Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the superficial gluteal muscles?
A
Gluteus maximum
Gluteus minimis
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
2
Q
What are the actions of the superficial gluteal muscles?
A
Extensors, abductors and medial rotation of the thigh
3
Q
What is the innervation of the superficial gluteal muscles?
A
All innervated by superior gluteal nerve except gluteus maximus which is innervated by inferior gluteal nerve.
4
Q
What are the deep gluteal muscles?
A
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
5
Q
What are the actions of the deep gluteal muscles?
A
Lateral rotators of thigh
Hip stabilisers
6
Q
What is the innervation of the deep gluteal muscles?
A
Innervated by nerves from sacral plexus
7
Q
How do nerves enter and exit the pelvis?
A
Via greater and lesser sciatic foramen
8
Q
How is the sciatic foramen formed?
A
By the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
9
Q
What nerves enter and exit the pelvis?
A
Sciatic (L4-S3)
Pudendal (S2 - S4)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (S1-S3)
10
Q
Where does the sciatic nerve enter the lower limb?
A
Inferior to the piriformis
11
Q
When does the sciatic nerve separate?
A
In the distal thigh into the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
12
Q
What does the sciatic nerve supply?
A
Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin via tibial and common fibular branches
13
Q
What is the name of the deep fascia on the thigh?
A
Fascia lata
14
Q
What is the deep fascia on the leg called?
A
Crural fascia
15
Q
What is intermuscular septa and what is it’s function?
A
Deep fascia which separates muscles into compartments. This helps with tumour and infection control and prevents muscle belly from expanding too much
16
Q
What causes compartment syndrome?
A
Increased pressure by swelling of the tissue or increase in fluid
17
Q
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
A
Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in emergencies
18
Q
What are the anterior muscles of the thigh?
A
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris
19
Q
What is the innervation for the anterior muscles of the thigh?
A
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
20
Q
What is the action for the anterior muscles of the thigh?
A
Pectineus, iliopsoas and sartorius are flexors of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris are extensors of the leg
21
Q
What are the medial muscles of the thigh?
A
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
22
Q
What is the action of the medial muscles of the thigh?
A
All adductors of the thigh
23
Q
What is the innervation for the medial muscles of the thigh?
A
All innervated by obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) except hamstring part of adductor Magnus which is innervated by tibial nerve
24
Q
What are the posterior muscles of the thigh?
A
Semitendinosis
Semimembranosis
Biceps femoris
25
What is the action of the posterior muscles of the thigh?
All extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg
26
What innervates the posterior muscles of the thigh?
Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2) except short head of biceps femoris which is common fibular
27
What are the anterior muscles of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
28
What are the functions of the anterior muscles of the leg?
All dorsiflexors of the ankle and extensors of the toes
29
What nerves innervate the anterior muscles of the leg?
All innervated by deep fibular nerves (L4, L5)
30
What are the lateral muscles of the leg?
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus
31
What are the functions of the lateral muscles of the leg?
All evert the foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle
32
What innervates the lateral muscles of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
33
What are the deep posterior leg muscles?
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
34
What is the function of the deep posterior muscles of the leg?
All flexors of toes and plantarflexors of the ankle
35
What innervates the deep posterior leg muscles?
Innervates by tibial nerve
36
What are the superficial posterior leg muscles?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
37
What is the function of the superficial posterior leg muscles?
All plantarflexors of the ankle
38
What innervates the superficial posterior leg muscles?
Innervated by tibial nerve (S1, S2)
39
What type of joint is the hip joint?
A synovial - ball and socket joint
40
What ligaments are formed in the hip?
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
41
What is the ligament that attaches to the head of the femur?
Ligamentum teres
42
What arteries supply the hip joint and where do they arise from?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries.
They arise from deep femoral artery and give off retinacular arteries
43
What artery supplies the head of the femur?
A branch of the obturator
44
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial - hinge joint
45
How many articulations are involved in the knee joint?
3 articulations
2 x femerotibial
1 x femeropatellar
46
What are the layers of the knee joint?
