Anatomy Flashcards
Which refers to the elevated ridges forming the superficial
surface (cortex) of the cerebrum?
gyrus (plural is gyruses or gyri)
Which terms refers the grooves separating the gyri?
sulcus (plura is sulci or sulcuses)
Which terms refers to deeper grooves separating major
regions of the cerebrum?
fissure
What fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the
cerebrum?
longitudinal fissure
What sulcus separate the temporal lobe from both the frontal
and parietal lobes?
lateral sulcus
What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
central sulcus
Which gyrus lies anterior to the central sulcus and functionally is
the primary motor cortex?
precentral gyrus
List the five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- insular lobe (insula)–
Which lies anterior to the precentral gyrus, above the lateral sulcus, deep to the frontal bone [and lies
in the anterior cranial fossa]?
- frontal lobe
Which lies immediately posterior to the precentral gyrus, above the lateral sulcus, and deep to the
parietal bone?
parietal lobe
Which lies below the lateral sulcus, deep to the temporal bone [and lies within the middle cranial
fossa]?
occipital lobe
Which lies posteriorly deep to the occipital bone?
temporal lobe
Which is an “island” of cortex lying deep within the lateral sulcus?
insular lobe (insula)
List the three components of the cerebrum?
1.
2.
3.
1 cerebral cortex
2 cerebral white matter
3 basal nuclei
Which is convoluted and forms the superficial gray matter?
cerebral cortex
Which contains the tracts of the cerebrum?
cerebral white matter
Which contains the internal gray matter including the basal nuclei?
basal nuclei
List the three general functional areas of the cerebral cortex:
motor cortex
sensory cortex
association areas
Which plans and executes movements, includes the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex,
and is found in the frontal lobe?
motor cortex
Which processes sensory input and includes the primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual
cortex, and primary auditory cortex?
sensory cortex
Which forms the bulk of the cortex, receives input from multiple areas, integrates both sensory
and motor information, and is associated with cognition (= higher functions such a speech,
consciousness, etc.)? It includes Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and prefrontal cortex.
association areas
cerebral cortex: Which two of these are found in the frontal lobe?
primary motor cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the frontal lobe, anterior to the pre-central gyrus, is the
center of motor learning (motor skills) and thus plans and sends
instructions to primary motor cortex.
premotor cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe, executes
movements of the body, and contains neurons called “upper motor
neurons” which are somatotopically arranged into a homunculus?
primary somatosensory cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe, processes sensory
information from the body wall and limbs (somatic sensory), and
has neurons somatotopically arranged into a homunculus?
primary visual cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the occipital lobe and reconstructs the visual field collected
by the photoreceptors in the retina?
primary auditory cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the temporal lobe and discerns pitch, loudness, and location
of acoustical stimuli (sound waves)?
sensory areas
Which of these is found in the LEFT frontal lobe adjacent to premotor
cortex and is responsible for the motor aspects of language
(speech and writing)? Name’s after a French guy whose brain
you can see in Paris. Add it to you bucket list.
Broca’s area
Which of these is found in the LEFT temporal lobe adjacent to the
lateral sulcus and is responsible for the comprehension of
language (spoken and written). Named after a German guy and
lesions here produce “word salad”
Wernicke’s area
Which of these refers to the tendency for some neural functions or
cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or
the other? In the words of Broca, “Nous parlons avec
l’hemisphere gauche”
lateralization
Which of these lies in the frontal lobe anterior to the motor regions
and is involved in multiple high functions such as behavior,
personality, learning, etc)?
prefrontal cortex
List the three types of tracts found in the cerebral white matter:
1.
2
3.
