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MSK 2022 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximum
Gluteus minimis
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae

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2
Q

What are the actions of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotation of the thigh

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3
Q

What is the innervation of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

All innervated by superior gluteal nerve except gluteus maximus which is innervated by inferior gluteal nerve.

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4
Q

What are the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris

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5
Q

What are the actions of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh
Hip stabilisers

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6
Q

What is the innervation of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Innervated by nerves from sacral plexus

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7
Q

How do nerves enter and exit the pelvis?

A

Via greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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8
Q

How is the sciatic foramen formed?

A

By the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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9
Q

What nerves enter and exit the pelvis?

A

Sciatic (L4-S3)
Pudendal (S2 - S4)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (S1-S3)

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10
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve enter the lower limb?

A

Inferior to the piriformis

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11
Q

When does the sciatic nerve separate?

A

In the distal thigh into the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

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12
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin via tibial and common fibular branches

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13
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia on the thigh?

A

Fascia lata

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14
Q

What is the deep fascia on the leg called?

A

Crural fascia

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15
Q

What is intermuscular septa and what is it’s function?

A

Deep fascia which separates muscles into compartments. This helps with tumour and infection control and prevents muscle belly from expanding too much

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16
Q

What causes compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure by swelling of the tissue or increase in fluid

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17
Q

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in emergencies

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18
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris

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19
Q

What is the innervation for the anterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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20
Q

What is the action for the anterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Pectineus, iliopsoas and sartorius are flexors of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris are extensors of the leg

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21
Q

What are the medial muscles of the thigh?

A

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus

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22
Q

What is the action of the medial muscles of the thigh?

A

All adductors of the thigh

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23
Q

What is the innervation for the medial muscles of the thigh?

A

All innervated by obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) except hamstring part of adductor Magnus which is innervated by tibial nerve

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24
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Semitendinosis
Semimembranosis
Biceps femoris

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25
Q

What is the action of the posterior muscles of the thigh?

A

All extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg

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26
Q

What innervates the posterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2) except short head of biceps femoris which is common fibular

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27
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

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28
Q

What are the functions of the anterior muscles of the leg?

A

All dorsiflexors of the ankle and extensors of the toes

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29
Q

What nerves innervate the anterior muscles of the leg?

A

All innervated by deep fibular nerves (L4, L5)

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30
Q

What are the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus

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31
Q

What are the functions of the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

All evert the foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle

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32
Q

What innervates the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

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33
Q

What are the deep posterior leg muscles?

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

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34
Q

What is the function of the deep posterior muscles of the leg?

A

All flexors of toes and plantarflexors of the ankle

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35
Q

What innervates the deep posterior leg muscles?

A

Innervates by tibial nerve

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36
Q

What are the superficial posterior leg muscles?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

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37
Q

What is the function of the superficial posterior leg muscles?

A

All plantarflexors of the ankle

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38
Q

What innervates the superficial posterior leg muscles?

A

Innervated by tibial nerve (S1, S2)

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39
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

A synovial - ball and socket joint

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40
Q

What ligaments are formed in the hip?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

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41
Q

What is the ligament that attaches to the head of the femur?

A

Ligamentum teres

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42
Q

What arteries supply the hip joint and where do they arise from?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries.
They arise from deep femoral artery and give off retinacular arteries

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43
Q

What artery supplies the head of the femur?

A

A branch of the obturator

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44
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial - hinge joint

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45
Q

How many articulations are involved in the knee joint?

A

3 articulations
2 x femerotibial
1 x femeropatellar

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46
Q

What are the layers of the knee joint?

A

External fibrous layer
Internal membranous layer

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47
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Patellar ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament

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48
Q

What are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)

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49
Q

How do you test the knee joint integrity?

A

Anterior and posterior drawer test

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50
Q

What are the menisci and what are the called?

A

Fibrocartilage
Medial and lateral menisci

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51
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superolaterally - biceps femoris
Superomedially - semimembranosus
Inferiorly - gastrocnemius
Roof - popliteal fascia

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52
Q

What does the popliteal fossa contain?

