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Musculoskeletal System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of Upper Limbs (6)

A

Axilla
Brachium - arm
Cubital Fossa - elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

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2
Q

Divisions of Lower Limbs (6)

A

Inguinal region
Thigh
Popliteal fossa - knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

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3
Q

Fascia: Superficial fascia is what type of tissue?

A

Subcutaneous

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4
Q

Fascia: Superficial Fascia - Provides the most storage for what?

A

Fat

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5
Q

Fascia: Superficial Fascia - Thicker in what region?

A

Gluteal region

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6
Q

Fascia: Superficial Fascia - Main two components

A

Loose connective tissue
Fat

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7
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Covers what?

A

Most of the body deep to the skin and superficial fascia

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8
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Where is this thin?

A

The face

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9
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Appearance

A

White and glowing

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10
Q

Fascia: Deep Fascia - Function

A

Divides limbs into compartments via investing muscles to form intermuscular septa

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11
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where to apply pressure to limit blood loss in the neck?

A

Bifurcation of the common carotid artery

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12
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where to apply pressure to limit blood loss in the upper limb?

A

Brachial artery
Radial artery

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13
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where to apply pressure to limit blood loss in the lower limb?

A

Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery

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14
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Within the cubital fossa the brachial artery bifurcates into what?

A

Radial artery
Ulnar artery

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15
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Within the popliteal fossa the popliteal artery bifurcates into what?

A

Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery

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16
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Subclavian artery passes into what?

A

Axillary artery

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17
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Axillary artery passes into what?

A

Brachial artery

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18
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Brachial artery passes into what?

A

Deep brachial artery

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19
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep brachial artery passes into what?

A

Radial artery and Ulnar artery

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20
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Radial and Ulnar arteries pass into what?

A

Deep and superficial palmar arches

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21
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep and superficial palmar arteries pass into what?

A

Metacarpal and digital arteries

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22
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: External iliac artery passes into what?

A

Deep femoral artery

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23
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep femoral artery passes into what?

A

Femoral artery

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24
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Femoral artery passes into what?

A

Popliteal artery

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25
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Popliteal artery bifurcates into what?

A

Anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery

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26
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Arteries of the foot

A

Dorsalis pedis artery
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
Arcuate artery and plantar arch
Metatarsal and digital arteries

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27
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Where do superficial veins run?

A

Superficial fascia

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28
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Superficial veins drain into what?

A

Deeps veins via piercing the deep fascia

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29
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: What are the two superficial veins of the upper limb?

A

Cephalic vein
Basilic vein

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30
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Location of cephalic vein on upper limb

A

Lateral

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31
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Location of basilic vein on upper limb

A

Medial

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32
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Cephalic Vein - Arises from what?

A

Dorsal venous network

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33
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Cephalic Vein - Travels through what anatomical landmark?

A

Delta Pectoral Groove

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34
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Cephalic Vein - Drains into what?

A

Axillary vein

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35
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Basillic Vein - Arises from where?

A

Dorsal venous network

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36
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Basillic Vein - Drains into what?

A

Brachial vein

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37
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Basillic Vein and Cephalic Vein are joined by what?

A

Median cubital vein

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38
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: What superficial vein is used for venipuncture?

A

Median cubital vein

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39
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: What variant of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa is present in 20% of the population?

A

Median vein of the forearm

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40
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?

A

Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein

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41
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Great Saphenous Vein - Arises from what?

A

Medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch

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42
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Great Saphenous Vein - Travels down what aspect of the leg?

A

Medial aspect

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43
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Great Saphenous Vein - Drains into what?

A

Femoral vein

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44
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Small Saphenous Vein - Arises from what?

A

Dorsal venous arch at the lateral aspect

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45
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Small Saphenous Vein - Travels down what aspect of the leg?

A

Posterior midline

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46
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Small Saphenous Vein - Drains into what?

A

Popliteal vein posterior to the knee

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47
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep Veins - Where do these run?

A

Deep to the deep fascia

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48
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: Deep Veins - Which two veins are not bilateral?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

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49
Q

Blood Supply of the Limbs: How does blood flow from superficial veins into deep veins?

A

Via perforating veins

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50
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Those of the upper limb arise from where?

A

Plexuses in the fingers and hand

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51
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Those of the upper limbs follow what?

A

Cephalic and basilic veins

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52
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Basilic lymphatics drain into what?

A

Cubital lymph nodes and then lateral axillary nodes

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53
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial Lymphatics - Cephalic lymphatics drain into what?

A

Into the apical axillary lymph nodes

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54
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: The deep lymphatics of the upper limb follow what?

A

Deep veins

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55
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: The deep lymphatics of the upper limb drain into what?

A

Lateral axillary lymph nodes

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56
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: All axillary lymph nodes drain into what?

A

Subclavian lymphatics

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57
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Lymphatics of the lower limbs follow what?

A

Veins

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58
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial lymphatics of the lower limb follow what?

A

Saphenous veins

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59
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Superficial lymphatics of the lower limb drain into what?

A

External iliac or deep inguinal nodes

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60
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Deep lymphatics of the lower limb follow what?

A

Deep veins of the lower limbs

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61
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: Deep lymphatics of the lower limb drain into what?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes and then the inguinal nodes

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62
Q

Lymphatics of the Limbs: The external iliac lymph nodes drain into what?