1 commissural tracts
2 projection tracts
3 association tracts
Which consist of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres? An example is the corpus callosum.
commissural tracts
Which consists of fibers connecting the cortex to the basal nuclei or other regions of the CNS?
projection tracts
Which consist of fibers connecting different parts of the cerebral cortex within a hemisphere?
association tracts
Which component of the cerebrum lies deep to the cerebral white matter, consists of three bilateral
nuclei (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus) which are part of the functional basal ganglia system
that is important in motor control and cognition?
basal nuclei
Which is a functional grouping of 5 nuclei (3 basal nuclei
(cerebrum)+ subthalamus (diencephalon) + substantia nigra
(midbrain)) important in motor control and cognition?
basal ganglia system
Which is a functional grouping of nuclei within the cerebrum which is
the substrate for emotion but also important in memory? It’s
fiber tract is the fornix.
Huntington’s chorea
Which is a basal ganglia system disorder involving bilateral,
involuntary movements and dementia in its later stages? It’s
genetic in origin and inherited as an autosomal dominant.
Wood Guthrie (“This Land is Your Land”) died from this
Parkinson’s disease (paralysis agitans)
List the four regions (subdivisions) of the diencephalon:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 thalamus
2 hypothalamus
3 epithalamus
4 subthalamus
Which is found centrally, forms the bulk (80%) of the diencephalon?
thalamus
Which lies below the thalamus along the midline and connects to the
underlying hypophysis (= pituitary gland) via the infundibulum?
hypothalamus
Which lies above thalamus and includes the pineal gland?
epithalamus
Which lies below and lateral to the thalamus and is part of the functional
basal ganglia system?
subthalamus
Which of these receives sensory input from all parts of the body and relays
this information to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical tract?
thalamus
Which of these regulates much of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and
is also a major endocrine center secreting hormones that regulate
the adjacent hypophyseal (= pituitary) gland?
hypothalamus
Which of these includes the pineal gland which secretes the hormone
melatonin which regulates our sleep/wake cycles
subthalamus
List the three components of the brainstem:
1.
2.
3.
Midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
Which is the most rostral component lying between the thalamus and the
pons?
midbrain
Which is the middle component that serves as a fiber bridge?
pons
Which is the caudal component continuous with the spinal cord at the
foramen magnum?
medulla oblongata
T/F: The brainstem regulates multiple subconscious (= subcortical), involuntary
functions such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. Thus,
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs or strokes) in this region can be fatal.
true
Which part of the brain stem contains the superior and inferior colliculi (important
relay nuclei in the visual and auditory systems), the substantia nigra (part
of the basal ganglia system), nuclei of the reticular formation), and the
cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain
Which part of the brains stem is comprised primarily of tracts (nerve fiber bundles)
carrying information between the spinal cord and forebrain (= cerebrum
and diencephalon) and between the cerebellum and cerebrum? It also
contains nuclei of the reticular system.
pons
Which part of the brain stem contains the pyramids (the major descending motor
tract (corticospinal)) and multiple nuclei involved in both the reticular
formation and regulation of involuntary functions such as respiration,
heart rate, and blood pressure.
medulla oblongata
List the two major functions of the reticular formation; be
concise:
1.
2.
- reticular activating system
- substrate for selective screening / filtering of sensory input (somatic, visual, auditory, etc.)
In which of the brain’s four divisions (cerebrum, diencephalon,
brainstem, cerebellum) are the nuclei forming the
reticular formation found?
brainstem
List the two major structure of the cerebellum:
1.
2.
cerebellar hemispheres
cerebellar peduncles
Which are fiber tracts connecting the cerebellum to the
cerebrum?
cerebellar peduncles
Which consist of an external cortex of gray matter with an
underlying white matter forming the arbor vitae?
cerebellar hemispheres
List the two major functions of the cerebellum; be concise:
1.
2.
- Subconscious control of movement
- Assists in balance > part of vestibular system
List two major signs of cerebellar damage:
1.
2.
loss of muscle tone
result “intention” tremor
List the three layers of the meninges, from superficial to deep:
1.
2.
3.
