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Year 1 - Medicine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between thick and thin skin?

A

the epidermis of thick skin is larger than in thin skin

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2
Q

what three elements comprise the skin?

A

epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

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3
Q

what does stratified mean?

A

many layers

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4
Q

how do squamous cells look?

A

flat egg shaped

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5
Q

how do columnar cells look?

A

vertical cuboid/ column

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6
Q

how do cuboidal cells look?

A

horizontal cuboid

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7
Q

what are the four types of tissues?

A

connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve

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8
Q

what are the four layers of skin?

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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9
Q

a) describe the stratum corneum?
b) how far is it from the dermis?
c) what type of cells are located there?
d) how are the cells structured?
e) how is the nourishment for these cells received?

A

a) the outermost layer of skin
b) the furthest away for the dermis
c) dead cells with no nucleus, squamous shaped
d) many layers of cells in close approximity
e) nourishment received from the dermis

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10
Q

describe the 5 stages of keratinocyte development and mention in which layer each one occurs

p.s - stage four is only in thick skin

A
  1. stratum basale - stem cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata.
  2. stratum spinosum - keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate
  3. stratum granulosum - keratohylain (protein that sticks cells together) and a hard envelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids, cells die
    STAGE FOUR ONLY IN THICK SKIN
  4. stratum lucidum - dead cells containing dispersed keratohylain
  5. dead cells with a hard protein envelope; the cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids
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11
Q

what are the two indistinct layers in the dermis?
what are the characteristics of these layers?

A

papillary layer - superficial region that interdigitates with epidermal ridges
reticular layer- deeper region that is attached to underlying hypodermis

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12
Q

what is abundant in the dermis, what type of cell produces it and why?

A

collagen with less elastin and reticular fibres
collagen production is carried out by
fibroblast cells

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13
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A

also known as subcutaneous tissue and is not a part of true skin; mostly made up of adipose tissue.

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14
Q

what is the use of the hypodermis?

A

provides padding to the body and helps skin anchor to underlying tissues
subcutaneous fat allows for thermal insulation and provides an energy reservoir.

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15
Q

what are epidermal appendages?

A

derive from epidermis but live in the dermis

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16
Q

give three examples of epidermal appendages

A

sebaceous gland and hair follicle
eccrine sweat gland
apocrine sweat gland

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17
Q

give three examples of unencapsulated receptors

A

merkel cells with ass. nerve discs – light touch
root hair plexus – movements in hairs
free nerve endings – temperature, pain, itching

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18
Q

describe the anatomical position

A

facing forward, straight on and palms facing front

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19
Q

describe the prone position

A

lying on their front

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20
Q

describe the supine postion

A

lying on their back
e.g. Supine is on your Spine

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21
Q

what is a transverse plane?

A

A transverse plane divides the
body into upper and lower
(superior and inferior) parts.

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22
Q

what is a coronal plane?

A

A coronal plane divides the
body into front and back
(anterior and posterior) parts

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23
Q

what is a sagittal plane?

A

A sagittal plane divides the
body into right and left parts.

24
Q

what is the mid-sagittal/median plane?

A

sagittal cut in the middle

25
Q

what is the parasagittal/paramedial plane?

A

sagittal cut parallel to the median plane

26
Q

what do the folllowing terms mean:
proximal?
distal?
median?
medial?
lateral?
superficial?
deep?
anterior?
posterior?

A

nearer to trunk
further to trunk
in midline
nearer to median plane
further for median plane
nearer the body surface
further from the body surface
front
back

27
Q

what is meant when something is unilateral?

A

on only one side

28
Q

what is meant when something is bilateral?

A

paired on both sides

29
Q

what is meant when something is ipsilateral?

A

on the same side

30
Q

what is meant when something is contralateral?

A

on opposing sides

31
Q

what does psuedostratified mean?

A

seems like multiple layers, but is just one layer of cells

32
Q

what do transitional cells look like?

A

have the ability to have two shapes one relaxed and one stretched.

33
Q

what three things do we look for when classing epithelium?

A

number of cell layers
shape of the outermost cell
surface specialisations

34
Q

what are the two classifications of glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

35
Q

what are the three types of exocrine gland classification?

(secretion)

A

mucous glands
serous glands
seromucous glands

36
Q

what are the two types of ducts and secretory units in exocrine glands?

A

simple and compound ducts
they can either be acinar or tubular

37
Q

which cells stain darker, serous or mucous?

A

serous

38
Q

what are the three types of secretion methods? what do they mean?

A

holocrine - discharge of the whole cell
merocrine - exocytosis of vesicles
apocrine - discharge of unbroken, membrane bound vesicles

39
Q

give three adhesion specialisations of the epithelia

A

tight junctions, adhering junctions and desmosomes

40
Q

give three functions of the basement membrane

A

any three from:

defines cell polarity
promotes cell survival
served as highways for cell migration
acts as scaffolding to regenerating cells during neuronal damage

41
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

42
Q

what is skeletal muscle also known as?

A

striated/voluntary muscle

43
Q

what is skeletal muscle normally attached to?

A

bone

44
Q

what are the three main histological features of skeletal muscle?

A

the myofibres have cross striations
the myofibres are long, i branches and multinucleated
nuclei occur at the periphery of fibre

45
Q

list the hierarchy of skeletal muscle

A

muscle
muscle fasciculus
muscle fibre
myofibrils
myofilaments

46
Q

list the three types of connective tissue between muscle

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

47
Q

where is epimysium located?

A

outside the entire muscle

48
Q

where is perimysium located?

A

surrounds each fascicle

49
Q

where is endomysium located ?

A

between each fibre

50
Q

list the components of a sarcomere

A

z line, i band, a band, m line, actin and myosin
dark and light filaments

51
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

located between two z lines
functional unit of striated muscle

52
Q

list the three ultra structural features of skeletal muscle.

A

sarcolemma
t - tubules
sarcoplasm

53
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of the fibre

54
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm in which myofibrils, numerous mitrochondria, sarcoplasm if reticulum and myoglobin is located within

55
Q

what are t - tubules?

A

large invaginations of the sarcolemma which carries waves of depolarisation into the fibre

56
Q

what are the histological features of cardiac muscle?

A

striated - has dark and light bands
branched cells joined together by a intercalated disc
nucleus positioned centrally in fibre

Year 1 - Medicine (13 decks)

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