External fibrous layer
Internal membranous layer
47
What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?
Patellar ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament
48
What are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint?
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)
49
How do you test the knee joint integrity?
Anterior and posterior drawer test
50
What are the menisci and what are the called?
Fibrocartilage
Medial and lateral menisci
51
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Superolaterally - biceps femoris
Superomedially - semimembranosus
Inferiorly - gastrocnemius
Roof - popliteal fascia
52
What does the popliteal fossa contain?
Lots of fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
Popliteal vessels
Tibial and common fibular nerves
53
What is the calcaneal tendon?
Achilles’ tendon
54
How is the Achilles’ tendon formed?
Tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together
55
Where does the Achilles’ tendon attach?
Attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity
56
What does the ankle jerk reflex test?
Tests S1, S2 nerve roots
57
What are the joints in the foot?
1. Subtalar joint
2. Midtarsal joint
3. Tarsometatarsal joint
4. Metatarsophalangeal joints
5. Interphalangeal joint
58
Where is the subtalar joint located?
Between talus and calcaneus
59
Where are the midtarsal joints found?
Calcaneocuboid
Talocalcneonavicular
60
Where is the tarsometatarsal joint located?
Between the cuneiforms/cuboid proximally and metatarsals
61
What are the arches of the foot?
1. Medial longitudinal arch
2. Lateral longitudinal arch
3. Transverse arch
62
What is the medial longitudinal arch composed of?
The bones of the medial aspect of the foot (calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and metatarsals 1-3
Supported by flexor hallucis longus and by attachments of Tibialis anterior and the attachment of Fibularis longus
63
What forms the lateral longitudinal arch?
Formed by calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsals 4 and 5
64
What does the transverse arch consist of?
The cuboid, cuneiforms and the bases of all 5 metatarsals. It is also supported by Fibularis longus as well as Tibialis posterior
65
What are the functions of the arches of the foot?
Shock absorption
Push off spring
Increased weight bearing capacity
66
What happens in plantar fasciitis?
The plantar aponeurosis becomes inflamed and painful
67
Define the extrinsic muscles in the foot
Leg muscles whose bellies are in the anterior, posterior and lateral compartments of the leg and whose tendons pass deep to the retinaculae to insert dismally onto the bones of the foot.
68
Describe intrinsic muscles of the foot
Muscle bellies and tendon insertions lie completely within the foot
69
How many layers of muscles exist in the sole of the foot?
4 layers of flexors and abductors/adductors of the toes.
70
What is foot drop?
A clinical sign present when dorsiflexor function is reduced. The patient often adopts a high steppage gait to prevent toes dragging on the floor
71
Where does Dorsalis pedis artery arise from?
Branch of anterior tibial artery
72
Where is the pulse of the Dorsalis pedis artery felt?
Pulse taken lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
73
What does the Dorsalis pedis artery give rise to?
Branches to give the arcuate artery on the dorsum of the foot
74
What artery gives rise of medial and lateral plantar arteries?
Posterior tibial artery
75
What arteries do the medial and lateral plantar arteries give rise to ?
Deep plantar arches
76
Where does the metatarsal arteries begin from?
Arise formed deep plantar arch and the arcuate artery
77
What arteries arise from the metatarsal arteries?
Branch into 4 digital arteries per toe.
78
What are the superficial veins of the foot?
Dorsal venous arch giving rise to great (medially) and small (laterally) saphenous veins
79
What are the deep veins of the foot?
Drain into anterior and posterior tibial and the fibular veins that join to form the popliteal vein
80
What is the lymphatic drainage of the foot?
Accompany the great and small saphenous veins to inguinal/iliac nodes.
81
Describe the sensory nerve supply to the dorsum of the foot.
Mainly superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve (to the first interdigital cleft)
Sural nerve (to the proximal lateral border)
Saphenous nerve (to the proximal medial border)
82
Describe the sensory nerve supply of the plantar surface of the foot.