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
Which is the tough, fibrous outermost layer? It’s bilaminar around the brain.
dura mater
Which is the middle, elastic layer that resembles spider-web silk?
arachnoid mater
Which is the deepest layer that is adherent to the underlying brain and spinal cord?
pia mater
Which is the part of the bi-laminar dura mater of the cranial meninges that functions as the osseous
membrane of the internal surface of the cranial valult bones?
periosteal dura
Which is the true meninges of the bilaminar dura mater of the brain?
meningeal dura
Which is the potential space of the cranial meninges that lies superficial to the dura mater and can fill
with blood following trauma producing pressure on the brain?
epidural space
Which is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater thru which the cerebrospinal fluid flows and
where the surface blood vessels of the brain run?
subarachnoid space
Which are projections of arachnoid mater which anchor the dura to the pia mater?
arachnoid trabeculae
List the four (4) chambers or ventricles of the ventricular system:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1&2. lateral ventricles (ventricles 1 &2) – bilateral
chambers within cerebral hemispheres
3. third ventricles – midline; lies between left and
right thalamus
4. fourth ventricle – midline; lies between pons and
cerebellum
Which two are bilateral, one within each cerebral hemispheres?
ventricles 1 &2
Which one is midline and found between the left and right thalami?
third ventricles
Which one is midline and lies between the cerebellum posteriorly and the pons and
medulla oblongata anteriorly?
fourth ventricle
Which one connects with the cerebral aqueduct rostrally, the subarachnoid space
laterally, and the central canal of the spinal cord caudally?
fourth ventricle
Which are the ciliated neuroepithelial cells that form the lining of the ventricles and
whose cilia provide the current flow of CSF?
ependymal cells
Which is a clear, colorless liquid (filtrate) found within the ventricles and central
canal and surround the brain and spinal cord?
cerebrospinal fluid
Which are the micro-organs formed by ependymal cells and blood capillaries that
produce cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
Which are the micro-organs that drain CSF into the dural sinuses?
arachnoid granulations
List the 4 functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); be concise:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1support
2protection
3transport medium
4thermal insulator
List the two major functions of the spinal cord; be concise:
1.
2.
support; keeps brain and spinal cord from collapsing on themselves and protects brain and spinal cord from trauma
List the 3 structures which protect the spinal cord:
1.
2.
3.
1endothelial cells
2basmement membrane of endothelium
3astrocyte processes
Which is an incomplete bony casing?
endoethelial cells
Which is the fat-filled space between the dura mater encasing the
spinal cord and the surrounding vertebral canal providing
cushioning to the spinal canal?
basement membrane of endothelium
Which are a series of three superimposed membranes that contain
cerebrospinal fluid to support and protect the spinal cord?
astrocyte processes
Which is the tough, single, outermost layer of the spinal
meninges?
dura mater
Which is the middle, elastic layer that resembles spider-web
silk?
arachnoid mater
Which is the deepest layer that is adherent to the underlying
brain and spinal cord?
subarachnoid space
Which are thickenings of the pia mater that anchors the spinal
cord to the dura mater laterally and separate the anterior
and posterior roots?
pia mater
Which is a thickening of the pia mater that anchors the end of
the spinal cord (conus medularis) to the coccyx
filum terminale
Which refers to the tapering of the diameter of the spinal
cord at its caudal end?
conus medullaris
Which refers to the collection of anterior and posterior
roots found distal to the end of the spinal cord within the
spinal meninges that resembles the tail of a horse?
cauda equina
Which refers to a widening of the spinal cord for the
neurons which innervate the forelimb (upper limb)?
cervical enlargement
Which refers to a widening of the spinal cord for the
neurons which innervate the hindlimb (lower limb)?
lumbar enlargement
Which refers to a region of the spinal cord whose neurons
give rise to one pair (L & R) of spinal nerves?
spinal cord segment
Which are efferent (motor) fibers exiting the
spinal cord?
anterior (ventral) root
Which are afferent (sensory) fibers entering
the spinal cord?