A

Common iliac lymph nodes then the lumbar lymphatics

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63
Q

Ischaemia

A

Inadequate oxygenation of cells, tissues and organs due to an interruption to blood supply

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64
Q

Causes of reduced arterial perfusion pressure (5)

A

Left ventricular failure
Arterial bleed - injury or aneurysm rupture
Occlusion of the lumen
Arterial spasm
External compression of arterial supply

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65
Q

Causes of increased venous drainage (3)

A

Congestive Cardiac Failure
DVT
External compression e.g. due to a tumour

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66
Q

What is the impact of increased venous drainage pressure?

A

Causes back pressure into the capillary bed and arteriole to prevent normal arterial in-flow

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67
Q

Venous Ulceration: Initiating factor

A

Increased venous pressure causes damage to blood vessels of the skin

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68
Q

Venous Ulceration: Initial presentation

A

Skin becomes dry, itchy and inflamed that cannot heal due to poor blood supply

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69
Q

Venous Ulceration: Where do these establish?

A

In the territory of the great and small saphenous veins

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70
Q

Venous Ulceration: Most common site

A

Gaiter area on the medial area of the lower leg

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71
Q

Components of the Lower Limb (6)

A

Inguinal region
Thigh
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

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72
Q

Lower Limb: Extends from where?

A

The pelvis

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73
Q

Lower Limb: Types of Fascia

A

Fascia lata
Crural Fascia

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74
Q

Lower Limb: Fascia lata

A

Fascia on the thigh

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75
Q

Lower Limb: Crural Fascia

A

Fascia on the lower leg

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76
Q

Lower Limb: Iliotibial Tract/Band

A

Thickened part of the fascia that inserts into the ileum superiorly and the tibia inferiorly

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77
Q

Lower Limb: Investing Fascia

A

Fascia that extends internally to form compartments of individual muscles or groups of muscles via the intermuscular septum

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78
Q

Lower Limb: Muscles in compartments share what?

A

Action
Nerve supply

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79
Q

Lower Limb: Muscular compartments aid what?

A

Musculovenous pump

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80
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A

Increased pressure caused by swelling of the tissue or an increase in fluid of the compartment

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81
Q

Compartment Syndrome: Impacts of this

A

Affects the function of the muscles and nerves in the compartment

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82
Q

Compartment Syndrome: Best treatment

A

Fasciotomy

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83
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment flexors (3)

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius

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84
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment extensors

A

Quadriceps femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus medius

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85
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Nerves

A

All femoral nerves
Psoas Major

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86
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment Femoral nerve level

A

L2-L4

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87
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior compartment Psoas Major level

A

L1-L3

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88
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment adductors of the thigh

A

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis - short hed
Adductor magnus
Gracilis on the medial aspect
Obturator Externus

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89
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment nerve

A

All Orbturator Nerve

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90
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment Orbuturator Nerve level

A

L2-L4

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91
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial compartment what nerve supplies the hamstring component of the adductor magnus?

A

Tibial nerve

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92
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment Extensors and Flexors of the thigh

A

Semi-tendinosus
Semi-membranosus
Biceps femoris

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93
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment - Why is the biceps femoris not a true hamstring muscle? (3)

A

Does not have the same attachment point to the ischial tuberosity
Cannot extend the thigh
Alternate nervous supply

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94
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment - Where does the biceps femoris attach?

A

Directly to the femur

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95
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment nerve supply

A

All tibial divisions of the sciatic nerve
Common fibular division

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96
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment Level of the Tibial divisions of the sciatic nerve

A

L5, S1 and S2

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97
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior compartment - What supplies the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

Common fibular division

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98
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Dorsiflexors of the ankles and extensors of the toes

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucinate longus
Fibularis tertius

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99
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Nerve supply

A

All deep fibular nerves - branch of the common fibular nerve

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100
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Level of the deep fibular nerves

A

L4-L5

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101
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment muscles that evert the foot and weakly plantar flex the ankle

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

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102
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment Nerve Supply

A

All superficial fibular nerves

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103
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment Level of Superficial Fibular Nerves

A

L5, S1 and S2

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104
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Superficial Group muscles that are plantarflexors of the ankle

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus - deep to the gastrocnemius
Plantaris

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105
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Nerve supply to the superficial group

A

All tibial nerves

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106
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Level of Tibial nerves of superficial group

A

S1-S2

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107
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment - What is the calcanea tendon formed of?

A

Tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus joined

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108
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Deep Group Muscles that allow flexion of the toes and plantar flexion of the ankle

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

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109
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Nerve supply of deep group

A

All tibial nerves

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110
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Function of muscles

A

Flex the thigh
Extend the thigh

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111
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Medial Compartment Function of muscles

A

Adduct the thigh

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112
Q

Lower Limb: Thigh Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment function of muscles

A

Extend the thigh
Flex the thigh

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113
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Anterior Compartment Function of Muscles

A

Dorsiflexors of the ankle
Extend the toes

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114
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Lateral Compartment Function of Muscles

A

Evert foot
Weakly plantar flex the ankle

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115
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Function of superficial muscles

A

Plantarflexors of the ankle

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116
Q

Lower Limb: Leg Muscle Compartments - Posterior Compartment Function of deep muscles

A

Flexors of the toes
Plantarflexors of the ankle

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117
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Femoral nerve level

A

L2-L4

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118
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What does the Femoral Nerve supply

A

Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius illiacus
Pectineus

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119
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of Sciatic Nerve

A

L4-S3

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120
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of the Tibial Part of the Sciatic Nerve

A

L4-S3

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121
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Tibial division of the Sciatic Nerve supplies what in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semi-membranous
Semi-tendinosus
Long head of the biceps femoris

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122
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Tibial part of the Sciatic Nerve supplies what muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior

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123
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Tibial part of Sciatic Nerve Supplies what muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

Digitorum
Hallucis longus
All intrinsic muscles of the foot

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124
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What branches of the tibial nerve supplies the muscles?

