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Anatomy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of digestive Anatomy

A

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body

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2
Q

Lump or collection from “meal”

A

Bolus/chyme/digesta

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Teeth, smooth muscle contractions

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

Digestive tract

A

Specialized tubular pathway plus associated organs/glands (salivary glands, pancreas, liver)

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6
Q

3 anatomical regions of digestive tract

A

Alimentary canal, pharynx, buccal cavity

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7
Q

Cloaca function

A

Passing of digestion and reproduction

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8
Q

4 distinct regions of alimentary canal

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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9
Q

Gastrointestinal tract (GI)

A

Stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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10
Q

Lips anterior border

A

Buccal cavity

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11
Q

Teeth, tongue, hard and soft palate, lips, and cheeks

A

Buccal cavity

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12
Q

Palatoglossal arch is posterior border

A

Buccal cavity

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13
Q

Opening of ducts associated with salivary glands

A

Buccal cavity

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14
Q

Primary palate

A

Skull

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15
Q

Secondary palate

A

Hard and soft (hard is skull → maxilla → premaxilla)

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16
Q

Internal nare

A

Choana

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17
Q

Crown

A

In gum line

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18
Q

Root or base

A

Below gum line

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19
Q

Sits within an alveolus (socket)

A

Root

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20
Q

3 basic anatomic regions of teeth

A

Enamel, dentin, cementum

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21
Q

Hardest substance in body

A

Enamel

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22
Q

Can’t be produced once tooth erupts

A

Enamel

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23
Q

Similar to bone, but harder and stronger

A

Dentin

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24
Q

Produced throughout life time

A

Dentin

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25
Q

Incremental lines of Ron Eloner

A

Dentin

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26
Q

Surrounds pulp cavity

A

Dentin

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27
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

Pulp cavity

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28
Q

How blood vessels and nerves enter pulp cavity

A

Apical foreman

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29
Q

Why pulp cavity has nerves?

A

To know if tooth is injured

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30
Q

Why pulp cavity has blood vessels?

A

For nutrients and move waste

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31
Q

Similar to bone, anchoring tissue

A

Cementum

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32
Q

Similar tooth appearance throughout buccal cavity

A

Homodont

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33
Q

Different tooth appearance (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)

A

Heterodont

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34
Q

Diphyodont, exception continuous growing incisors

A

Beaver

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35
Q

Diphyodont, continuous growing molars

A

Elephant

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36
Q

Continuous replacement of teeth throughout lifespan

A

Polyphydont

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37
Q

Examples of polyphydont

A

Alligator, shark

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38
Q

2 sets of teeth throughout lifespan (deciduous teeth and permanent teeth)

A

Diphyodont

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39
Q

Snake fang

A

Hollow, delivers venom

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40
Q

Narwhal tusk

A

Left upper incisor

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41
Q

Elephant tusks

A

Both upper incisors

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42
Q

Walks tusks

A

Both upper canines

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43
Q

Sicesor like, premolars in mammals, and tarsier has
Only these teeth

A

Sectorial teeth

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44
Q

Examples of animals with no teeth

A

Bird, anteater, “baleen whale”

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45
Q

No teeth, hair net like structure

A

“Baleen whales”

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46
Q

Tonsils, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, tubotympanic recess (tympanic bulla), glottis and epiglottis are found in which region

A

Pharynx

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47
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap or covering

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48
Q

Glottis

A

Diaphragm

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49
Q

Oval of smooth muscle that clamps shut, but when open opening in middle can be penitrated

A

Glottis

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50
Q

Protect trachea

A

Glottis and epiglottis

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51
Q

Where swallowing or deglutition is initiated

A

Pharynx

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52
Q

Border from pharynx to esophagus

A

Glottis or epiglottis

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53
Q

What are the 3 seals?

A

Lips close, back of tongue and soft palate meet, and back of tongue and epiglottis

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54
Q

Layers of alimentary canal

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, and adventitia/serosa

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55
Q

Innermost layer of alimentary canal, comes into contact with food, absorption occurs, and muscularis mucosa (interna)

A

Mucosa

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56
Q

Connective tissue, plexus of autonomic nervous system ( alimentary canal)

A

Submucosa

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57
Q

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers (alimentary canal)

A

Muscularis externa

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58
Q

Outermost layer, associated with connective tissue (alimentary canal)

A

Adventita/serosa

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59
Q

Mucus, stratified epithelium, papillae, keratinized (in some animals)

A

Esophagus

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60
Q

Cardia, fundus, pylorus

A

Stomach

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61
Q

Top of stomach

A

Fundus

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62
Q

Curve of stomach

A

Pylorus

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63
Q

Only found in mammals stomach, sphincter

A

Cardia

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64
Q

Largest portion of stomach, contains gastric juice

A

Fundus

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65
Q

What is gastric juice made of?

A

Parietal (hci), chief- proteolytic enzymes, and mucous

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66
Q

What helps produce gastric juice?