posterior (dorsal) root
Which is an organ of the peripheral nervous
system containing the cell bodies of the
posterior (dorsal) root?
spinal (“dorsal root)” ganglion
Which is formed within the intervertebral
foramen by the union of an anterior and
posterior root?
spinal nerve
Which, like in the brain, consists of cell bodies (neuronal and neuroglial) and neuropil is found in the
center of the spinal cord?
gray matter
Which is a cellular “matrix” consisting of axonal, dendritic, and neuroglial processes?
neuropil
Which, like in the brain, consists mainly of nerve fibers and oligodendrocytes, but few or no neurons and
forms the periphery of the spinal cord?
white matter
Which are bundles of nerve fibers found in the white matter that share a common projection?
tracts
List the 4 components (3 horns and one commissure) of the spinal cord gray matter:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 posterior horn
2 anterior horn
3 lateral horn
4 gray commissure
Which consists entirely of interneurons which receives sensory information from the body gathered by
the sensory neurons of the spinal ganglia via the posterior roots?
posterior horn
Which consist of both interneurons and somatic motor neurons, the motor neurons projecting to the
skeletal muscles via the anterior roots?
anterior horn
Which consists of both interneurons and visceral motor neurons, the motor neurons projecting to the
effectors (smooth and cardiac muscle, glands) of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous
system (ANS) via the anterior roots?
lateral horn
T/F: The lateral horn is
found only in the
thoracic and lumbar
segments of the spinal
cord.
T
List the three types of tracts found in the spinal cord white matter:
1.
2.
3
1ascending
2descending
3transverse
Which carries sensory signals to higher levels of the spinal cord and brain?
ascending
Which carries motor signals from higher levels of the spinal cord and brain?
descending
Which carries fibers crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other, parallel to the gray
commissure?
transverse
Which consists of an axon and its neuroglial sheath.
nerve fiber
Which is on organ of the PNS that consists of a bundle of nerve
fibers
nerve
Which contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons, is found in the spinal ganglia of each spinal nerve,
and in some sensory ganglia associated with the cranial nerves?
CNS
Which contains the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system, both
sympathetic and parasympathetic?
PNS
What is the neuroglial sheathing cell of nerves?
Schwann Cell
T/F: Nerves are found only in the PNS; collections of nerve fibers in the CNS are tracts, not nerves.
T
T/F: Nerves are organs consisting of a vascularized bundle of nerve fibers (axons and their sheathing cells
(Schwann cells) embedded in three connective tissue sheaths (endoneurium, perineurium,
epineurium).
T
List the three connective tissue sheaths of a nerve:
1.
2.
3.
- endoneurium 2. perineurium 3. epineurium
Which consist of a collagen fiber matrix surrounding each
individual nerve fiber and provides passage for blood
vessels? It is structurally equivalent to the endomysium
of muscle fibers.
endoneurium
Which consists of a specialized connective tissue (CT)
surrounding bundles of fibers called fascicles and that
creates the proper ion concentrations for action potential
(AP) conduction within the nerve?
perineurium
Which consists of connective tissue proper (collagenous and
fat) that binds multiple fascicles together and is of NO
functional significance. For example, this sheath binds the
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve together to form
the “sciatic” nerve.
epineurium
T/F: The endoneurium and neuroglial sheath of a nerve fiber
are the same thing.
F
List the two sets of nerves defined (classified) by their CNS association:
1.
2.
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Which set projects to and from the brain and consists of 12 pairs?
cranial
Which set projects to and from the spinal cord and consists of ≈ 31 pairs
spinal
list the three types of functional nerves:
1.
2.
3.