A

Medial and Lateral plantar branches

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125
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of common fibular part of the tibial nerve?

A

L4-S2

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126
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What muscle does the common fibular part of the tibial nerve supply?

A

Short head of the biceps femoris

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127
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What muscle are supplied by the superficial branch of the common fibular nerve?

A

Lateral Compartment of the Leg - Fibularis longus and Brevis

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128
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What muscles are supplied by the deep branch of the common fibular nerve?

A

Anterior compartment of the Leg - Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucinate longus and fibulas tertius
Muscles of the dorsum of the foot - Extensor digitorum brevis and Extensor Hallucis Brevis

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129
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - Level of Obturator Nerve

A

L2-L4

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130
Q

Lower Limb: Motor Innervation - What nerves are supplied by the obturator nerve?

A

All the medial compartments of the thigh
All adductors - except the hamstring part of the magnus
Gracilis

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131
Q

Gluteus Region: Location

A

Posterior superior aspect of the lower limb

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132
Q

Gluteus Region: Superficial muscles (4)

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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133
Q

Gluteus Region: Function of superficial muscles

A

Extensors, Abductors and Medial Rotators of the Thigh

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134
Q

Gluteus Region: Nervous Supply

A

Innervated by gluteal nerves

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135
Q

Gluteus Region: What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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136
Q

Gluteus Region: What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Gluteus maximus

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137
Q

Gluteus Region: What nerve supplies the muscles of the gluteus region except the gluteus maximus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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138
Q

Gluteus Region: Impact of damage to the superior gluteal nerve

A

Causes Trendelenburg Gait

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139
Q

Trendelenburg’s Gait

A

Pelvis drops on dysfunctional side

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140
Q

Gluteus Region: Deep Muscle Group (4)

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris

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141
Q

Gluteus Region: Function of deep muscles

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip joint stabilisers

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142
Q

Gluteus Region: Nervous supply to deep muscles

A

Sacral plexus

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143
Q

Gluteus Region: Nerve route

A

Nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum via the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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144
Q

Gluteus Region: What forms the sciatic foramens?

A

Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous Ligaments

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145
Q

Gluteus Region: What nerves travel through the gluteal region? (3)

A

Sciatic - L4-S3
Pudendal - S2-S4 (S 2 3 4 Keeps the pelvis off the floor)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh - S1-S3

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146
Q

Gluteus Region: Level of the Pudendal nerve

A

S2-S4

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147
Q

Gluteus Region: Level of the Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

S1-S3

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148
Q

Gluteus Region: What does the pudendal nerve primarily supply?

A

Perineum

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149
Q

Gluteus Region: What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?

A

Skin over the posterior thigh
Popliteal fossa
Lateral perineum
Upper medial thigh

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150
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic Nerve

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151
Q

Gluteus Region: Where does the sciatic nerve lie?

A

Deep to the prominent part of the gluteal region

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152
Q

Gluteus Region: Where does the sciatic nerve exit?

A

Inferior to the piriformis

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153
Q

Gluteus Region: What does the Sciatic Nerve divide into?

A

Tibial nerve - medial
Common fibular nerve - lateral

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154
Q

Gluteus Region: What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin of the leg

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155
Q

Gluteus Region: Where are injections inserted in the gluteal region to avoid the sciatic nerve?

A

Superior lateral quadrant

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156
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Location

A

Anterior Superior Part of the Thigh

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157
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Superior boundary

A

Inguinal ligament

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158
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Medial border

A

Adductor longus

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159
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Lateral border

A

Sartorius

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160
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Floor of the triangle

A

Iliopsoas and Pectineus

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161
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Roof of the triangle

A

Fascia lata (deep fascia)

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162
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Order of contents of triangle from lateral to medial

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
lYmphatics

NAVY ACRONYM

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163
Q

The Femoral Triangle: Femoral Sheath route

A

Passes deep to the inguinal ligament to allow femoral vessels to move within it

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164
Q

The Femoral Triangle: What is the femoral sheath formed of?

A

Connective tissue

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165
Q

Hip Joint: What type of joint is this?

A

Synovial Ball and Socket Joint

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166
Q

Hip Joint: What is the ball of this joint?

A

Head of the femur

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167
Q

Hip Joint: What is the socket of this joint?

A

Acetabulum

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168
Q

Hip Joint: What movements are enabled by this joint?

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial-lateral Rotation
Circumduction

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169
Q

Hip Joint: Two layers of the joint

A

External fibrous layer
Internal synovial membrane layer

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170
Q

Hip Joint: What does the thick part of fibrous layer of the joint capsule form?

A

Ligaments

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171
Q

Hip Joint: 3 ligaments formed from the thick part of the joint capsule

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

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172
Q

Hip Joint: What is the ligament called that goes to the head of the femur?

A

Ligamentum teres

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173
Q

Hip Joint: Function of the ligamentum teres?

A

Attaches the head of the femur and acetabulum internally

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174
Q

Hip Joint: Where is the blood vessel?

A

Folded within the synovium

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175
Q

Hip Joint: Where do the ligaments attach to?

