Anatomy Flashcards
Which refers to the elevated ridges forming the superficial
surface (cortex) of the cerebrum?
gyrus (plural is gyruses or gyri)
Which terms refers the grooves separating the gyri?
sulcus (plura is sulci or sulcuses)
Which terms refers to deeper grooves separating major
regions of the cerebrum?
fissure
What fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the
cerebrum?
longitudinal fissure
What sulcus separate the temporal lobe from both the frontal
and parietal lobes?
lateral sulcus
What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
central sulcus
Which gyrus lies anterior to the central sulcus and functionally is
the primary motor cortex?
precentral gyrus
List the five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- insular lobe (insula)–
Which lies anterior to the precentral gyrus, above the lateral sulcus, deep to the frontal bone [and lies
in the anterior cranial fossa]?
- frontal lobe
Which lies immediately posterior to the precentral gyrus, above the lateral sulcus, and deep to the
parietal bone?
parietal lobe
Which lies below the lateral sulcus, deep to the temporal bone [and lies within the middle cranial
fossa]?
occipital lobe
Which lies posteriorly deep to the occipital bone?
temporal lobe
Which is an “island” of cortex lying deep within the lateral sulcus?
insular lobe (insula)
List the three components of the cerebrum?
1.
2.
3.
1 cerebral cortex
2 cerebral white matter
3 basal nuclei
Which is convoluted and forms the superficial gray matter?
cerebral cortex
Which contains the tracts of the cerebrum?
cerebral white matter
Which contains the internal gray matter including the basal nuclei?
basal nuclei
List the three general functional areas of the cerebral cortex:
motor cortex
sensory cortex
association areas
Which plans and executes movements, includes the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex,
and is found in the frontal lobe?
motor cortex
Which processes sensory input and includes the primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual
cortex, and primary auditory cortex?
sensory cortex
Which forms the bulk of the cortex, receives input from multiple areas, integrates both sensory
and motor information, and is associated with cognition (= higher functions such a speech,
consciousness, etc.)? It includes Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and prefrontal cortex.
association areas
cerebral cortex: Which two of these are found in the frontal lobe?
primary motor cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the frontal lobe, anterior to the pre-central gyrus, is the
center of motor learning (motor skills) and thus plans and sends
instructions to primary motor cortex.
premotor cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe, executes
movements of the body, and contains neurons called “upper motor
neurons” which are somatotopically arranged into a homunculus?
primary somatosensory cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe, processes sensory
information from the body wall and limbs (somatic sensory), and
has neurons somatotopically arranged into a homunculus?
primary visual cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the occipital lobe and reconstructs the visual field collected
by the photoreceptors in the retina?
primary auditory cortex
cerebral cortex: Which lies in the temporal lobe and discerns pitch, loudness, and location
of acoustical stimuli (sound waves)?
sensory areas
Which of these is found in the LEFT frontal lobe adjacent to premotor
cortex and is responsible for the motor aspects of language
(speech and writing)? Name’s after a French guy whose brain
you can see in Paris. Add it to you bucket list.
Broca’s area
Which of these is found in the LEFT temporal lobe adjacent to the
lateral sulcus and is responsible for the comprehension of
language (spoken and written). Named after a German guy and
lesions here produce “word salad”
Wernicke’s area
Which of these refers to the tendency for some neural functions or
cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or
the other? In the words of Broca, “Nous parlons avec
l’hemisphere gauche”
lateralization
Which of these lies in the frontal lobe anterior to the motor regions
and is involved in multiple high functions such as behavior,
personality, learning, etc)?
prefrontal cortex
List the three types of tracts found in the cerebral white matter:
1.
2
3.
1 commissural tracts
2 projection tracts
3 association tracts
Which consist of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres? An example is the corpus callosum.
commissural tracts
Which consists of fibers connecting the cortex to the basal nuclei or other regions of the CNS?
projection tracts
Which consist of fibers connecting different parts of the cerebral cortex within a hemisphere?
association tracts
Which component of the cerebrum lies deep to the cerebral white matter, consists of three bilateral
nuclei (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus) which are part of the functional basal ganglia system
that is important in motor control and cognition?
basal nuclei
Which is a functional grouping of 5 nuclei (3 basal nuclei
(cerebrum)+ subthalamus (diencephalon) + substantia nigra
(midbrain)) important in motor control and cognition?
basal ganglia system
Which is a functional grouping of nuclei within the cerebrum which is
the substrate for emotion but also important in memory? It’s
fiber tract is the fornix.
Huntington’s chorea
Which is a basal ganglia system disorder involving bilateral,
involuntary movements and dementia in its later stages? It’s
genetic in origin and inherited as an autosomal dominant.
Wood Guthrie (“This Land is Your Land”) died from this
Parkinson’s disease (paralysis agitans)
List the four regions (subdivisions) of the diencephalon:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 thalamus
2 hypothalamus
3 epithalamus
4 subthalamus
Which is found centrally, forms the bulk (80%) of the diencephalon?
thalamus
Which lies below the thalamus along the midline and connects to the
underlying hypophysis (= pituitary gland) via the infundibulum?
hypothalamus
Which lies above thalamus and includes the pineal gland?
epithalamus
Which lies below and lateral to the thalamus and is part of the functional
basal ganglia system?
subthalamus
Which of these receives sensory input from all parts of the body and relays
this information to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical tract?
thalamus
Which of these regulates much of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and
is also a major endocrine center secreting hormones that regulate
the adjacent hypophyseal (= pituitary) gland?
hypothalamus
Which of these includes the pineal gland which secretes the hormone
melatonin which regulates our sleep/wake cycles
subthalamus
List the three components of the brainstem:
1.