A

Lots of fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
Popliteal vessels
Tibial and common fibular nerves

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53
Q

What is the calcaneal tendon?

A

Achilles’ tendon

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54
Q

How is the Achilles’ tendon formed?

A

Tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together

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55
Q

Where does the Achilles’ tendon attach?

A

Attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity

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56
Q

What does the ankle jerk reflex test?

A

Tests S1, S2 nerve roots

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57
Q

What are the joints in the foot?

A
  1. Subtalar joint
  2. Midtarsal joint
  3. Tarsometatarsal joint
  4. Metatarsophalangeal joints
  5. Interphalangeal joint
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58
Q

Where is the subtalar joint located?

A

Between talus and calcaneus

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59
Q

Where are the midtarsal joints found?

A

Calcaneocuboid
Talocalcneonavicular

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60
Q

Where is the tarsometatarsal joint located?

A

Between the cuneiforms/cuboid proximally and metatarsals

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61
Q

What are the arches of the foot?

A
  1. Medial longitudinal arch
  2. Lateral longitudinal arch
  3. Transverse arch
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62
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch composed of?

A

The bones of the medial aspect of the foot (calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and metatarsals 1-3
Supported by flexor hallucis longus and by attachments of Tibialis anterior and the attachment of Fibularis longus

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63
Q

What forms the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Formed by calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsals 4 and 5

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64
Q

What does the transverse arch consist of?

A

The cuboid, cuneiforms and the bases of all 5 metatarsals. It is also supported by Fibularis longus as well as Tibialis posterior

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65
Q

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A

Shock absorption
Push off spring
Increased weight bearing capacity

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66
Q

What happens in plantar fasciitis?

A

The plantar aponeurosis becomes inflamed and painful

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67
Q

Define the extrinsic muscles in the foot

A

Leg muscles whose bellies are in the anterior, posterior and lateral compartments of the leg and whose tendons pass deep to the retinaculae to insert dismally onto the bones of the foot.

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68
Q

Describe intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

Muscle bellies and tendon insertions lie completely within the foot

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69
Q

How many layers of muscles exist in the sole of the foot?

A

4 layers of flexors and abductors/adductors of the toes.

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70
Q

What is foot drop?

A

A clinical sign present when dorsiflexor function is reduced. The patient often adopts a high steppage gait to prevent toes dragging on the floor

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71
Q

Where does Dorsalis pedis artery arise from?

A

Branch of anterior tibial artery

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72
Q

Where is the pulse of the Dorsalis pedis artery felt?

A

Pulse taken lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

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73
Q

What does the Dorsalis pedis artery give rise to?

A

Branches to give the arcuate artery on the dorsum of the foot

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74
Q

What artery gives rise of medial and lateral plantar arteries?

A

Posterior tibial artery

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75
Q

What arteries do the medial and lateral plantar arteries give rise to ?

A

Deep plantar arches

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76
Q

Where does the metatarsal arteries begin from?

A

Arise formed deep plantar arch and the arcuate artery

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77
Q

What arteries arise from the metatarsal arteries?

A

Branch into 4 digital arteries per toe.

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78
Q

What are the superficial veins of the foot?

A

Dorsal venous arch giving rise to great (medially) and small (laterally) saphenous veins

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79
Q

What are the deep veins of the foot?

A

Drain into anterior and posterior tibial and the fibular veins that join to form the popliteal vein

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80
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the foot?

A

Accompany the great and small saphenous veins to inguinal/iliac nodes.

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81
Q

Describe the sensory nerve supply to the dorsum of the foot.

A

Mainly superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve (to the first interdigital cleft)
Sural nerve (to the proximal lateral border)
Saphenous nerve (to the proximal medial border)

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82
Q

Describe the sensory nerve supply of the plantar surface of the foot.

A

Mainly tibial nerve of the heel and the majority of the sole via it’s branches
Sural nerve supplies the proximal lateral border
Saphenous nerve supplies the proximal medial border

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83
Q

Identify this muscle.