A

Fundric cells, fundric glands

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67
Q

Where the sphincter and mucous cells in the stomach are found

A

Pylorus

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68
Q

What does the small intestine help with

A

Absorption

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69
Q

Surface area of small intestine

A

Place circularis, villus, microvillus

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70
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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71
Q

Border between small and large intestines

A

Ileocolic value

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72
Q

Found in small intestine

A

Appendix (cecum)

73
Q

Receives gastric juice and secretions from liver pancreas (part of small intestine)

A

Duodenum

74
Q

“Gentle loop” called colon

A

Large intestine

75
Q

Specialization of alimentary canal that enhances absorption process

A

Spiral valve

76
Q

What are the four specializations of the alimentary canal

A

Spiral value, length of small intestine, crop, cecum

77
Q

How long is carnivores small intestine?

A

3-6 times body length

78
Q

How long are herbivores small intestines?

A

10-12 times body length

79
Q

How long are omnivores small intestines?

A

4-6 times body length

80
Q

Bag-like expansion of esophagus

A

Crop

81
Q

Blind-ended outpocketing of the intestines, immune function in humans, supply microorganisms in some animals

A

Cecum

82
Q

What is the phylogeny of alimentary canal?

A

J-shaped stomach, gizzard, nonglandular epithelium

83
Q

Who have exceptions to j-shaped stomach?

A

Lamprey, lungfish

84
Q

Expanded muscularis external

A

Gizzard

85
Q

Storage

A

Nonglandular epithelium

86
Q

Where are liver and pancreas located?

A

Near stomach and duodenum

87
Q

Assistance with digestion via microorganisms

A

Fermentation

88
Q

Ruminants, 4 chambered stomach, large storage capacity, have to rechew and regurgitate

A

Foregut

89
Q

Cecum

A

Hindgut

90
Q

What does carnivores teeth look like?

A

Larger canines

91
Q

Can teeth help identify an animal?

A

Yes, they can help identify what they eat

92
Q

Where are villi found?

A

Intestines

93
Q

Dental formula

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

94
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

Rumen and cecum

95
Q

Border of stomach and small intestine

A

Pyloric sphincter

96
Q

Border of esophagus and stomach

A

Cardia

97
Q

Border of pharynx and esophagus

A

Tongue and epiglottis

98
Q

Border of buccal cavity and pharynx

A

Palatoglossal arch

99
Q

Border of small and large intestines

A

Ileocolic valve

100
Q

Function of endocrine anatomy

A

System that involves hormone release from
Endocrine glands found in one part of the body that influences other parts of the body by way of blood stream

101
Q

What are the endocrine tissues/glands?

A

Thyroid glands, U himobranchial bodies, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, pituitary gland, gonads (ovaries and testes), pineal gland, and secondary endocrine glands ( kidney, digestive tract)

102
Q

Which gland is “Follicular”, follicles made up of cells called principle cells that contain colloid (thyroglobulin)

A

Thyroid glands

103
Q

When does thryoglobulin get hydrolyzed?

A

When pituitary hormone (thyroid simulating hormone (TSH)) gets released

104
Q

Types of thyroglobulin

A

Tetralodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

105
Q

Tetralodothyronine

A

Thyoxine

106
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

Active, increase oxygen consumption, increase heat production, increase metabolism, increase growth/metamorphosis, and regulate loss and subsequent replacement of hair or feathers (molting)

107
Q

What else is U himobranchial bodies known as?

A

Accessory thyroid follicles or parafollicular cells

108
Q

Decrease blood calcium (calcitonin)

A

U himobranchial bodies

109
Q

Increase blood calcium (parathyroid hormone)

A

Parathyroid

110
Q

Which animals have a composite gland that composite of thyroid, U. Himobranchial bodies, and parathyroid

A

Mammals

111
Q

What are the two phylogenetic sources of adrenal glands

A

Adrenocortical tissue, and chromaffin tissue

112
Q

Secretes corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids -> aldosterone, glucocorticoids-> cortisol)

A

Adrenocortical tissue

113
Q

Secretes catecholamines (epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline))

A

Chromaffin tissue

114
Q

The three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa (outermost), zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis (innermost)

115
Q

The adrenal cortex layer that has aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

116
Q

What adrenal cortex layer has cortisol?

A

Zona fasciclulata

117
Q

What adrenal cortex layer has estrogen and testosterone?

A

Zona reticularis

118
Q

Another name for pancreatic islets?

A

Islets of langerhans

119
Q

Pancreatic islets cells?

A

B cells, A cells, D cells, pp cells

120
Q

Which pancreatic islets has insulin

A

B cells

121
Q

Which pancreatic islets has glucagon?

A

A cells

122
Q

Which pancreatic islet has somatostatin?