Mainly tibial nerve of the heel and the majority of the sole via it’s branches
Sural nerve supplies the proximal lateral border
Saphenous nerve supplies the proximal medial border
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List the joints of the upper limb
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Sternoclavicular joint
Elbow joint
Radiocarpal joint
128
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
129
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
130
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Synovial ball and socket
131
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial hinge
132
What type of joint is the proximal and distal radioulnar joint?
Synovial pivot
133
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
Synovial ellipsoid
134
Where does pronations and supination occur in the upper arm?
The radioulnar joint
135
What happens to the radius and ulnar in pronation?
The radius moves over the ulnar
136
How are joints stabilised?
Shape of the articulating bones
Ligaments (and capsule)
Muscle tone
137
Define subluxation
Partial dislocation where the articular surfaces are displaced but still over lap
138
Define dislocation
Where the articular surfaces no longer overlap at all
139
What are the ligaments in the elbow?
Lateral collateral ligament
Annular ligament
Medial collateral ligament
140
Where does the lateral collateral ligament attach in the elbow?
Attaches to the lateral epicondylitis of humerus and annular ligaments
141
What are the attachments of the annular ligament?
Stabilises proximal radioulnar joint by holding radius against radial notch of ulna
142
What are the joints in the hand?
Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)
Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
143
What are the muscles of the shoulder girdle?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Levator scapulae
Deltoid
Teres major
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Suprasoinatus
Infraspinatus
144
What nerve innervated trapezius?
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
145
What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
146
What nerve innervates the rhomboid muscles?
Dorsal scapular nerve
147
What nerve innervates pectoralis major?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
148
What nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?
Medial pectoral nerve
149
What nerve innervates serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
150
What nerve innervates levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular nerve
151
What nerve innervates deltoid muscles?
Axillary nerve
152
What nerve innervates Teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve
153
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor
154
Where do the rotator cuff muscles attach?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus and Teres minor are attached to the greater tuberosity
Subscapularis attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
155
What are the muscles of the anterior arm?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
156
What nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
157
What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior arm?
Flexion of the arm and forearm
Biceps brachii also supinates forearm.
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What are the muscles of the posterior arm?
Triceps brachii
159
What nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the arm?
Radial nerve
160
What are the actions of the posterior muscles of the arm?
Extensors of the arm and forearm
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What are the superficial anterior muscles of the forearm?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
162
What are the intermediate anterior muscles of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
163
What are the deep anterior muscles of the forearm?
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus
164
What nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the forearm?
All innervated by median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus which is ulnar nerve
165
What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior forearm?
Flexion of the wrist and digits, abduction and adduction of the wrist, pronation of the forearm
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What are the superficial posterior muscles forearm?
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Anconeus
187
What are the deep posterior muscles of the forearm?
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
188
What nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the forearm?
radial nerve
189
What are the actions of the posterior muscles of the forearm?
Extension of the wrist and digits
Abduction and adduction of the wrist
Supination of the forearm
190
What muscles are present in the thenar eminence?
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
191
What muscles are affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?
the muscles of the thenar eminence
192
What nerve innervates the muscles of the thenar eminence?
All innervated by median nerve
193
What muscles are present in the hypothenar eminence?
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
194
What nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence?
the ulnar nerve
195
What muscles are contained in LOAF?
Lateral 2 lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
196
What nerve supplies the LOAF muscles?
Median nerve
197
What are lumbricals?
Attached to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus.
198
What nerve innervates the 2 median lumbricals?
ulnar nerve
199
What is the function of the dorsal interossei?
abduction of the digits
200
What is the function of the palmar interossei?
adduction of the digits
201
What nerve innervates the interossei?
Ulnar nerve
202
What is the carpal tunnel?
An osteofascial tunnel between the carpal bones and the inextensible flexor retinaculum (palmar ligament)
203
What nerve travels through the carpal tunnel?
The median nerve
204
What is contained in the carpal tunnel?
Flexor digitorum superficialis x4
Flexor digitorum profundus x4
flexor pollicis longus x1
median nerve
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