1motor nerves
2 sensory nerves
3 mixed nerves
Which carries nerve impulses (APs) away from the CNS to effector organs
in the body (directly or indirectly)
motor nerves
Which carries nerve impulses (APs) toward the CNS from sensory
receptors in the body?
sensory nerves
Which contains both motor and sensory nerve fibers?
mixed nerves
Which of the above consists only of motor fibers projecting from the ventral and lateral horns of the
gray matter of the spinal cord?
anterior (ventral) root
Which of the above consists only of sensory fibers projecting into the CNS via the dorsal horn? Its cell
bodies lie within the spinal ganglion.
posterior (dorsal) root
Which is a mixed nerve (motor and sensory fibers) formed by the union of the anterior and posterior
roots within the intervertebral foramen?
spinal nerve
Which two are the bifurcations of the spinal nerve?
anterior (ventral) ramus of spinal nerve
Which of these innervates the back of the trunk (neck, thorax & abdomen) and head?
posterior (dorsal) ramus of spinal nerve
Which of these innervates the anterolateral trunk and appendages (upper alnd lower limbs)?
anterior rami
T/F: A posterior ramus is the same thing as a posterior root.
F
T/F: An anterior ramus is a mixed fibers (motor & sensory) but the anterior root is solely motor.
T
spinal nerves provide two types of innervation to the
muscles and body wall:
- segmental
- plexal
Which refers to the direct innervation of skeletal muscles and body wall by individual posterior and
anterior rami of the spinal nerves
segmental innervation
Which refers to the innervation of skeletal muscles and body wall of the limbs by nerves formed from
the anterior rami of multiple spinal nerves?
plexal innervation
Which refers to a network of nerves that come together and rearrange their fibers into a new
combination of named nerves?
neural plexus
Which is is a mixed nerve (motor and sensory fibers) supplying the skin?
muscular branch
Which is a mixed nerve (motor and sensory fiber) supply skeletal muscles?
cutaneous branch
Which innervates the muscles of the scapula proper
and is found in the armpit?
axillary n
Which descends along the lateral (radial) side of the
forelimb innervating the posterior muscle
compartments of the arm and forearm?
radial n
Which innervates the muscles of the anterior arm
compartment (e.g. biceps brachii and
brachialis)?
musculocutaneous n
Which runs along the midline of the forelimb to
innervated the anterior muscle comparts of
the forearm and hand?
median n
Which runs along the medial (ulnar) side of the
forelimb to also innervated muscles of the
anterior compartment of the forearm and
hand?
ulna n
Which innervates the gluteal compartment of the thigh including TFL
and the three gluteal muscles?
lumbar & sacral plexi:
Which innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh (femora)
(e.g., quadriceps femoris)?
obturator nerve
Which passes thru the obturator foramen of the hip bone to innervate
the medial compartment of the thigh (e.g., gracilis, adductor
longus)?
gluteal nerve
Which innervates the posterior compartment muscles of the thigh, leg
and foot?
tibial nerve
Which innervates the anterior land lateral compartments of the leg
and foot?
common fibular nerve
Which is a clinical term for the combined tibial and common fibular
nerves?
“sciatic” nerve
List the three (“nee”) sensory only cranial nerves by
Roman numeral and name:
CN I, II, VIII
Which is concerned with the special sense of olfaction
and has its neuron cell bodies (soma) in the roof
of the nasal cavity?
CN I
Which is concerned with special sense of vision and has
its neuron cell bodies in the retina?
CN II
Which is concerned with the special senses of hearing
and balance and has its cell bodies in the inner
ear?
CN VIII
List the five motor only cranial nerves by
Roman numeral and name:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CN III, VI, VI, XI, XII
Which innervates 4 of the six extra-ocular
muscles (SR, IR, IO,MR), and the levator
palpebrae superioris muscle ?
CN III
Which innervates the superior oblique(SO)
muscle of the eye?
CN VI
Which innervates the lateral rectus (LR)
muscle of the eye, the abductor?
CN VI
Which innervates trapezius and
sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck?
CN XI
Which is found under the tongue and
innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic
tongue muscles?
