaps
Electrical impulse will be turned into a chemical call neurotransmitter wich diffuses across the gap
9 hormonal glands and where it is
Pineal - brain
Pituitary - brain
Thyroid - throat below the larynx
Pancreas - behind the stomach
Adrenal cortex - top of each kidney
Ovary
Testis
Hypothalamus - brain
Thymus - upper part of chest
Adrenal gland - hormone produced and what it does
Adrenalin
Prepares body for action [ increase heart rate]
Pancreas - hormone produces and what it does
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar levels to promote uptake of glucose
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar level, by converting carbohydrate store in muscles and the liver into glucose
Thyroid - hormone produced and what it does
Thyroxine
Regulates cell metebolism
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium absorption and use
Pituitary - hormons produces and what it does
Somatotrophin
Growth hormome
Prolactin
Initiates production of breast milk
LH and FSH
Both contol menstrual cycle
Oxytocin
Iniatiates contractions of uterus
ADH
Triggers uptake of water from the urine in the kidney
The functions of the kidney
Removal of urea
Regulations of water
What is rapid exit of plasma called
Ultrafiltration
Kidney - what is absorbed in reabsorption
Water 95%
Glucose
Amino acids
Vitamins
Most mineral salts
Regulation of water in the kidney
Loss of water increases the concentration of the blood and if left uncorrected it could result in our cells losing water by osmosis, as water now diffuses into the concentrated plasma.
The hypothalamus detects this rise in blood concentration and sends impluse to pituitary gland, releasing ADH, hormone travels all over the body till cells in the kidneys collecting ducts walls
Liver - what is deamination
Remove surplus amino acids, resulting in the production of urea
Liver - detoxification
Remove poisons (alcohol) by breaking them down into harmless components
What breaks down and recycle red blood cells
Liver cells ( as RB has no nucleus and only live for 3 months
Whats produced by recycling red blood cells and what do they do
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Give the characterisic colour of faeces
What happends if biliverdin and bilirubin cant pass in the bile and if not treated
The chemical pass into the blood and results in a yellow tinge ( jaundice ).
Brain damage
Death
Malfunction of the brain
Stroke
Ischaemic - clot block blood vessel blocking oxygen
haemorrhagic - blood vessel ruptures. Cutting of blood supply
Stroke symptoms and LT effects
Numbness on 1 side of body
Weakness on 1 side of body
Speech problems
Blurred vision
Memory loss
Depression
Angry out bursts
Malfunction - central nervouse system
Multiple sclerosis
What is multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease
Immune system attacks and destroy myelin sheath
Effects of multiple sclerosis
Tingling sensations and numbness to affect vision and incontinence.
Mobility issues
Malfunction of Endocrine
Diabetes
Type 1 Type 2
What is Type 1 diabetes
Insulin is not produced
Type 2 diabetes
Not enough insulin produced
Malfunction - kidney
Nephrotic syndrome
What is nephrotic syndrome
Rare kidney disease
Immune system over reacts and attacks part of the kidney
Malfunction of the liver
Cirrhosis
What is cirrhosis
The liver does not re grow cells but scar tissue and when it becomes extensive than the liver fails
a sign of long term liver abuse
Malfunctions of the eye
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Retinopathy
AMD Age related macular degeneration
Malfunction of the ear
Deafness
What is cataracts
Cloudy patches that develop in the lens of the eye.
Can cause blurred or misty vision
Causes of cataracts
Age
Smoking
What is glaucoma and what cannit damage
Aqueous humour fluid cannot drain properly so pressure in the eye imcreases
Optic nerve
What causes glaucoma
Gemetics
High blood pressure
Age
What is AMD [ahd related macular degeneration
Loss of central vision
Does not affect peripheral vision
2 types of ADM
Dry
Wet
What is dry AMD
Cells of macula becomes damaged by a build up of deposits called drusen
Wet AMD
Abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cell
Which AMD is more serious
Wet
2 types of hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
What is conductive hearing loss
Sounds are unable to pass from the outer ear to the inner ear
Usually because of a blockage such as earwax or fluid
What is sensorineural hearing loss
Damage to the sensitive hair cell of the organ of Corti in the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve
