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Musculoskeletal System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of Upper Limbs (6)

A

Axilla
Brachium - arm
Cubital Fossa - elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

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2
Q

Divisions of Lower Limbs (6)

A

Inguinal region
Thigh
Popliteal fossa - knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

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3
Q

Fascia: Superficial fascia is what type of tissue?

A

Subcutaneous

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4
Q

Fascia: Superficial Fascia - Provides the most storage for what?

A

Fat

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5
Q

Fascia: Superficial Fascia - Thicker in what region?

A

Gluteal region

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6
Q

Fascia: Superficial Fascia - Main two components

A

Loose connective tissue
Fat

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7
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Covers what?

A

Most of the body deep to the skin and superficial fascia

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8
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Where is this thin?

A

The face

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9
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Appearance

A

White and glowing

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10
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Function

A

Divides limbs into compartments via investing muscles to form intermuscular septa

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11
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where to apply pressure to limit blood loss in the neck?

A

Bifurcation of the common carotid artery

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12
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where to apply pressure to limit blood loss in the upper limb?

A

Brachial artery
Radial artery

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13
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where to apply pressure to limit blood loss in the lower limb?

A

Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery

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14
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Within the cubital fossa the brachial artery bifurcates into what?

A

Radial artery
Ulnar artery

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15
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Within the popliteal fossa the popliteal artery bifurcates into what?

A

Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery

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16
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Subclavian artery passes into what?

A

Axillary artery

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17
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Axillary artery passes into what?

A

Brachial artery

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18
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Brachial artery passes into what?

A

Deep brachial artery

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19
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep brachial artery passes into what?

A

Radial artery and Ulnar artery

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20
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Radial and Ulnar arteries pass into what?

A

Deep and superficial palmar arches

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21
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep and superficial palmar arteries pass into what?

A

Metacarpal and digital arteries

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22
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: External iliac artery passes into what?

A

Deep femoral artery

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23
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep femoral artery passes into what?

A

Femoral artery

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24
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Femoral artery passes into what?