A

Intertrochanteric line

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176
Q

Hip Joint: What supplies the joint?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

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177
Q

Hip Joint: Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries arise from what?

A

Deep femoral artery

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178
Q

Hip Joint: Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off what?

A

Retinacular arteries

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179
Q

Hip Joint: Where does the artery to the head of the femur come from?

A

Branch of the obturator

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180
Q

Hip Joint: Where does the artery to the head of the femur travel through?

A

The ligament to the head of the femur

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181
Q

Hip Joint: Passive Stability of the Hip Joint - What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Fibrocartilaginous rim along the margin of the acetabulum

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182
Q

Hip Joint: Flexor Muscles

A

Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae latae
Rectus femoris
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus - anterior part

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183
Q

Hip Joint: Adductor Muscles

A

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obturator externus

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184
Q

Hip Joint: Lateral Rotator Muscles

A

Obturator externus
Obturator internus
Gerrellis
Piriformis
Quadratus femoris
Gluteus maximus

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185
Q

Hip Joint: Extensor Muscles

A

Hamstrings - semi-tendinosus, semi-membranosus and long head of the biceps femoris
Adductor magnus - posterior part
Gluteus maximus

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186
Q

Hip Joint: Abductor Muscles

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae

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187
Q

Hip Joint: Medial Rotators

A

Gluteus medius - anterior part
Gluteus minimus - anterior part
Tensor fasciae latae

188
Q

Posterior Hip Dislocation is typically involved with what?

A

Traumatic event where the hip is in a flexed, adducted and medially rotated position

189
Q

What happens during a posterior hip dislocation?

A

The head of the femur is driven posteriorly out of the acetabulum

190
Q

Hip Joint: Origin of Sciatic Nerve

A

L4-S3

191
Q

Hip Joint: Runs posterior to what?

A

Acetabulum at the level of the ischium

192
Q

Hip Joint: Abduction - Origin of the Gluteus Medius

A

Between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines of the ilium

193
Q

Hip Joint: Abduction - Location of the Gluteus Minimus

A

Between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines of the ilium

194
Q

Hip Joint: Where do the gluteus medius and minimus insert on the femur?

A

Anterior surface of the greater trochanter

195
Q

Hip Joint: Superior Gluteal Nerve - Origin

A

L4-S1 anterior rami

196
Q

Hip Joint: Superior Gluteal Nerve - Exit from the pelvic cavity

A

Via the greater sciatic foramen - superior to the piriformis

197
Q

Hip Joint: Superior Gluteal Nerve - Passes between what muscles?

A

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius

198
Q

Knee Joint: 3 articulations

A

2 Femerotibial articulations
1 Femeropatellar articulations

199
Q

Knee Joint: Main movement

A

Flexion and Extension

200
Q

Knee Joint: Type of Joint

A

Synovial hinge joint

201
Q

Knee Joint: Two layers of joint

A

External fibrous layer
Internal membranous layer

202
Q

Knee Joint: Extracapsular ligaments

A

Patellar ligament
Lateral or Fibular Collateral Ligament
Medial or Tibial Collateral Ligament

203
Q

Knee Joint: Intra-articular Joint

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament

204
Q

Knee Joint: How many menisci are there?

A

2 - medial and lateral

205
Q

Popliteal Fossa: Location

A

Posterior to the knee

206
Q

Popliteal Fossa: Superolateral boundary

A

Biceps femoris

207
Q

Popliteal Fossa: Superomedial boundary

A

Semi-membranosus

208
Q

Popliteal Fossa: Inferior border

A

Gastrocnemius

209
Q

Popliteal Fossa: Roof

A

Popliteal fascia

210
Q

Popliteal Fossa: Nerves of this area

A

Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerves

211
Q

Calcaneal Tendon: Alternate name

A

Achilles Tendon

212
Q

Calcaneal Tendon: Attaches to what?

A

Calcanea tuberosity of the calcaneus bone

213
Q

Calcaneal Tendon: What tests the S1 and S2 nerve roots?

A

Ankle Jerk Reflex

214
Q

Calcaneal Tendon: What is it formed of?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus tendons

215
Q

Lymphatics of the Lower Limb: Superficial lymphatics follow what?

A

Great saphenous veins

216
Q

Lymphatics of the Lower Limb: Superficial lymphatics drain into what?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes then the external iliac lymph nodes

217
Q

Lymphatics of the Lower Limb: Examples of Deep Lymphatics

A

Popliteal lymph nodes
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
External iliac lymph nodes

218
Q

Femoral Shaft Fractures: Mechanism

A

Displaced by muscular contraction

219
Q

Femoral Shaft Fractures: Impact

A

Causes rotation with shortening

220
Q

Ottawa Foot and Ankle Rules

A

Determines whether an X-Ray is needed for a fracture

221
Q

Maisonneuve Fracture

A

Separation of the distal tibia and fibula causes rupture of the tibiofibular syndesmosis

222
Q

Foot Drop

A

Dysfunction of the anterior compartment musculature - to give high stoppage and a foot slap

223
Q

Upper Limb: Components

A

Axilla
Brachium
Cubital Fossa
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