A

D cells

123
Q

What are pancreatic islets has pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Pp cells

124
Q

Which are cells are found in the pancreas

A

B cells and A cells

125
Q

Another word for pituita

A

Phlegm

126
Q

Pituitary gland components anterior to posterior

A

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

127
Q

Parts of the adrenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia

128
Q

Parts of neurohypophysis

A

Pars nervosa, and median eminence

129
Q

“Master gland”

A

Pars distalis

130
Q

Where the stalk is

A

Pars tuberalis

131
Q

Infundibulum is another term for ______

A

Pituitary stalk

132
Q

Components found in secondary endocrine gland?

A

Kidney and digestive tract

133
Q

Components in the kidney?

A

Renin and erythropoietin

134
Q

Increases red blood cell production and found in kidney

A

Erythropoietin

135
Q

What are endocrine coordination?

A

Homeostasis, positive feedback loops, kangaroo, and metamorphosis

136
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A

Negative feedback loop (example: vasopressin, which anti-diuretic hormone)

137
Q

Example for positive feedback loop

A

Oxytocin

138
Q

Increase in oxytocin, and increase in prolactin (decrease in gonadotropins)

A

Kangaroo

139
Q

Two capillaries beds connected by a vessel without passing through the heart

A

Portal circulation

140
Q

What does portal circulation enhance?

A

Pituitary hormone release

141
Q

Function of respiratory anatomy

A

Gas exchange between the environment and blood

142
Q

Gas exchange between environment and blood

A

External respiration

143
Q

Gas exchange between tissues of body and blood

A

Internal respiration

144
Q

Process of moving the respiratory medium across the respiratory exchange surface (RES)

A

Ventilation

145
Q

The types of respiratory anatomy

A

External respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration, and ventilation

146
Q

What is the respiratory medium

A

Water or air

147
Q

Unidirectional respiratory exchange

A

Gills

148
Q

Bilateral respiratory exchange

A

Lungs

149
Q

What are the respiratory organs?

A

Gills, lungs, gas bladders (swim bladders), surface respiration(skin or body surface), and accessory organs (digestive system, “gulp air”)

150
Q

How do lungs respirate air

A

RES connected to air by conduction system, the conduction system consists of trachea->bronchi-> bronchioles

151
Q

Operculum in teleost (bony fish)

A

Protect gills

152
Q

Interbranchial septum in shark

A

Cartilage that protects gill slits

153
Q

Lamprey respiratory system

A

Gill filaments -> primary lamellar, secondary lamellae (RES, individual parts of gill filament), countercurrent exchange

154
Q

Counter current exchange

A

Water and blood going in opposite directions and it enhances exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

155
Q

Shark respiratory system

A

Has primary and secondary lamellae (RES) and counter current exchange

156
Q

Actinopterygii respiratory exchange system

A

Primary and secondary lamellae (RES), counter current exchange, dual pump (buccaneers pump and opercular pump)

157
Q

Why is actinopterygii primary and secondary lamellae different?

A

The primary lamellae is not stacked on gill arches/interbranchial septa, and there are more primary lamellae. The secondary lamellae is larger

158
Q

What is a dual pump

A

Buccal pump and opercular pump

159
Q

Buccal pump

A

Brings water into mouth

160
Q

Opercular pump

A

Pushes out water through gills

161
Q

Sarpotergyii

A

Took advantage of dual pumps and lungs

162
Q

Amphibians respiratory exchange

A

Lung with septa that created compartments (faveoli), Buccal pump, uniform pull for gas exchange

163
Q

Buccal pump in amphibians

A

To force air into lungs and called “positive pressure ventilation”

164
Q

Reptiles respiratory exchange

A

Lungs with septa and faveoli (RES), diaphragmatic muscles (attached to rib cage or abdominal muscles and there is an aspiration pump)

165
Q

Aspiration pump

A

Negative pressure ventilation

166
Q

What does it mean when there are more lines and blood vessels in lungs

A

More gas exchange

167
Q

Mammals respiratory exchange

A

Lungs with elaborate conduction system (trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles), alveoli (RES), diaphragm, aspiration pump

168
Q

Blind-ended pockets

A

Alveoli

169
Q

Diaphragm in mammals

A

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities, aspiration pump

170
Q

Birds respiratory exchange

A

Parabronchi leads air to air capillaries (RES), cross current exchange, 6-12 air sacs (continuously supply oxygen), lungs (contain air capillaries)

171
Q

Cross current exchange

A

Cross perpendicular rather than opposite

172
Q

Missing link to birds

A

Dinosaurs and they had air sacs

173
Q

Gas exchange in avian species

A

Cross current and air sacs

174
Q

True or false
Most tetrapods will exhibit some cutaneous respiration

A

True

175
Q

RES of mammals

A

Alveoli

176
Q

RES of amphioxus

A

Cilia

177
Q

RES of birds

A

Air sacs

178
Q

RES of actinopterygii

A

Gas bladder

179
Q

RES of crocodile

A

Faveoli

Anatomy (4 decks)

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