A

Popliteal artery

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25
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Popliteal artery bifurcates into what?
Anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery
26
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Arteries of the foot
Dorsalis pedis artery Medial and lateral plantar arteries Arcuate artery and plantar arch Metatarsal and digital arteries
27
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where do superficial veins run?
Superficial fascia
28
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Superficial veins drain into what?
Deeps veins via piercing the deep fascia
29
Blood Supply of the Limbs: What are the two superficial veins of the upper limb?
Cephalic vein Basilic vein
30
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Location of cephalic vein on upper limb
Lateral
31
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Location of basilic vein on upper limb
Medial
32
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Cephalic Vein - Arises from what?
Dorsal venous network
33
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Cephalic Vein - Travels through what anatomical landmark?
Delta Pectoral Groove
34
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Cephalic Vein - Drains into what?
Axillary vein
35
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Basillic Vein - Arises from where?
Dorsal venous network
36
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Basillic Vein - Drains into what?
Brachial vein
37
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Basillic Vein and Cephalic Vein are joined by what?
Median cubital vein
38
Blood Supply of the Limbs: What superficial vein is used for venipuncture?
Median cubital vein
39
Blood Supply of the Limbs: What variant of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa is present in 20% of the population?
Median vein of the forearm
40
Blood Supply of the Limbs: What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?
Great saphenous vein Small saphenous vein
41
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Great Saphenous Vein - Arises from what?
Medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch
42
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Great Saphenous Vein - Travels down what aspect of the leg?
Medial aspect
43
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Great Saphenous Vein - Drains into what?
Femoral vein
44
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Small Saphenous Vein - Arises from what?
Dorsal venous arch at the lateral aspect
45
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Small Saphenous Vein - Travels down what aspect of the leg?
Posterior midline
46
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Small Saphenous Vein - Drains into what?
Popliteal vein posterior to the knee
47
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep Veins - Where do these run?
Deep to the deep fascia
48
Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep Veins - Which two veins are not bilateral?
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava
49
Blood Supply of the Limbs: How does blood flow from superficial veins into deep veins?
Via perforating veins
50
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Those of the upper limb arise from where?
Plexuses in the fingers and hand
51
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Those of the upper limbs follow what?
Cephalic and basilic veins
52
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Basilic lymphatics drain into what?
Cubital lymph nodes and then lateral axillary nodes
53
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Cephalic lymphatics drain into what?
Into the apical axillary lymph nodes
54
Lymphatics of the Limbs: The deep lymphatics of the upper limb follow what?
Deep veins
55
Lymphatics of the Limbs: The deep lymphatics of the upper limb drain into what?
Lateral axillary lymph nodes
56
Lymphatics of the Limbs: All axillary lymph nodes drain into what?
Subclavian lymphatics
57
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Lymphatics of the lower limbs follow what?
Veins
58
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial lymphatics of the lower limb follow what?
Saphenous veins
59
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial lymphatics of the lower limb drain into what?
External iliac or deep inguinal nodes
60
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Deep lymphatics of the lower limb follow what?
Deep veins of the lower limbs
61
Lymphatics of the Limbs: Deep lymphatics of the lower limb drain into what?
Popliteal lymph nodes and then the inguinal nodes
62
Lymphatics of the Limbs: The external iliac lymph nodes drain into what?
Common iliac lymph nodes then the lumbar lymphatics
63
Ischaemia
Inadequate oxygenation of cells, tissues and organs due to an interruption to blood supply
64
Causes of reduced arterial perfusion pressure (5)
Left ventricular failure Arterial bleed - injury or aneurysm rupture Occlusion of the lumen Arterial spasm External compression of arterial supply
65
Causes of increased venous drainage (3)
Congestive Cardiac Failure DVT External compression e.g. due to a tumour
66
What is the impact of increased venous drainage pressure?
Causes back pressure into the capillary bed and arteriole to prevent normal arterial in-flow
67
Venous Ulceration: Initiating factor
Increased venous pressure causes damage to blood vessels of the skin
68
Venous Ulceration: Initial presentation
Skin becomes dry, itchy and inflamed that cannot heal due to poor blood supply
69
Venous Ulceration: Where do these establish?
In the territory of the great and small saphenous veins
70
Venous Ulceration: Most common site
Gaiter area on the medial area of the lower leg
71
Components of the Lower Limb (6)
Inguinal region Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot
72
Lower Limb: Extends from where?
The pelvis
73
Lower Limb: Types of Fascia
Fascia lata Crural Fascia
74
Lower Limb: Fascia lata
Fascia on the thigh
75
Lower Limb: Crural Fascia
Fascia on the lower leg
76
Lower Limb: Iliotibial Tract/Band
Thickened part of the fascia that inserts into the ileum superiorly and the tibia inferiorly
77
Lower Limb: Investing Fascia
Fascia that extends internally to form compartments of individual muscles or groups of muscles via the intermuscular septum
78
Lower Limb: Muscles in compartments share what?
Action Nerve supply
79
Lower Limb: Muscular compartments aid what?
Musculovenous pump
80
Compartment Syndrome
Increased pressure caused by swelling of the tissue or an increase in fluid of the compartment
81
Compartment Syndrome: Impacts of this