224
Q

Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Muscles

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

225
Q

Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Actions

A

Flexion of the arm and forearm

226
Q

Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Action of Biceps Brachii

A

Supination of the forearm

227
Q

Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Arterial blood supply

A

Brachial artery

228
Q

Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Venous blood supply

A

Brachial vein

229
Q

Upper Arm: Anterior Compartment - Nervous supply

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

230
Q

Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Muscles

A

Triceps brachii

231
Q

Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Action

A

Extension of the forearm and arm

232
Q

Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Arterial blood supply

A

Profunda brachii artery and the ulnar collateral artery

233
Q

Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Venous blood supply

A

Profunda brachii vein

234
Q

Upper Arm: Posterior Compartment - Nervous supply

A

Radial nerve

235
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Superficial layer muscles

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus

236
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Intermediate layer muscles

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

237
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Deep layer muscles

A

Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus

238
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Actions (3)

A

Flexion of the wrist and digits
Abduction and Adduction of the wrist
Pronation of the forearm

239
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Arterial blood supply

A

Radial and Ulnar Arteries

240
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Venous Blood Supply

A

Venae Comitantes

241
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Nerve supply

A

Median and Ulnar Nerves

242
Q

Forearm: Anterior Compartment - Half of the flexor digitorum profundus gains nerve supply from what?

A

The ulnar nerve

243
Q

Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Superficial Layer Muscles

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Anconeus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digiti minimi

244
Q

Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Deep Layer Muscles

A

Supinator
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis

245
Q

Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Actions

A

Extension of the wrist and digits
Abduction and Adduction of the wrist
Supination of the forearm

246
Q

Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Arterial Blood Supply

A

Interosseous Artery

247
Q

Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Venous Blood Supply

A

Venae Comitantes

248
Q

Forearm: Posterior Compartment - Nerve Supply

A

Radial Nerve

249
Q

The Hand: Thenar Eminence - Muscles

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

250
Q

The Hand: Thenar Eminence - Nerve innervation

A

Median Nerve

251
Q

The Hand: Thenar Eminence - In what condition is the median nerve impacted?

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

252
Q

The Hand: Hypothenar Eminence - Muscles

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

253
Q

The Hand: Hypothenar Eminence - Nerve supply

A

Ulnar nerve

254
Q

The Hand: Lumbricals - Arterial Blood Supply

A

Deep and Superficial Palmar Arches

255
Q

The Hand: What are the muscles of the hand supplied by the median nerve? (4)

A

Lumbricals - Medial 2
Opponens Pollicis
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis

LOAF ACRONYM

256
Q

The Hand: Interossei - 2 types

A

Palmar Interossei
Dorsal Interossei

257
Q

The Hand: Interossei - Function of Palmar Interossei

A

Adduction of digits

258
Q

The Hand: Interossei - Function of Dorsal Interossei

A

Abduction of digits

259
Q

The Hand: Interossei - Nerve supply

A

Ulnar nerve

260
Q

The Elbow: 2 ligaments

A

Lateral Radial Collateral Ligament
Annular Ligament

261
Q

The Elbow: Attachment points for Lateral Radial Collateral Ligament

A

Attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and annular ligament

262
Q

The Elbow: Function and Mechanism of Action of Annular Ligament

A

Stabilises the proximal radio-ulnar joint by holding the radius against the radial notch of the ulna

263
Q

The Hand: 4 joints of the distal hand

A

DIP - Distal Interphalangeal Joint
PIP - Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
MPJ - Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Carpometacarpal Joint

264
Q

The Elbow: What types of joint are the PIP and DIP?

A

Synovial Hinge

265
Q

The Elbow: What type of joint is the MPJ?

A

Synovial Condyloid

266
Q

The Elbow: What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint?

A

Synovial saddle

267
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Muscles Involved

A

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Rhomboid Minor and Major
Pectoralis Major and Minor
Serratus Anterior
Levator scapulae
Deltoid
Teres Major and Minor

268
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Trapezius

A

CN XI - Spinal Accessory Nerve

269
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal Nerve

270
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Rhomboid Minor and Major

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

271
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Pectoralis Major

A

Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves

272
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Pectoralis Minor

A

Medial Pectoral Nerve

273
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Serratus Anterior

A

Long Thoracic Nerve

274
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of Levator Scapulae

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

275
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Deltoid

A

Axillary Nerve

276
Q

Shoulder Girdle: Innervation of the Teres Major

A

Lower sub-scapular nerve

277
Q

The Rotator Cuff

A

Group of muscles found anterior, superior and posterior to the shoulder joint

278
Q

The Rotator Cuff: How does the shoulder have such a wide range of movement?

A

The ligaments are relaxed

279
Q

The Rotator Cuff: Function

A

Core stabiliser of the joint - resists the displacement of the humeral head

280
Q

The Rotator Cuff: How are muscle fibres orientated?

A

Obliquely

281
Q

The Rotator Cuff: What is the function of muscle fibres running obliquely?

A

Hold the head in the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula in all positions of the joint

282
Q

The Rotator Cuff: Muscles of the Great Tuberosity

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor

283
Q

The Rotator Cuff: Muscles of the Lesser Tuberosity

A

Subscapularis

284
Q

The Brachial Plexus

A

Nerve plexus that supplies the sensory and motor branches to the shoulder region and the whole of the upper limb

285
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Origin

A

Anterior rami of C5-T1

286
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Branch pathway

A

Passes through the axilla to the medial arm

287
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Superior Trunk Root

A

C5 and C6

288
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Middle Trunk Root

A

C7

289
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Inferior Trunk Root

A

C8 and T1

290
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Cords - The posterior cord is formed from what?

A

3 posterior divisions

291
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Cords - What forms the lateral cord?

A

Anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks

292
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Cords - What forms the medial cord?

