Anatomy Flashcards
Femoral artery origin, course, end, branches
External iliac artery
It begins at the inguinal ligament and travels through the thigh to the adductor hiatus where it ends
popliteal artery
Descending genicular artery, Profunda femoris artery, Superficial epigastric, Superficial circumflex iliac, Superficial external pudendal, Deep external pudendal arteries
Give the beg, course and end of profunda femoris. enumerate its branches.
originates approximately 3 cm below to the inguinal ligament
It travels between the pectineus and adductor longus muscles, and then passes between the adductor longus and adductor brevis muscles. It ends by piercing adductor magnus muscle and anastomosing with popliteal artery.
Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Perforating femoral artery
Course of great saphenous vein and branches
Origin: dorsal pedis vein
travels very superficial and medially on the thigh and enters femoral triangle in which it drains into the femoral vein.
Branches: Small saphenous, accessory saphenous, anterior femoral cutaneous, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial external pudendal veins
Femoral nerve origin, branches, course and end
L2-L4
Medial femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh, intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh, saphenous nerve
emerges from the lower lateral border of the psoas major. It descends beneath the midpoint of the inguinal ligament to enter the femoral triangle, It descends into the adductor canal and ends at the medial side of the knee.
Ends by terminating to saphenous nerve
Anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries branches
Anterior: medial and lateral malleolar, anterior and posterior tibial recurrent arteries. ends at dorsal pedis artery
Posterior: circumflex fibular, fibular artery, end under flexor retinaculum.
Femoral triangle boundaries and contents
Lateral border: sartorius
Medial border: adductor longus
Base: inguinal ligament
Floor: psoasmajor, illacus, pectinus, adductor longus
Roof: formed by skin, superficial and deep fascia
Contents: femoral sheath, deep inguinal lymph nodes, femoral artery, femoral vein, genitofemoral nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Femoral canal which compartment of femoral sheath? name the femoral ring relations and contents
Anteriorly: inguinal ligament
Posteriorly: Pectineal ligament
Laterally: femoral vein
Medially: lacunar ligament
Contents: on deep inguinal lymph node, afferent lymph vessels and some fat
Adductor canal boundaries and contents
Sartorius, vastus medialis and adductor longus
Contents: femoral artery, the femoral vein, the nerve to vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve
Arches of the foot, factors maintaining each and function:
Medial longitudinal arch: factors: shape of bones, deltoid ligament, plantar aponeurosis, tibialis ant and post tendons, flexor hallucius longus tendon, big toe muscles, medial tendon of flexor digitorum longus. its for elastic repulsion
Lateral longitudinal arch: factors: shape of bones, plantar ligaments, plantar aponeurosis, fibularis longus and brevis tendons, lateral tendon of flexor digitorum longus, little toe muscles. for long standing
transverse arch: shape of bones, plantar and dorsal interosseus ligaments, fibularis longus tendon, adductor hallucis muscle and dorsal interosseous muscles
discuss the factors affecting the effectiveness of electric stimulus
- Strength of stimulus (intensity): minimal intensity is needed to excite the nerve
- Duration: minimal duration is needed to excite the nerve
(stimuli of extreme short duration or very low intensity —> no excitation) - Rate of rise of stimulus intensity: slow +++ intensity -> no response
- Within limits, the stronger the stimulus, the shorter its duration for excitation.
- Threshold stimulus : minimum stimulus needed to excite the nerve.
Different phases of action potential
(1) Latent period (LP):
a. Interval between stimulus artifact & start of AP
(2) Depolarization stage:
Membrane potential decreases slowly from - 90 to - 65 mV (firing level) —> rapidly
reaches zero -* overshoots to +35 mV
(3) Repolarization stage:
Repolarization is then, slowly till resting level —♦ slight overshoot
hyperpolarization -* gradual return to resting membrane potential
Discuss the cause of Local Response, its mechanism and
characters
little sub threshold stimulus, opening of some Na channels which causes partial depolarization, and does not obey all or nothing law
Compare myelinated and unmyelinated neurons
Myelinated: uses less energy, way faster, electron jumps from one node of Ranvier to the other
Unmyelinated: uses more energy, slow, electron cannot jump from nodes of Ranvier because there are none.
Mention the properties of neuromuscular transmission?
1) Unidirectional i.e. in one direction only from nerve to muscle
2) Delay of 0.5 msec (time needed for: Ac ch release, Na+ inflow & summation)
3) Easily fatigued (repeated stimulation -^exhaustion of acetyl choline)
4) Effect of ions:
- Ca++-> ++++ neuromuscular transmission (++ rupture of ac ch vesicles)
- Mg++-> — neuromuscular transmission (blocks rupture of vesicles)
5) Effect of drugs:
a- +++ neuromuscular transmission:
- Acetyl choline like action-drugs and ANTI-choline esterase
b—- neuromuscular transmission:
drugs that compete with acetylcholine competes
What is meant by motor unit? Explain its role in Grading of
muscular activity
Motor unit:-> motor neuron + muscle fibers it innervates.
- +++strenqth of stimulus -> +++ motor neurons -> +++ number of active muscle fibers (recruitment) -> +++ force of contraction.
- Maximal stimulus -> activates all muscle fibers.
- Supramaximal stimulus -> no further change in response.