Affects the function of the muscles and nerves in the compartment
82
Compartment Syndrome: Best treatment
Fasciotomy
83
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment flexors (3)
Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius
84
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment extensors
Quadriceps femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus medius
85
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Nerves
All femoral nerves Psoas Major
86
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment Femoral nerve level
L2-L4
87
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment Psoas Major level
L1-L3
88
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment adductors of the thigh
Adductor longus Adductor brevis - short hed Adductor magnus Gracilis on the medial aspect Obturator Externus
89
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment nerve
All Orbturator Nerve
90
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment Orbuturator Nerve level
L2-L4
91
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment what nerve supplies the hamstring component of the adductor magnus?
Tibial nerve
92
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment Extensors and Flexors of the thigh
Semi-tendinosus Semi-membranosus Biceps femoris
93
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment - Why is the biceps femoris not a true hamstring muscle? (3)
Does not have the same attachment point to the ischial tuberosity Cannot extend the thigh Alternate nervous supply
94
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment - Where does the biceps femoris attach?
Directly to the femur
95
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment nerve supply
All tibial divisions of the sciatic nerve Common fibular division
96
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment Level of the Tibial divisions of the sciatic nerve
L5, S1 and S2
97
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment - What supplies the short head of the biceps femoris?
Common fibular division
98
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Dorsiflexors of the ankles and extensors of the toes
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucinate longus Fibularis tertius
99
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Nerve supply
All deep fibular nerves - branch of the common fibular nerve
100
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Level of the deep fibular nerves
L4-L5
101
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment muscles that evert the foot and weakly plantar flex the ankle
Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis
102
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment Nerve Supply
All superficial fibular nerves
103
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment Level of Superficial Fibular Nerves
L5, S1 and S2
104
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Superficial Group muscles that are plantarflexors of the ankle
Gastrocnemius Soleus - deep to the gastrocnemius Plantaris
105
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Nerve supply to the superficial group
All tibial nerves
106
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Level of Tibial nerves of superficial group
S1-S2
107
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment - What is the calcanea tendon formed of?
Tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus joined
108
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Deep Group Muscles that allow flexion of the toes and plantar flexion of the ankle
Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior
109
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Nerve supply of deep group
All tibial nerves
110
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Function of muscles
Flex the thigh Extend the thigh
111
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial Compartment Function of muscles
Adduct the thigh
112
Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment function of muscles
Extend the thigh Flex the thigh
113
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Function of Muscles
Dorsiflexors of the ankle Extend the toes
114
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment Function of Muscles
Evert foot Weakly plantar flex the ankle
115
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Function of superficial muscles
Plantarflexors of the ankle
116
Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Function of deep muscles
Flexors of the toes Plantarflexors of the ankle
117
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Femoral nerve level
L2-L4
118
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What does the Femoral Nerve supply
Quadriceps femoris Sartorius illiacus Pectineus
119
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of Sciatic Nerve
L4-S3
120
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of the Tibial Part of the Sciatic Nerve
L4-S3
121
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Tibial division of the Sciatic Nerve supplies what in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Semi-membranous Semi-tendinosus Long head of the biceps femoris
122
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Tibial part of the Sciatic Nerve supplies what muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Popliteus Tibialis posterior
123
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Tibial part of Sciatic Nerve Supplies what muscles in the sole of the foot?
Digitorum Hallucis longus All intrinsic muscles of the foot
124
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What branches of the tibial nerve supplies the muscles?
Medial and Lateral plantar branches
125
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of common fibular part of the tibial nerve?
L4-S2
126
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What muscle does the common fibular part of the tibial nerve supply?
Short head of the biceps femoris
127
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What muscle are supplied by the superficial branch of the common fibular nerve?
Lateral Compartment of the Leg - Fibularis longus and Brevis
128
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What muscles are supplied by the deep branch of the common fibular nerve?
Anterior compartment of the Leg - Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucinate longus and fibulas tertius Muscles of the dorsum of the foot - Extensor digitorum brevis and Extensor Hallucis Brevis
129
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of Obturator Nerve
L2-L4
130
Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What nerves are supplied by the obturator nerve?