A

Anterior divisions of the inferior trunk

293
Q

The Brachial Plexus: What are the 5 branches?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve

294
Q

The Brachial Plexus: The musculocutaneous nerve is a branch of what?

A

The lateral cord

295
Q

The Brachial Plexus: The median nerve is a branch of what?

A

Contributions of the medial and lateral cords

296
Q

The Brachial Plexus: The ulnar nerve is a branch of what?

A

Medial cord

297
Q

The Brachial Plexus: The axillary nerve is a branch of what?

A

Posterior cord

298
Q

The Brachial Plexus: The radial nerve is a branch of what?

A

Posterior cord

299
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the C5 Root

A

Serves the dorsal scapular

300
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Upper Trunk

A

Serves the suprascapular and nerve to the subclavius

301
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Lateral Cord

A

Serves the lateral pectoral

302
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Posterior Cord

A

Serves the upper subscapular, thoracodorsal and lower subscapular

303
Q

The Brachial Plexus: Minor Branches - Function of the Anterior Cord

A

Serves the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and the medial pectoral

304
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Osteofascial tunnel between the carpal bones and. theinextensible flexor retinaculum (palmar ligament)

305
Q

Carpal Tunnel: What travels through this?

A

The median nerve

306
Q

Carpal Tunnel: Formed by what?

A

Flexor retinaculum
Carpal bones

307
Q

Carpal Tunnel: Contents (4)

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis x 4
Flexor Digitorum Profundus x 4
Flexor Pollicis Longus x 1
Median Nerve

308
Q

Joints: 3 types of joint

A

Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

309
Q

Joints: Diarthosis

A

Synovial Joint

310
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Bones are separated by what?

A

A cavity containing synovial fluid united by. afibrous capsule, ligaments, tendons and bursae

311
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Inner aspect of the fibrous capsule

A

Lined by synovial membrane

312
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Synovial Membrane

A

Vascular connective tissue with capillary networks and lymphatics that contains synovial cells (fibroblasts) that produce synovial fluid

313
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Articular surfacesof bones are covered with what?

A

Cartilage

314
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Simple Joint

A

One pair of articular surfaces

315
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Example of Simple Synovial Joint

A

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

316
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Compound Joint

A

More than one pair of articular surfaces

317
Q

Joints: Synovial Joint - Example of a compound synovial joint

A

Elbow joint

318
Q

Joints: Synarthrosis

A

Fibrous Joint

319
Q

Joints: Fibrous Joint - Example

A

Skull of Adults

320
Q

Joints: Fibrous Joint - Bones are united by what?

A

Fibrous tissue

321
Q

Joints: Fibrous Joint - Main characteristic

A

Restricted movement of joint

322
Q

Joints: Ampiarthrosis

A

Cartilaginous Joint

323
Q

Joints: Cartilaginous Joint - Examples (4)

A

Intervertebral Discs
Pubic Symphysis
Sacroiliac joints
Costochondral Joints

324
Q

Joints: Function (4)

A

Structural support
Purposeful motion
Stress distribution
Confers stability

325
Q

Joints: At what joints does pronation and supination occur?

A

Proximal and distal radioulnar joints

326
Q

Joints: What occurs to the radius and ulna during pronation?

A

The radius moves over the ulna

327
Q

Joints: What type of joint is a acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane

328
Q

Joints: What type of joint is a glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

329
Q

Joints: What type of joint is an elbow joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

330
Q

Joints: What type of joint are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

Synovial pivot

331
Q

Joints: What type of joint are the radiocarpal joints?

A

Synovial ellipsoid

332
Q

Joints: What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane

333
Q

Joints: What 3 factors stabilse a joint?

A

Congruency - shape of the bone
Ligaments and the capsule
Muscle tone

334
Q

Joints: If a joint is not stabilised what may occur? (2)

A

Subluxation
Dislocation

335
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation where the articular surfaces are displaced but still overlap

336
Q

Dislocation

A

The articular surfaces no longer overlap at all

337
Q

Synovial Fluid: Function

A

Fills the joint cavity

338
Q

Synovial Fluid: What volume is in the knee?

A

3.5ml

339
Q

Synovial Fluid: How is it replenished and absorbed?

A

Synovial membrane

340
Q

Synovial Fluid: Consistency

A

High viscosity

341
Q

Synovial Fluid: Why does it have high viscosity?

A

Presence of hyaluronic acid

342
Q

Synovial Fluid: Contains what?

A

Uric acid

343
Q

Synovial Fluid: What cells may be present?

A

Mononuclear leucocytes

344
Q

Synovial Fluid: Normal appearance

A

Clear and colourless

345
Q

Synovial Fluid: Examples of causes of red fluid (2)

A

Trauma
Haemorrhagic arthritis

346
Q

Synovial Fluid: Normal Fluid - Viscosity

A

High

347
Q

Synovial Fluid: Normal Fluid - Colour

A

Clear

348
Q

Synovial Fluid: Normal Fluid - Clarity

A

Transparent

349
Q

Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory Fluid - Viscosity

A

Low

350
Q

Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory Fluid - Colour

A

Yellow or Straw-coloured

351
Q

Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory Fluid - WCC

A

2000-75000

352
Q

Synovial Fluid: Septic Fluid - Clarity

A

Opaque

353
Q

Synovial Fluid: Septic Fluid - WCC

A

> 100,000

354
Q

Joints: Lubrication is provided by what 3 things?