CN XII
List the four mixed cranial nerves by Roman numeral and name:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CN V, VII, IX, X
Which consists of three major branches, innervates the masticatory
muscles and the anterior digastric , and provides sensory innervation
to the skin of the face?
CN V
Which innervates the facial muscles and posterior digastric, provides
taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, and has a small somatic
component to the skin?
CN VII
Which innervates the pharyngeal muscles involved in deglutition
(“swallowing), provides taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, and
is the sensory nerve of the “gag” reflex?
CN IX
Which innervates the laryngeal muscles , provides taste to the tongue,
and has a small somatic skin component? It does these while it
wanders on down to the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
CN X
What three mixed cranial nerves carries taste fibers?
stimulus
Which is a change in a receptor’s environment?
sensory receptor
Which are cells or cellular processes that respond to changes in
the environment (both internal and external)?
sensory (afferent) division
Which is the conversion of a stimulus (change in the
environment) into an electrical signal via membrane-
bound channels?
signal transduction
List the two types of receptor endings:
1.
2.
encapsulated
free (bare) endings
Which is the end of a sensory neurons that can detect stimuli; it
can be either bare or encapsulated.
encapsulated
Which is a separate cell that senses the stimulus and synapses
on a sensory neuron; examples include hair cells and
tactile epithelial cells.
free (bare) endings
Which is a sensory receptor that detects stimuli originating from outside the body (e.g., external
temperature, light, odors, sound waves, etc.)
exteroceptors
Which is a sensory receptor that detects stimuli originating from inside the body (e.g., internal
temperature, blood pressure, muscle length, etc.)
interoceptor
List the 5 types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus:
1.
2.
3.
4
5.
i. mechanoreceptors
ii. thermoreceptors
iii. chemoreceptors
iv. photoreceptors
nociceptors
Which receptor type depolarizes in response to mechanical deformation, such as touch or vibration?
mechanoreceptors
Which receptor type depolarizes in response to changes in temperature?
thermoreceptors
Which receptor type depolarizes when specific chemicals bind to the receptor?
chemoreceptors
Which receptor type depolarizes when struck by particles of light (photons)?
photoreceptors
Which type of receptor detects noxious (painful) stimuli?
nociceptors
List the 7 types of mechanoreceptors:
- tactile epithelial complex
- tactile corpuscles
- bulbous corpuscle
- lamellar corpuscles
- hair follicle receptors
- hair cells
- proprioceptors
Which consists of a complex formed by a sensory neuron and a tactile epithelial cell that senses fine touch and
resides within the epidermis of the skin?
tactile epithelial complex
Which consist of a encapsulated sensory nerve ending located within the dermal papilla (dermis/epidermis
interface) that functions in discriminant touch? Looks like cotton-candy.
tactile corpuscles
Which consist of a encapsulated sensory nerve ending located within the dermal papilla (dermis/epidermis
interface) that functions in discriminant touch? Looks like cotton-candy.
bulbous corpuscle
Which consist of and a layered encapsulated nerve ending located at dermis/hyopdermis interface that sense
deep pressure and vibration?
lamellar corpuscles
Which consists of free (bare) nerve endings wrapped around the hair follicle used to detect light touch?
hair follicle receptors
Which consists of neuroepithelial cells found in the inner ear to detect fluid flow in the special senses of hearing
and balance?
hair cells
Which are involved in the sense of movement and body position and are found in skeletal muscles and joints?
proprioceptors
T/F: Thermoreceptors and nociceptors are both examples of free nerve
ending receptors and lack any sort of capsule.
T
T/F: There are separate thermoreceptors for cold temperature and hot
temperature.
T
T/F: Nociceptors for extreme (painful) temperatures are structurally
identical to cold and hot thermoreceptors but the differ in
threshold range (extreme temperatures) and produce a sensation
of “pain” rather than hot or cold?