2.
3.
Midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
Which is the most rostral component lying between the thalamus and the
pons?
midbrain
Which is the middle component that serves as a fiber bridge?
pons
Which is the caudal component continuous with the spinal cord at the
foramen magnum?
medulla oblongata
T/F: The brainstem regulates multiple subconscious (= subcortical), involuntary
functions such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. Thus,
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs or strokes) in this region can be fatal.
true
Which part of the brain stem contains the superior and inferior colliculi (important
relay nuclei in the visual and auditory systems), the substantia nigra (part
of the basal ganglia system), nuclei of the reticular formation), and the
cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain
Which part of the brains stem is comprised primarily of tracts (nerve fiber bundles)
carrying information between the spinal cord and forebrain (= cerebrum
and diencephalon) and between the cerebellum and cerebrum? It also
contains nuclei of the reticular system.
pons
Which part of the brain stem contains the pyramids (the major descending motor
tract (corticospinal)) and multiple nuclei involved in both the reticular
formation and regulation of involuntary functions such as respiration,
heart rate, and blood pressure.
medulla oblongata
List the two major functions of the reticular formation; be
concise:
1.
2.
- reticular activating system
- substrate for selective screening / filtering of sensory input (somatic, visual, auditory, etc.)
In which of the brain’s four divisions (cerebrum, diencephalon,
brainstem, cerebellum) are the nuclei forming the
reticular formation found?
brainstem
List the two major structure of the cerebellum:
1.
2.
cerebellar hemispheres
cerebellar peduncles
Which are fiber tracts connecting the cerebellum to the
cerebrum?
cerebellar peduncles
Which consist of an external cortex of gray matter with an
underlying white matter forming the arbor vitae?
cerebellar hemispheres
List the two major functions of the cerebellum; be concise:
1.
2.
- Subconscious control of movement
- Assists in balance > part of vestibular system
List two major signs of cerebellar damage:
1.
2.
loss of muscle tone
result “intention” tremor
List the three layers of the meninges, from superficial to deep:
1.
2.
3.
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
Which is the tough, fibrous outermost layer? It’s bilaminar around the brain.
dura mater
Which is the middle, elastic layer that resembles spider-web silk?
arachnoid mater
Which is the deepest layer that is adherent to the underlying brain and spinal cord?
pia mater
Which is the part of the bi-laminar dura mater of the cranial meninges that functions as the osseous
membrane of the internal surface of the cranial valult bones?
periosteal dura
Which is the true meninges of the bilaminar dura mater of the brain?
meningeal dura
Which is the potential space of the cranial meninges that lies superficial to the dura mater and can fill
with blood following trauma producing pressure on the brain?
epidural space
Which is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater thru which the cerebrospinal fluid flows and
where the surface blood vessels of the brain run?
subarachnoid space
Which are projections of arachnoid mater which anchor the dura to the pia mater?
arachnoid trabeculae
List the four (4) chambers or ventricles of the ventricular system:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1&2. lateral ventricles (ventricles 1 &2) – bilateral
chambers within cerebral hemispheres
3. third ventricles – midline; lies between left and
right thalamus
4. fourth ventricle – midline; lies between pons and
cerebellum
Which two are bilateral, one within each cerebral hemispheres?
ventricles 1 &2
Which one is midline and found between the left and right thalami?
third ventricles
Which one is midline and lies between the cerebellum posteriorly and the pons and
medulla oblongata anteriorly?
fourth ventricle
Which one connects with the cerebral aqueduct rostrally, the subarachnoid space
laterally, and the central canal of the spinal cord caudally?
fourth ventricle
Which are the ciliated neuroepithelial cells that form the lining of the ventricles and
whose cilia provide the current flow of CSF?
ependymal cells
Which is a clear, colorless liquid (filtrate) found within the ventricles and central
canal and surround the brain and spinal cord?
cerebrospinal fluid
Which are the micro-organs formed by ependymal cells and blood capillaries that
produce cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
Which are the micro-organs that drain CSF into the dural sinuses?
arachnoid granulations
List the 4 functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); be concise:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1support
2protection
3transport medium
4thermal insulator
List the two major functions of the spinal cord; be concise:
1.
2.
support; keeps brain and spinal cord from collapsing on themselves and protects brain and spinal cord from trauma
List the 3 structures which protect the spinal cord:
1.
2.
3.
1endothelial cells
2basmement membrane of endothelium
3astrocyte processes
Which is an incomplete bony casing?
endoethelial cells
Which is the fat-filled space between the dura mater encasing the
spinal cord and the surrounding vertebral canal providing
cushioning to the spinal canal?
basement membrane of endothelium
Which are a series of three superimposed membranes that contain
cerebrospinal fluid to support and protect the spinal cord?
astrocyte processes
Which is the tough, single, outermost layer of the spinal
meninges?
dura mater
Which is the middle, elastic layer that resembles spider-web
silk?
arachnoid mater
Which is the deepest layer that is adherent to the underlying
brain and spinal cord?
subarachnoid space
Which are thickenings of the pia mater that anchors the spinal
cord to the dura mater laterally and separate the anterior
and posterior roots?
pia mater
Which is a thickening of the pia mater that anchors the end of
the spinal cord (conus medularis) to the coccyx
filum terminale