A

Cartilage Interstitial Fluid
Synovium-derived Hyaluronic Acid
Synovium-derived Lubricin

355
Q

Joints: Functions of Synovial Fluid (4)

A

Lubricates the joint to facilitate movement
Helps minimise wear and tear
Aids the nutrition of articular cartilage
Supplies chondrocytes with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste

356
Q

Joints: Rapid movement is associated with what changes in synovial fluid?

A

Decreased viscosity
Increased elasticity

357
Q

Articular Cartilage: Function

A

Provides a low friction lubricated gliding surface to prevent wear and tear of joints

358
Q

Articular Cartilage: Distributes contact pressure to where?

A

Sub-chondral bone

359
Q

Articular Cartilage: What determines the mechanical properties?

A

Composition of cartilage ECM
Interaction between the fluid and solid phase of cartilage

360
Q

Articular Cartilage: 4 zones

A

Superficial Zone
Middle Zone
Deep Zone
Calcified Zone

361
Q

Articular Cartilage: What is the main type of collagen involved?

A

Type II

362
Q

Articular Cartilage: Components

A

Hyaline
Water
Collagen
Proteoglycans

363
Q

Articular Cartilage: Water - Distribution

A

Uneven - highest at the articular surface

364
Q

Articular Cartilage: Water - Impact with age

A

Decreases

365
Q

Articular Cartilage: Water - Function

A

Maintain the resiliency of the tissue
Contributes to the nutrition and lubrication of the cartilage

366
Q

Articular Cartilage: Type II Collagen - Impact with age

A

Decreases

367
Q

Articular Cartilage: Type II Collagen - Function

A

Maintains cartilage architecture to provide tensile stiffness and strength

368
Q

Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Where is the highest concentration?

A

Middle and deep zones

369
Q

Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Mainly composed of what?

A

Glycosaminoglycan e.g. chondroitin sulphate

370
Q

Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Impact with age

A

Decreases

371
Q

Articular Cartilage: Proteoglycan - Function

A

Compressive properties associated with load bearing

372
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - Synthesised, Organised and Degraded by what?

A

Chondrocytes

373
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - How does it receive nutrients?

A

Avascular - relies on synovial fluid

374
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - What degrades this?

A

Metalloproteinase Proteolytic Enzymes e.g. Collagenase and Stromyelysin

375
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - Examples of Catabolic Factors

A

TNF-Alpha
Interleukin-1

376
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - Examples of Anabolic Factors

A

TGF-Beta
IGF-1

377
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - Function of catabolic factors

A

Stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

378
Q

Articular Cartilage: ECM - Function of anabolic factors

A

Stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteracts the effects of IL-1

379
Q

Embryology: Bone is derived from what?

A

Mesoderm

380
Q

Embryology: What is the connective tissue of limbs, bones and cartilage derived from?

A

The somatic mesoderm of the lateral plate mesoderm

381
Q

Embryology: What are skeletal muscles derived from?

A

Myotome of the paraxial mesoderm

382
Q

Embryology: What is the axial skeleton derived from?

A

Sclerotome of the Paraxial Mesoderm

383
Q

Embryology: What is. theconnective tissue of the craniofacial structure derived from?

A

Neural crest that migrates into the pharyngeal arches

384
Q

Embryology: Bone models are formed from what?

A

Condensations of mesenchymal cells

385
Q

Embryology: Intra-membranrous ossification occurs where?

A

Mesenchyme that has formed a membranous sheath

386
Q

Embryology: Inter-cartilginous ossification occurs where?

A

In pre-existing cartilaginous bone e.g. long bone

387
Q

Embryology: When do joints form?

A

6-8 weeks

388
Q

Embryology: When do joints resembkle adult joint?

A

8 week

389
Q

Embryology: What are fibrous joints made from?

A

Interzonal mesenchyme between 2 bones that differentiates into fibrous tissue

390
Q

Embryology: What are cartilaginous joint made from?

A

Interzonal mesenchyme that differentiates into hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

391
Q

Embryology: How does the mesenchyme for synovial joints differentiate?

A

Peripheral - capsule and ligaments
Centrally - disappears
Adjacent to the fibrous capsule - Synovial membrane

392
Q

Embryology: When do the bones for the appendicular skeleton form?

A

4-5 weeks

393
Q

Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - How does it form hyaline cartilage?

A

Undergoes chondrification

394
Q

Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - Regulated by what genes?

A

Homeobox-containing genes
Sonic the hedgehog Genes

395
Q

Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - Primary ossification site and time period

A

Diaphysis at 8-12 weeks

396
Q

Embryology: Appendicular Skeleton - Secondary ossification site and time period

A

Epiphysis from 12 weeks to beyong birth

397
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Formed from what?

A

Paraxial mesenchyme

398
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - What does the paraxial mesenchyme differentiate into?

A

Somites and the neural plate

399
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Two stages of vertebral development?

A

Cartilaginous stage
Bony stage

400
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Time for cartilaginous stage of vertebral development

A

6th week

401
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - What occurs in the cartilaginous stage of vertebral development?

A

Chondrification of each mesenchymal vertebrae

402
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - Time period for the bony stage of vertebral development?

A

Begins in the embryonic period

403
Q

Embryology: Axial Skeleton - What happens in the bony stage of vertebral development?

A

Three primary centres of ossification exist at the end - one in the centrum and one in each half of the vertebral arch

404
Q

Embryology: Limb Bud Rotation - Pre-axial phase

A

Portion of the limb bud moves cranial to the axis of rotation e.g. the radius

405
Q

Embryology: Limb Bud Rotation - Post-axial phase

A

Portion of the limb bud moves caudal to the axis of rotation e.g. the ulna

406
Q

The Spine: How many vertebral regions?