All the medial compartments of the thigh All adductors - except the hamstring part of the magnus Gracilis
131
Gluteus Region: Location
Posterior superior aspect of the lower limb
132
Gluteus Region: Superficial muscles (4)
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae
133
Gluteus Region: Function of superficial muscles
Extensors, Abductors and Medial Rotators of the Thigh
134
Gluteus Region: Nervous Supply
Innervated by gluteal nerves
135
Gluteus Region: What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
136
Gluteus Region: What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?
Gluteus maximus
137
Gluteus Region: What nerve supplies the muscles of the gluteus region except the gluteus maximus?
Superior gluteal nerve
138
Gluteus Region: Impact of damage to the superior gluteal nerve
Causes Trendelenburg Gait
139
Trendelenburg's Gait
Pelvis drops on dysfunctional side
140
Gluteus Region: Deep Muscle Group (4)
Piriformis Obturator internus Gemelli Quadratus femoris
141
Gluteus Region: Function of deep muscles
Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip joint stabilisers
142
Gluteus Region: Nervous supply to deep muscles
Sacral plexus
143
Gluteus Region: Nerve route
Nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum via the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
144
Gluteus Region: What forms the sciatic foramens?
Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous Ligaments
145
Gluteus Region: What nerves travel through the gluteal region? (3)
Sciatic - L4-S3 Pudendal - S2-S4 (S 2 3 4 Keeps the pelvis off the floor) Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh - S1-S3
146
Gluteus Region: Level of the Pudendal nerve
S2-S4
147
Gluteus Region: Level of the Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
S1-S3
148
Gluteus Region: What does the pudendal nerve primarily supply?
Perineum
149
Gluteus Region: What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?
Skin over the posterior thigh Popliteal fossa Lateral perineum Upper medial thigh
150
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic Nerve
151
Gluteus Region: Where does the sciatic nerve lie?
Deep to the prominent part of the gluteal region
152
Gluteus Region: Where does the sciatic nerve exit?
Inferior to the piriformis
153
Gluteus Region: What does the Sciatic Nerve divide into?
Tibial nerve - medial Common fibular nerve - lateral
154
Gluteus Region: What does the sciatic nerve supply?
Posterior thigh All leg and foot muscles Most of the skin of the leg
155
Gluteus Region: Where are injections inserted in the gluteal region to avoid the sciatic nerve?
Superior lateral quadrant
156
The Femoral Triangle: Location
Anterior Superior Part of the Thigh
157
The Femoral Triangle: Superior boundary
Inguinal ligament
158
The Femoral Triangle: Medial border
Adductor longus
159
The Femoral Triangle: Lateral border
Sartorius
160
The Femoral Triangle: Floor of the triangle
Iliopsoas and Pectineus
161
The Femoral Triangle: Roof of the triangle
Fascia lata (deep fascia)
162
The Femoral Triangle: Order of contents of triangle from lateral to medial
Femoral Nerve Femoral Artery Femoral Vein lYmphatics NAVY ACRONYM
163
The Femoral Triangle: Femoral Sheath route
Passes deep to the inguinal ligament to allow femoral vessels to move within it
164
The Femoral Triangle: What is the femoral sheath formed of?
Connective tissue
165
Hip Joint: What type of joint is this?
Synovial Ball and Socket Joint
166
Hip Joint: What is the ball of this joint?
Head of the femur
167
Hip Joint: What is the socket of this joint?
Acetabulum
168
Hip Joint: What movements are enabled by this joint?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial-lateral Rotation Circumduction
169
Hip Joint: Two layers of the joint
External fibrous layer Internal synovial membrane layer
170
Hip Joint: What does the thick part of fibrous layer of the joint capsule form?
Ligaments
171
Hip Joint: 3 ligaments formed from the thick part of the joint capsule
Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral
172
Hip Joint: What is the ligament called that goes to the head of the femur?
Ligamentum teres
173
Hip Joint: Function of the ligamentum teres?
Attaches the head of the femur and acetabulum internally
174
Hip Joint: Where is the blood vessel?
Folded within the synovium
175
Hip Joint: Where do the ligaments attach to?
Intertrochanteric line
176
Hip Joint: What supplies the joint?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
177
Hip Joint: Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries arise from what?
Deep femoral artery
178
Hip Joint: Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off what?
Retinacular arteries
179
Hip Joint: Where does the artery to the head of the femur come from?
Branch of the obturator
180
Hip Joint: Where does the artery to the head of the femur travel through?
The ligament to the head of the femur
181
Hip Joint: Passive Stability of the Hip Joint - What is the acetabular labrum?
Fibrocartilaginous rim along the margin of the acetabulum
182
Hip Joint: Flexor Muscles
Iliopsoas Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus - anterior part
183
Hip Joint: Adductor Muscles
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Pectineus Obturator externus
184
Hip Joint: Lateral Rotator Muscles
Obturator externus Obturator internus Gerrellis Piriformis Quadratus femoris Gluteus maximus
185
Hip Joint: Extensor Muscles
Hamstrings - semi-tendinosus, semi-membranosus and long head of the biceps femoris Adductor magnus - posterior part Gluteus maximus
186
Hip Joint: Abductor Muscles
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae
187
Hip Joint: Medial Rotators
Gluteus medius - anterior part Gluteus minimus - anterior part Tensor fasciae latae
188
Posterior Hip Dislocation is typically involved with what?
Traumatic event where the hip is in a flexed, adducted and medially rotated position
189
What happens during a posterior hip dislocation?
The head of the femur is driven posteriorly out of the acetabulum
190
Hip Joint: Origin of Sciatic Nerve
L4-S3
191
Hip Joint: Runs posterior to what?
Acetabulum at the level of the ischium
192
Hip Joint: Abduction - Origin of the Gluteus Medius
Between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines of the ilium
193
Hip Joint: Abduction - Location of the Gluteus Minimus
Between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines of the ilium
194
Hip Joint: Where do the gluteus medius and minimus insert on the femur?
Anterior surface of the greater trochanter
195
Hip Joint: Superior Gluteal Nerve - Origin
L4-S1 anterior rami
196
Hip Joint: Superior Gluteal Nerve - Exit from the pelvic cavity
Via the greater sciatic foramen - superior to the piriformis