A
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84
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85
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86
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87
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88
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89
Q

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90
Q

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91
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92
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93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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127
Q

List the joints of the upper limb

A

Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Sternoclavicular joint
Elbow joint
Radiocarpal joint

128
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane

129
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane

130
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

131
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial hinge

132
Q

What type of joint is the proximal and distal radioulnar joint?

A

Synovial pivot

133
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Synovial ellipsoid

134
Q

Where does pronations and supination occur in the upper arm?

A

The radioulnar joint

135
Q

What happens to the radius and ulnar in pronation?

A

The radius moves over the ulnar

136
Q

How are joints stabilised?

A

Shape of the articulating bones
Ligaments (and capsule)
Muscle tone

137
Q

Define subluxation

A

Partial dislocation where the articular surfaces are displaced but still over lap

138
Q

Define dislocation

A

Where the articular surfaces no longer overlap at all

139
Q

What are the ligaments in the elbow?

A

Lateral collateral ligament
Annular ligament
Medial collateral ligament

140
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament attach in the elbow?

A

Attaches to the lateral epicondylitis of humerus and annular ligaments

141
Q

What are the attachments of the annular ligament?

A

Stabilises proximal radioulnar joint by holding radius against radial notch of ulna

142
Q

What are the joints in the hand?

A

Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)
Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

143
Q

What are the muscles of the shoulder girdle?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Levator scapulae
Deltoid
Teres major
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Suprasoinatus
Infraspinatus

144
Q

What nerve innervated trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

145
Q

What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

146
Q

What nerve innervates the rhomboid muscles?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

147
Q

What nerve innervates pectoralis major?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

148
Q

What nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

149
Q

What nerve innervates serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

150
Q

What nerve innervates levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

151
Q

What nerve innervates deltoid muscles?

A

Axillary nerve

152
Q

What nerve innervates Teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

153
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor

154
Q

Where do the rotator cuff muscles attach?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus and Teres minor are attached to the greater tuberosity
Subscapularis attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

155
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior arm?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

156
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

157
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior arm?

A

Flexion of the arm and forearm
Biceps brachii also supinates forearm.

158
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior arm?

A

Triceps brachii

159
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the arm?

A

Radial nerve

160
Q

What are the actions of the posterior muscles of the arm?

A

Extensors of the arm and forearm

161
Q

What are the superficial anterior muscles of the forearm?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

162
Q

What are the intermediate anterior muscles of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

163
Q

What are the deep anterior muscles of the forearm?

A

Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus

164
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the forearm?

A

All innervated by median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus which is ulnar nerve

165
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexion of the wrist and digits, abduction and adduction of the wrist, pronation of the forearm

166
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186
Q

What are the superficial posterior muscles forearm?

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Anconeus

187
Q

What are the deep posterior muscles of the forearm?

A

Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis

188
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the forearm?

A

radial nerve

189
Q

What are the actions of the posterior muscles of the forearm?

A

Extension of the wrist and digits
Abduction and adduction of the wrist
Supination of the forearm

190
Q

What muscles are present in the thenar eminence?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

191
Q

What muscles are affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

the muscles of the thenar eminence

192
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the thenar eminence?

A

All innervated by median nerve

193
Q

What muscles are present in the hypothenar eminence?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

194
Q

What nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence?

A

the ulnar nerve

195
Q

What muscles are contained in LOAF?

A

Lateral 2 lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis

196
Q

What nerve supplies the LOAF muscles?

A

Median nerve

197
Q

What are lumbricals?

A

Attached to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus.

198
Q

What nerve innervates the 2 median lumbricals?

A

ulnar nerve

199
Q

What is the function of the dorsal interossei?

A

abduction of the digits

200
Q

What is the function of the palmar interossei?

A

adduction of the digits

201
Q

What nerve innervates the interossei?

A

Ulnar nerve

202
Q

What is the carpal tunnel?

A

An osteofascial tunnel between the carpal bones and the inextensible flexor retinaculum (palmar ligament)

203
Q

What nerve travels through the carpal tunnel?

A

The median nerve

204
Q

What is contained in the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis x4
Flexor digitorum profundus x4
flexor pollicis longus x1
median nerve

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MSK 2022 (11 decks)

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