Anatomy Flashcards
what is the difference between thick and thin skin?
the epidermis of thick skin is larger than in thin skin
what three elements comprise the skin?
epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
what does stratified mean?
many layers
how do squamous cells look?
flat egg shaped
how do columnar cells look?
vertical cuboid/ column
how do cuboidal cells look?
horizontal cuboid
what are the four types of tissues?
connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve
what are the four layers of skin?
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
a) describe the stratum corneum?
b) how far is it from the dermis?
c) what type of cells are located there?
d) how are the cells structured?
e) how is the nourishment for these cells received?
a) the outermost layer of skin
b) the furthest away for the dermis
c) dead cells with no nucleus, squamous shaped
d) many layers of cells in close approximity
e) nourishment received from the dermis
describe the 5 stages of keratinocyte development and mention in which layer each one occurs
p.s - stage four is only in thick skin
- stratum basale - stem cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata.
- stratum spinosum - keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate
- stratum granulosum - keratohylain (protein that sticks cells together) and a hard envelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids, cells die
STAGE FOUR ONLY IN THICK SKIN - stratum lucidum - dead cells containing dispersed keratohylain
- dead cells with a hard protein envelope; the cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids
what are the two indistinct layers in the dermis?
what are the characteristics of these layers?
papillary layer - superficial region that interdigitates with epidermal ridges
reticular layer- deeper region that is attached to underlying hypodermis
what is abundant in the dermis, what type of cell produces it and why?
collagen with less elastin and reticular fibres
collagen production is carried out by
fibroblast cells
what is the hypodermis?
also known as subcutaneous tissue and is not a part of true skin; mostly made up of adipose tissue.
what is the use of the hypodermis?
provides padding to the body and helps skin anchor to underlying tissues
subcutaneous fat allows for thermal insulation and provides an energy reservoir.
what are epidermal appendages?
derive from epidermis but live in the dermis
give three examples of epidermal appendages
sebaceous gland and hair follicle
eccrine sweat gland
apocrine sweat gland
give three examples of unencapsulated receptors
merkel cells with ass. nerve discs – light touch
root hair plexus – movements in hairs
free nerve endings – temperature, pain, itching
describe the anatomical position
facing forward, straight on and palms facing front
describe the prone position
lying on their front
describe the supine postion
lying on their back
e.g. Supine is on your Spine
what is a transverse plane?
A transverse plane divides the
body into upper and lower
(superior and inferior) parts.
what is a coronal plane?
A coronal plane divides the
body into front and back
(anterior and posterior) parts
what is a sagittal plane?
A sagittal plane divides the
body into right and left parts.
what is the mid-sagittal/median plane?
sagittal cut in the middle
what is the parasagittal/paramedial plane?
sagittal cut parallel to the median plane
what do the folllowing terms mean:
proximal?
distal?
median?
medial?
lateral?
superficial?
deep?
anterior?
posterior?
nearer to trunk
further to trunk
in midline
nearer to median plane
further for median plane
nearer the body surface
further from the body surface
front
back
what is meant when something is unilateral?
on only one side
what is meant when something is bilateral?
paired on both sides
what is meant when something is ipsilateral?
on the same side
what is meant when something is contralateral?
on opposing sides
what does psuedostratified mean?
seems like multiple layers, but is just one layer of cells
what do transitional cells look like?
have the ability to have two shapes one relaxed and one stretched.
what three things do we look for when classing epithelium?
number of cell layers
shape of the outermost cell
surface specialisations
what are the two classifications of glands?
endocrine and exocrine
what are the three types of exocrine gland classification?
(secretion)
mucous glands
serous glands
seromucous glands
what are the two types of ducts and secretory units in exocrine glands?
simple and compound ducts
they can either be acinar or tubular
which cells stain darker, serous or mucous?
serous
what are the three types of secretion methods? what do they mean?
holocrine - discharge of the whole cell
merocrine - exocytosis of vesicles
apocrine - discharge of unbroken, membrane bound vesicles
give three adhesion specialisations of the epithelia
tight junctions, adhering junctions and desmosomes
give three functions of the basement membrane
any three from:
defines cell polarity
promotes cell survival
served as highways for cell migration
acts as scaffolding to regenerating cells during neuronal damage
what are the three types of muscle?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
what is skeletal muscle also known as?
striated/voluntary muscle
what is skeletal muscle normally attached to?
bone
what are the three main histological features of skeletal muscle?
the myofibres have cross striations
the myofibres are long, i branches and multinucleated
nuclei occur at the periphery of fibre
list the hierarchy of skeletal muscle
muscle
muscle fasciculus
muscle fibre
myofibrils
myofilaments
list the three types of connective tissue between muscle
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
where is epimysium located?
outside the entire muscle
where is perimysium located?
surrounds each fascicle
where is endomysium located ?
between each fibre
list the components of a sarcomere
z line, i band, a band, m line, actin and myosin
dark and light filaments
what is a sarcomere
located between two z lines
functional unit of striated muscle
list the three ultra structural features of skeletal muscle.
sarcolemma
t - tubules
sarcoplasm
what is the sarcolemma?
plasma membrane of the fibre
what is the sarcoplasm?
cytoplasm in which myofibrils, numerous mitrochondria, sarcoplasm if reticulum and myoglobin is located within
what are t - tubules?
large invaginations of the sarcolemma which carries waves of depolarisation into the fibre
what are the histological features of cardiac muscle?
striated - has dark and light bands
branched cells joined together by a intercalated disc
nucleus positioned centrally in fibre