197
Hip Joint: Superior Gluteal Nerve - Passes between what muscles?
Gluteus minimus Gluteus medius
198
Knee Joint: 3 articulations
2 Femerotibial articulations 1 Femeropatellar articulations
199
Knee Joint: Main movement
Flexion and Extension
200
Knee Joint: Type of Joint
Synovial hinge joint
201
Knee Joint: Two layers of joint
External fibrous layer Internal membranous layer
202
Knee Joint: Extracapsular ligaments
Patellar ligament Lateral or Fibular Collateral Ligament Medial or Tibial Collateral Ligament
203
Knee Joint: Intra-articular Joint
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament
204
Knee Joint: How many menisci are there?
2 - medial and lateral
205
Popliteal Fossa: Location
Posterior to the knee
206
Popliteal Fossa: Superolateral boundary
Biceps femoris
207
Popliteal Fossa: Superomedial boundary
Semi-membranosus
208
Popliteal Fossa: Inferior border
Gastrocnemius
209
Popliteal Fossa: Roof
Popliteal fascia
210
Popliteal Fossa: Nerves of this area
Tibial nerve Common fibular nerves
211
Calcaneal Tendon: Alternate name
Achilles Tendon
212
Calcaneal Tendon: Attaches to what?
Calcanea tuberosity of the calcaneus bone
213
Calcaneal Tendon: What tests the S1 and S2 nerve roots?
Ankle Jerk Reflex
214
Calcaneal Tendon: What is it formed of?
Gastrocnemius and soleus tendons
215
Lymphatics of the Lower Limb: Superficial lymphatics follow what?
Great saphenous veins
216
Lymphatics of the Lower Limb: Superficial lymphatics drain into what?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes then the external iliac lymph nodes
217
Lymphatics of the Lower Limb: Examples of Deep Lymphatics
Popliteal lymph nodes Deep inguinal lymph nodes External iliac lymph nodes
218
Femoral Shaft Fractures: Mechanism
Displaced by muscular contraction
219
Femoral Shaft Fractures: Impact
Causes rotation with shortening
220
Ottawa Foot and Ankle Rules
Determines whether an X-Ray is needed for a fracture
221
Maisonneuve Fracture
Separation of the distal tibia and fibula causes rupture of the tibiofibular syndesmosis
222
Foot Drop
Dysfunction of the anterior compartment musculature - to give high stoppage and a foot slap
223
Upper Limb: Components
Axilla Brachium Cubital Fossa Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand
224
Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Muscles
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis
225
Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Actions
Flexion of the arm and forearm
226
Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Action of Biceps Brachii
Supination of the forearm
227
Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Arterial blood supply
Brachial artery
228
Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Venous blood supply
Brachial vein
229
Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Nervous supply
Musculocutaneous nerve
230
Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Muscles
Triceps brachii
231
Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Action
Extension of the forearm and arm
232
Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Arterial blood supply
Profunda brachii artery and the ulnar collateral artery
233
Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Venous blood supply
Profunda brachii vein
234
Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Nervous supply
Radial nerve
235
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Superficial layer muscles
Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus
236
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Intermediate layer muscles
Flexor digitorum superficialis
237
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Deep layer muscles
Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus
238
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Actions (3)
Flexion of the wrist and digits Abduction and Adduction of the wrist Pronation of the forearm
239
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Arterial blood supply
Radial and Ulnar Arteries
240
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Venous Blood Supply
Venae Comitantes
241
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Nerve supply
Median and Ulnar Nerves
242
Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Half of the flexor digitorum profundus gains nerve supply from what?
The ulnar nerve
243
Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Superficial Layer Muscles
Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anconeus Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi
244
Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Deep Layer Muscles
Supinator Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis
245
Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Actions
Extension of the wrist and digits Abduction and Adduction of the wrist Supination of the forearm
246
Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Arterial Blood Supply
Interosseous Artery
247
Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Venous Blood Supply
Venae Comitantes
248
Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Nerve Supply
Radial Nerve
249
The Hand: Thenar Eminence - Muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis
250
The Hand: Thenar Eminence - Nerve innervation
Median Nerve
251
The Hand: Thenar Eminence - In what condition is the median nerve impacted?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
252
The Hand: Hypothenar Eminence - Muscles
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi
253
The Hand: Hypothenar Eminence - Nerve supply
Ulnar nerve
254
The Hand: Lumbricals - Arterial Blood Supply
Deep and Superficial Palmar Arches
255
The Hand: What are the muscles of the hand supplied by the median nerve? (4)
Lumbricals - Medial 2 Opponens Pollicis Abductor Pollicis Brevis Flexor Pollicis Brevis LOAF ACRONYM
256
The Hand: Interossei - 2 types
Palmar Interossei Dorsal Interossei
257
The Hand: Interossei - Function of Palmar Interossei
Adduction of digits
258
The Hand: Interossei - Function of Dorsal Interossei
Abduction of digits
259
The Hand: Interossei - Nerve supply
Ulnar nerve
260
The Elbow: 2 ligaments
Lateral Radial Collateral Ligament Annular Ligament
261
The Elbow: Attachment points for Lateral Radial Collateral Ligament
Attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and annular ligament
262
The Elbow: Function and Mechanism of Action of Annular Ligament
Stabilises the proximal radio-ulnar joint by holding the radius against the radial notch of the ulna
263
The Hand: 4 joints of the distal hand
DIP - Distal Interphalangeal Joint PIP - Proximal Interphalangeal Joint MPJ - Metacarpophalangeal Joint Carpometacarpal Joint
264
The Elbow: What types of joint are the PIP and DIP?