T
Which is a structural type of neuron which consist of a soma with a single axon and no dendrites? Functionally,
these are sensory neurons.
unipolar neuron
Which is the part of the axon of a unipolar neuron that projects into the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
central process of axon
Which is the part of the axon of a unipolar neuron that serves as the sensory receptor or synapses on a
sensory receptor such as a hair cell?
peripheral process of axon
Which is a collection of sensory neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system in association with
both spinal and cranial nerves?
sensory ganglion
Which is the sensory ganglion associated with each spinal nerve and is found within the intervertebral foramen?
spinal ganglion [dorsal root ganglion]
T/F: Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents, CVAs) involving the primary somatosensory cortex typically
manifest as loss of sensation (= anesthesia) on the contralateral side of the body.
T
T/F: Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents, CVAs) involving the primary motor cortex typically manifest as
paralysis on the contralateral side of the body.
T
Which refers to an response emitted or elicited from an organism?
behavior
Which refers to an involuntary and invariable response to a specific sensory stimulus? They can be innate
or acquired.
reflex
Which is an elicited involuntary response involving the spinal nerves and spinal cord?
spinal reflex
Which is an elicited, involuntary and invariable response involving cranial nerves and the brain?
cranial reflex
Which is the neural pathway (i.e. sensory receptors, neurons and effector organs) involved in a reflex?
reflex arc
List the 5 components (elements) of a reflex
arc:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- sensory receptor
- sensory neuron
- interneuron
- motor neuron
- effector
Which is either the end of a sensor neuron or
separate sensory organ that detects the
stimulus?
sensory receptor
Which is the neuron which conveys the nerve
impulse (AP) generated by the stimulus to
the CNS?
sensory neuron
Which is the neuron within the CNS involved in
polysynaptic reflexes?
interneuron
Which si the neuron which conducts the nerve
impulse (AP) to the effector organ?
motor neuron
Which term refers to a reflex in which the stimulus and effect are on the same side of the body? Examples
include the stretch and withdrawal reflexes?
ipsilateral
Which term refers to a reflex in which the stimulus and effect are on the opposite sides of the body? An
examples would be the cross-extensor reflex.
contralateral
Which term refers to a reflex that does NOT involve interneurons and the sensory neuron directly synapses on
the motor neuron? An example would be the stretch reflex.
monosynaptic
Which term refers to a reflex that involves interneurons interposed between the sensory neuron and motor
neuron thus requiring multiple synapses? Almost all reflexes are this.
polysynaptic
Which term refers to a reflex involving visceral sensory and visceral motor neurons with the effectors being
cardiac muscle, smooth muscles or glands?
visceral reflex
Which term refers to a reflex involving somatic sensory and somatic motor neurons with the effector being a
skeletal muscle?
somatic reflex
Which is a monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex involving the muscle spindle? It occurs when a the muscle
unexpectedly lengthens (stretches).
stretch
Which is a polysynaptic , ipsilateral reflex involving tendon organs? It occurs when a muscle might be
producing force (tension) sufficient to damage itself.
tendon organ
Which is a polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex involving nociceptors (pain receptors)? It produces withdrawal
from painful stimuli.
flexor (withdrawal)
Which is a polysynaptic, contralateral reflex that accompanies the flexor (withdrawal) reflex and prevents
the individual from losing balance?
cross-extensor
Which is a cranial nerve reflex involving mechanoreceptors within the pharynx that is polysynaptic and
ipsilateral; the sensory component is carried by CN IX and the motor by CN IX and CN X? It often
occurs during dental exams.
gag
Which is a cranial nerve reflex involving mechanoreceptors in the cornea that is polysynaptic and
ipsilateral; the sensory component is carried by CN V and the motor by CN VII? Its prevent objects
from getting caught in your eyelids.
corneal blink
Which is a monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex involving mechanoreceptors in the sole (planta) of your foot? In
adults the normal response is toe flexion but in infants and adults with spinal cord damage the
response is extension.
plantar reflex