A

5

407
Q

The Spine: Cervical Regions

A

C1-C7

408
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Regions

A

T1-T12

409
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Regions

A

L1-L5

410
Q

The Spine: Sacral Regions

A

5 fused bones

411
Q

The Spine: Coccyx Regions

A

4 fused bones

412
Q

The Spine: Cervical Curvature

A

Convexes anteriorly

413
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Curvature

A

Concaves anteriorly

414
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Curvature

A

Convexes anteriorly

415
Q

The Spine: Sacral Curvature

A

Concaves anteriorly

416
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Kyphosis

A

Excessive forward curvature of the spine in the upper back

417
Q

The Spine: Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of the spine causes a forward curvature of the spine

418
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Lordosis

A

Lumbar regions become excessivley curved

419
Q

The Spine: Scoliosis

A

Lateral or coronal deviation of the spine

420
Q

The Spine: Cervical Vertebrae - 5 typical features

A

Vertebral body
Transverse processes
Superior and Inferior Vertebral Notches
Triangular vertebral foramen
Short bifid spinous process

421
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - Structure of the vertebral body

A

Small and kidney-shaped with spinous processes

422
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What does the vertebral foramen contain?

A

Cauda equina

423
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What is the lamina?

A

The region around the foramen of the vertebral body

424
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - 3 transverse processes

A

Foramina transversaria
Anterior tubercles
Posterior tubercles

425
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What runs through the foramina transversaria?

A

Vertebral arteries and veins

426
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What does the superior vertebral notch become?

A

Intervertebral foramen when articulating with the vertebrae above

427
Q

The Spine: Typical Cervical Vertebrae - What does the inferior vertebral notch become?

A

Intervertebral foramen when articulating with the vertebrae below

428
Q

The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - Name for C1

A

Atlas

429
Q

The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - Hallmark

A

No body or spinous processes

430
Q

The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - What enters this?

A

Dens odontoid process via the small foramen

431
Q

The Spine: C1 Cervical Vertebrae - What holds the dens odontoid process in place?

A

Transverse ligament

432
Q

The Spine: C2 Cervical Vertebrae - Name

A

Axis

433
Q

The Spine: C2 Cervical Vertebrae - Hallmark

A

Dens odontoid process

434
Q

The Spine: C7 Cervical Vertebrae - Name

A

Vertebrae prominens

435
Q

The Spine: C7 Cervical Vertebrae - Hallmark

A

Long prominent spinous process

436
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - 3 key features

A

Vertebral body
Transverse processes
Long downward sloping spinous process

437
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - Features of vertebral body (2)

A

Heart-shaped
Increase in size inferiorly

438
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - What are the name and features of the transverse processes?

A

Costal facets - broad and horizontal

439
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - Articulate to what?

A

Ribs

440
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Vertebrae - How do they articulate to the ribs?

A

Costal facets and tubercle of the bone

441
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Vertebrae - 4 main features

A

Vertebral body
Transverse processes
Small triangular vertebral foramen
Large horizontal spinous processes

442
Q

The Spine: Pars Interarticularis

A

Spaces in between the facet joints

443
Q

Sponylolisthesis

A

Displacement of the facet joints

444
Q

Spinal Muscles: How many layers?

A

3

445
Q

Spinal Muscles: Extrinsic Muscles of the back

A

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid Major and Minor
Latissimus dorsi

446
Q

Spinal Muscles: Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Splenius
Erector spinae
Transversospinalis
Semispinalis
Multifidus

447
Q

Spinal Muscles: What are the three erector spinae muscles?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

448
Q

Spinal Muscles: Erector spinae pass from where?

A

Sacrum

449
Q

Spinal Muscles: Longissimus passes from the sacrum to where?

A

Skull

450
Q

Spinal Muscles: Iliocostals passes from the sacrum to where?

A

Ribs

451
Q

The Spine: What type of joints are intervertebral joints?

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint

452
Q

The Spine: What type of joints are face joints

A

Zygapophyseal (Synovial Plane) joint

453
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Outer structure

A

Annulus fibrous

454
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Outer structure

A

Annulus fibrous

455
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Inner structure

A

Gelatinous nucleus pulposus

456
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints - Purpose of gelatinous nucleus pulposus

A

Pushes against the annulus to resist compression

457
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints Ligaments - 6 types of ligaments

A

Anterior longitudinal ligaments
Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Intertransverse ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum Flava

458
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints Ligaments - Supraspinous ligament thickens into what?

A

Ligamentum nuchae in the neck

459
Q

The Spine: Intervertebral Joints Ligaments - Ligamentum Flava

A

Yellow ligaments connecting the ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

460
Q

The Spine: Cervical Facet Joints - What way does the superior joint face?

A

Posterosuperior

461
Q

The Spine: Cervical Facet Joints - What way does the inferior joint face?

A

Anteroinferior

462
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Facet Joints - What way does the Superior joint face?

A

Posterolateral

463
Q

The Spine: Thoracic Facet Joints - What way does the Inferior Joint face?

A

Anteromedial

464
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Facet Joints - What way does the Superior Joint face?

A

Medially

465
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Facet Joints - What way does the Inferior Joint face?

A

Laterally

466
Q

The Spine: Lumbar Facet Joints - What do these allow?

A

Rotate

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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