Synovial Hinge
265
The Elbow: What type of joint is the MPJ?
Synovial Condyloid
266
The Elbow: What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint?
Synovial saddle
267
Shoulder Girdle: Muscles Involved
Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Rhomboid Minor and Major Pectoralis Major and Minor Serratus Anterior Levator scapulae Deltoid Teres Major and Minor
268
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Trapezius
CN XI - Spinal Accessory Nerve
269
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi
Thoracodorsal Nerve
270
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Rhomboid Minor and Major
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
271
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Pectoralis Major
Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves
272
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Pectoralis Minor
Medial Pectoral Nerve
273
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Serratus Anterior
Long Thoracic Nerve
274
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Levator Scapulae
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
275
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Deltoid
Axillary Nerve
276
Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Teres Major
Lower sub-scapular nerve
277
The Rotator Cuff
Group of muscles found anterior, superior and posterior to the shoulder joint
278
The Rotator Cuff: How does the shoulder have such a wide range of movement?
The ligaments are relaxed
279
The Rotator Cuff: Function
Core stabiliser of the joint - resists the displacement of the humeral head
280
The Rotator Cuff: How are muscle fibres orientated?
Obliquely
281
The Rotator Cuff: What is the function of muscle fibres running obliquely?
Hold the head in the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula in all positions of the joint
282
The Rotator Cuff: Muscles of the Great Tuberosity
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor
283
The Rotator Cuff: Muscles of the Lesser Tuberosity
Subscapularis
284
The Brachial Plexus
Nerve plexus that supplies the sensory and motor branches to the shoulder region and the whole of the upper limb
285
The Brachial Plexus: Origin
Anterior rami of C5-T1
286
The Brachial Plexus: Branch pathway
Passes through the axilla to the medial arm
287
The Brachial Plexus: Superior Trunk Root
C5 and C6
288
The Brachial Plexus: Middle Trunk Root
C7
289
The Brachial Plexus: Inferior Trunk Root
C8 and T1
290
The Brachial Plexus: Cords - The posterior cord is formed from what?
3 posterior divisions
291
The Brachial Plexus: Cords - What forms the lateral cord?
Anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks
292
The Brachial Plexus: Cords - What forms the medial cord?
Anterior divisions of the inferior trunk
293
The Brachial Plexus: What are the 5 branches?
Musculocutaneous nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve Radial nerve
294
The Brachial Plexus: The musculocutaneous nerve is a branch of what?
The lateral cord
295
The Brachial Plexus: The median nerve is a branch of what?
Contributions of the medial and lateral cords
296
The Brachial Plexus: The ulnar nerve is a branch of what?
Medial cord
297
The Brachial Plexus: The axillary nerve is a branch of what?
Posterior cord
298
The Brachial Plexus: The radial nerve is a branch of what?
Posterior cord
299
The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the C5 Root
Serves the dorsal scapular
300
The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Upper Trunk
Serves the suprascapular and nerve to the subclavius
301
The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Lateral Cord
Serves the lateral pectoral
302
The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Posterior Cord
Serves the upper subscapular, thoracodorsal and lower subscapular
303
The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Anterior Cord
Serves the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and the medial pectoral
304
Carpal Tunnel
Osteofascial tunnel between the carpal bones and. theinextensible flexor retinaculum (palmar ligament)
305
Carpal Tunnel: What travels through this?
The median nerve
306
Carpal Tunnel: Formed by what?
Flexor retinaculum Carpal bones
307
Carpal Tunnel: Contents (4)
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis x 4 Flexor Digitorum Profundus x 4 Flexor Pollicis Longus x 1 Median Nerve
308
Joints: 3 types of joint
Synovial Fibrous Cartilaginous
309
Joints: Diarthosis
Synovial Joint
310
Joints: Synovial Joint - Bones are separated by what?
A cavity containing synovial fluid united by. afibrous capsule, ligaments, tendons and bursae
311
Joints: Synovial Joint - Inner aspect of the fibrous capsule
Lined by synovial membrane
312
Joints: Synovial Joint - Synovial Membrane
Vascular connective tissue with capillary networks and lymphatics that contains synovial cells (fibroblasts) that produce synovial fluid
313
Joints: Synovial Joint - Articular surfacesof bones are covered with what?
Cartilage
314
Joints: Synovial Joint - Simple Joint
One pair of articular surfaces
315
Joints: Synovial Joint - Example of Simple Synovial Joint
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
316
Joints: Synovial Joint - Compound Joint
More than one pair of articular surfaces
317
Joints: Synovial Joint - Example of a compound synovial joint
Elbow joint
318
Joints: Synarthrosis
Fibrous Joint
319
Joints: Fibrous Joint - Example
Skull of Adults
320
Joints: Fibrous Joint - Bones are united by what?
Fibrous tissue
321
Joints: Fibrous Joint - Main characteristic
Restricted movement of joint
322
Joints: Ampiarthrosis
Cartilaginous Joint
323
Joints: Cartilaginous Joint - Examples (4)
Intervertebral Discs Pubic Symphysis Sacroiliac joints Costochondral Joints
324
Joints: Function (4)
Structural support Purposeful motion Stress distribution Confers stability
325
Joints: At what joints does pronation and supination occur?
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
326
Joints: What occurs to the radius and ulna during pronation?
The radius moves over the ulna
327
Joints: What type of joint is a acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
328
Joints: What type of joint is a glenohumeral joint?
Synovial ball and socket
329
Joints: What type of joint is an elbow joint?
Synovial hinge joint
330
Joints: What type of joint are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
Synovial pivot
331
Joints: What type of joint are the radiocarpal joints?
Synovial ellipsoid
332
Joints: What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
333
Joints: What 3 factors stabilse a joint?
Congruency - shape of the bone Ligaments and the capsule Muscle tone
334
Joints: If a joint is not stabilised what may occur? (2)
Subluxation Dislocation
335
Subluxation
Partial dislocation where the articular surfaces are displaced but still overlap
336
Dislocation
The articular surfaces no longer overlap at all
337
Synovial Fluid: Function
Fills the joint cavity
338
Synovial Fluid: What volume is in the knee?
3.5ml
339
Synovial Fluid: How is it replenished and absorbed?
Synovial membrane
340
Synovial Fluid: Consistency
High viscosity
341
Synovial Fluid: Why does it have high viscosity?
Presence of hyaluronic acid
342
Synovial Fluid: Contains what?
Uric acid
343
Synovial Fluid: What cells may be present?
Mononuclear leucocytes
344
Synovial Fluid: Normal appearance
Clear and colourless
345
Synovial Fluid: Examples of causes of red fluid (2)
Trauma Haemorrhagic arthritis
346
Synovial Fluid: Normal Fluid - Viscosity
High
347
Synovial Fluid: Normal Fluid - Colour
Clear
348
Synovial Fluid: Normal Fluid - Clarity
Transparent
349
Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory Fluid - Viscosity
Low
350
Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory Fluid - Colour
Yellow or Straw-coloured
351
Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory Fluid - WCC
2000-75000
352
Synovial Fluid: Septic Fluid - Clarity
Opaque
353
Synovial Fluid: Septic Fluid - WCC
>100,000
354
Joints: Lubrication is provided by what 3 things?
Cartilage Interstitial Fluid Synovium-derived Hyaluronic Acid Synovium-derived Lubricin
355
Joints: Functions of Synovial Fluid (4)
Lubricates the joint to facilitate movement Helps minimise wear and tear Aids the nutrition of articular cartilage Supplies chondrocytes with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste
356
Joints: Rapid movement is associated with what changes in synovial fluid?
Decreased viscosity Increased elasticity
357
Articular Cartilage: Function
Provides a low friction lubricated gliding surface to prevent wear and tear of joints
358
Articular Cartilage: Distributes contact pressure to where?
Sub-chondral bone
359
Articular Cartilage: What determines the mechanical properties?
Composition of cartilage ECM Interaction between the fluid and solid phase of cartilage
360
Articular Cartilage: 4 zones
Superficial Zone Middle Zone Deep Zone Calcified Zone
361
Articular Cartilage: What is the main type of collagen involved?
Type II
362
Articular Cartilage: Components
Hyaline Water Collagen Proteoglycans
363
Articular Cartilage: Water - Distribution
Uneven - highest at the articular surface
364
Articular Cartilage: Water - Impact with age
Decreases
365
Articular Cartilage: Water - Function
Maintain the resiliency of the tissue Contributes to the nutrition and lubrication of the cartilage
366
Articular Cartilage: Type II Collagen - Impact with age
Decreases
367
Articular Cartilage: Type II Collagen - Function
Maintains cartilage architecture to provide tensile stiffness and strength
368
Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Where is the highest concentration?
Middle and deep zones
369
Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Mainly composed of what?
Glycosaminoglycan e.g. chondroitin sulphate
370
Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Impact with age
Decreases
371
Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Function
Compressive properties associated with load bearing
372
Articular Cartilage: ECM - Synthesised, Organised and Degraded by what?
Chondrocytes
373
Articular Cartilage: ECM - How does it receive nutrients?
Avascular - relies on synovial fluid
374
Articular Cartilage: ECM - What degrades this?
Metalloproteinase Proteolytic Enzymes e.g. Collagenase and Stromyelysin
375
Articular Cartilage: ECM - Examples of Catabolic Factors
TNF-Alpha Interleukin-1
376
Articular Cartilage: ECM - Examples of Anabolic Factors
TGF-Beta IGF-1
377
Articular Cartilage: ECM - Function of catabolic factors
Stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis
378
Articular Cartilage: ECM - Function of anabolic factors
Stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteracts the effects of IL-1
379
Embryology: Bone is derived from what?
Mesoderm
380
Embryology: What is the connective tissue of limbs, bones and cartilage derived from?
The somatic mesoderm of the lateral plate mesoderm
381
Embryology: What are skeletal muscles derived from?
Myotome of the paraxial mesoderm
382
Embryology: What is the axial skeleton derived from?
Sclerotome of the Paraxial Mesoderm
383
Embryology: What is. theconnective tissue of the craniofacial structure derived from?
Neural crest that migrates into the pharyngeal arches
384
Embryology: Bone models are formed from what?
Condensations of mesenchymal cells
385
Embryology: Intra-membranrous ossification occurs where?
Mesenchyme that has formed a membranous sheath
386
Embryology: Inter-cartilginous ossification occurs where?
In pre-existing cartilaginous bone e.g. long bone
387
Embryology: When do joints form?
6-8 weeks
388
Embryology: When do joints resembkle adult joint?
8 week
389
Embryology: What are fibrous joints made from?
Interzonal mesenchyme between 2 bones that differentiates into fibrous tissue
390
Embryology: What are cartilaginous joint made from?
Interzonal mesenchyme that differentiates into hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
391
Embryology: How does the mesenchyme for synovial joints differentiate?
Peripheral - capsule and ligaments Centrally - disappears Adjacent to the fibrous capsule - Synovial membrane
392
Embryology: When do the bones for the appendicular skeleton form?
4-5 weeks
393
Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - How does it form hyaline cartilage?
Undergoes chondrification
394
Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - Regulated by what genes?
Homeobox-containing genes Sonic the hedgehog Genes
395
Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - Primary ossification site and time period
Diaphysis at 8-12 weeks
396
Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - Secondary ossification site and time period
Epiphysis from 12 weeks to beyong birth
397
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Formed from what?
Paraxial mesenchyme
398
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - What does the paraxial mesenchyme differentiate into?
Somites and the neural plate
399
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Two stages of vertebral development?
Cartilaginous stage Bony stage
400
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Time for cartilaginous stage of vertebral development
6th week
401
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - What occurs in the cartilaginous stage of vertebral development?
Chondrification of each mesenchymal vertebrae
402
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Time period for the bony stage of vertebral development?
Begins in the embryonic period
403
Embryology: Axial Skeleton - What happens in the bony stage of vertebral development?
Three primary centres of ossification exist at the end - one in the centrum and one in each half of the vertebral arch
404
Embryology: Limb Bud Rotation - Pre-axial phase
Portion of the limb bud moves cranial to the axis of rotation e.g. the radius
405
Embryology: Limb Bud Rotation - Post-axial phase
Portion of the limb bud moves caudal to the axis of rotation e.g. the ulna
406
The Spine: How many vertebral regions?
5
407
The Spine: Cervical Regions
C1-C7
408
The Spine: Thoracic Regions
T1-T12
409
The Spine: Lumbar Regions
L1-L5
410
The Spine: Sacral Regions
5 fused bones
411
The Spine: Coccyx Regions
4 fused bones
412
The Spine: Cervical Curvature
Convexes anteriorly
413
The Spine: Thoracic Curvature
Concaves anteriorly
414
The Spine: Lumbar Curvature
Convexes anteriorly
415
The Spine: Sacral Curvature
Concaves anteriorly
416
The Spine: Thoracic Kyphosis
Excessive forward curvature of the spine in the upper back
417
The Spine: Ankylosing Spondylitis
Inflammation of the spine causes a forward curvature of the spine
418
The Spine: Lumbar Lordosis
Lumbar regions become excessivley curved
419
The Spine: Scoliosis
Lateral or coronal deviation of the spine
420
The Spine: Cervical Vertebrae - 5 typical features
Vertebral body Transverse processes Superior and Inferior Vertebral Notches Triangular vertebral foramen Short bifid spinous process
421
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - Structure of the vertebral body
Small and kidney-shaped with spinous processes
422
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What does the vertebral foramen contain?
Cauda equina
423
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What is the lamina?
The region around the foramen of the vertebral body
424
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - 3 transverse processes
Foramina transversaria Anterior tubercles Posterior tubercles
425
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What runs through the foramina transversaria?
Vertebral arteries and veins
426
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What does the superior vertebral notch become?
Intervertebral foramen when articulating with the vertebrae above
427
The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What does the inferior vertebral notch become?
Intervertebral foramen when articulating with the vertebrae below
428
The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - Name for C1
Atlas
429
The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - Hallmark
No body or spinous processes
430
The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - What enters this?
Dens odontoid process via the small foramen
431
The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - What holds the dens odontoid process in place?
Transverse ligament
432
The Spine: C2 Cervical Vertebrae - Name
Axis
433
The Spine: C2 Cervical Vertebrae - Hallmark
Dens odontoid process
434
The Spine: C7 Cervical Vertebrae - Name
Vertebrae prominens
435
The Spine: C7 Cervical Vertebrae - Hallmark
Long prominent spinous process
436
The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - 3 key features
Vertebral body Transverse processes Long downward sloping spinous process
437
The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - Features of vertebral body (2)
Heart-shaped Increase in size inferiorly
438
The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - What are the name and features of the transverse processes?
Costal facets - broad and horizontal
439
The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - Articulate to what?
Ribs
440
The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - How do they articulate to the ribs?
Costal facets and tubercle of the bone
441
The Spine: Lumbar Vertebrae - 4 main features
Vertebral body Transverse processes Small triangular vertebral foramen Large horizontal spinous processes
442
The Spine: Pars Interarticularis
Spaces in between the facet joints
443
Sponylolisthesis
Displacement of the facet joints
444
Spinal Muscles: How many layers?
3
445
Spinal Muscles: Extrinsic Muscles of the back
Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid Major and Minor Latissimus dorsi
446
Spinal Muscles: Intrinsic muscles of the back
Splenius Erector spinae Transversospinalis Semispinalis Multifidus
447
Spinal Muscles: What are the three erector spinae muscles?
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
448
Spinal Muscles: Erector spinae pass from where?
Sacrum
449
Spinal Muscles: Longissimus passes from the sacrum to where?
Skull
450
Spinal Muscles: Iliocostals passes from the sacrum to where?
Ribs
451
The Spine: What type of joints are intervertebral joints?
Fibrocartilaginous joint
452
The Spine: What type of joints are face joints
Zygapophyseal (Synovial Plane) joint
453
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Outer structure
Annulus fibrous
454
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Outer structure
Annulus fibrous
455
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Inner structure
Gelatinous nucleus pulposus
456
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Purpose of gelatinous nucleus pulposus
Pushes against the annulus to resist compression
457
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints Ligaments - 6 types of ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligaments Posterior longitudinal ligaments Intertransverse ligaments Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum Flava
458
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints Ligaments - Supraspinous ligament thickens into what?
Ligamentum nuchae in the neck
459
The Spine: Intervertebral Joints Ligaments - Ligamentum Flava
Yellow ligaments connecting the ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
460
The Spine: Cervical Facet Joints - What way does the superior joint face?
Posterosuperior
461
The Spine: Cervical Facet Joints - What way does the inferior joint face?
Anteroinferior
462
The Spine: Thoracic Facet Joints - What way does the Superior joint face?
Posterolateral
463
The Spine: Thoracic Facet Joints - What way does the Inferior Joint face?
Anteromedial
464
The Spine: Lumbar Facet Joints - What way does the Superior Joint face?
Medially
465
The Spine: Lumbar Facet Joints - What way does the Inferior Joint face?
Laterally
466
The Spine: Lumbar Facet Joints - What do these allow?
Rotate

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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