Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two groups of organs within the digestive system?
A
- Gastrointestinal/Alimentary canal
- Accessory digestive organs
2
Q
What is the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)?
A
A continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus
3
Q
What are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)?
A
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
4
Q
What are the accessory digestive organs?
A
Organs that aid in digestion
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
5
Q
What 3 regions are the abdomen?
A
- Intrathoracic
- True Abdomen
- Retroperitoneal abdomen
6
Q
Where is the Intrathoracic region?
A
Enclosed by lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm
7
Q
What are the organs within the intrathoracic region?
A
- Solids
- Liver
- Gallbladder (contained)
- Spleen
- Hollow
- Stomach
- Transverse colon
8
Q
What are the organs of the true abdomen?
A
- Small intestines
- Large intestines
- Liver (lower portions)
- Bladder
9
Q
What are the female organs of the pelvic portion of the true abdomen?
A
- Uterus
- Fallopian tubes
- Ovaries
10
Q
Where does the retroperitoneal abdomen lie and what is it separated by?
A
- Lies behind the true and thoracic portions
- Separated by retroperitoneal membrane from true/thoracic portions
11
Q
What are the organs of the retroperitoneal abdomen?
A
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Pancreas
- Posterior Duodenum
- Ascending/Descending colon
- Inferior Vena Cava
12
Q
What are the 6 basic functions of digestion?
A
- Ingestion
- Secretion
- Mixing and Propulsion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
13
Q
What is ingestion?
A
Taking in food and liquid through the mouth
14
Q
What is secretion?
A
Cells lining GI tract produces water, acid, buffers, and enzymes to aid digestion
15
Q
What is mixing and propulsion?
A
Continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along GI tract
16
Q
What is digestion?
A
Mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest
17
Q
What is absorption?
A
Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells
18
Q
What is defecation?
A
Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion
19
Q
What are the four distinct tissue layers in the GI tract?
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
20
Q
What is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with substances passing through?
A
Mucosa tissue layer
21
Q
What is the submucosa?
A
- Areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa to muscularis
- Contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules
22
Q
What tissue layer contains skeletal (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary) muscles?
A
Muscularis
23
Q
What two sub layers make up the Serosa?
A
- Visceral peritoneum
- Parietal peritoneum
24
Q
What is the visceral peritoneum?
A
Outermost layer around organs of the GI tract
25
What is the parietal peritoneum?
Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
26
What is the Greater Omentum?
"Fatty apron" that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine
27
What is the Mesentery?
Binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
28
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual
29
What is the purpose of salivary glands?
- Dissolve food and begin digestion
| - Made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes
30
What is contained within salivary glands that kills bacteria protecting the mouth from infection and tooth decay?
Lysozomes
31
What does salivary amylase do?
It begins the digestion of starches in the mouth
32
What does mucus produced by salivary glands do?
Lubricates food to assist in the swallowing food
33
What is the function of the tongue in the purpose of digestion?
- Maneuvers food for chewing
| - Forces food to the back of the mouth to be swallowed
34
What is the fold of mucous membrane that limits movement of the tongue posteriorly?
Frenulum
35
What is the pharynx?
- Funnel shaped tube, at the posterior end of the oral cavity
- Lined with mucous membrane
- Comprised of skeletal muscle
36
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
37
What is the purpose of the laryngopharynx?
Helps propel food into the esophagus via muscular contractions
38
What is the function of the esophagus?
- Muscular tube lined with stratified squamous epithelium
| - Transports food along its path while mixing it with mucus
39
The muscularis of the esophagus forms what two sphincters?
- Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
| - Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
40
What types of muscles are the UES and LES?
- UES: Skeletal muscle
| - LES: Smooth muscle
41
What are the phases of swallowing?
- Voluntary
- Pharyngeal
- Esophageal
42
What is the function of the stomach?
J-shaped organ
- Serves as a reservoir and mixing chamber for food
- Aids in digestion
- Most elastic part of GI tract
43
What type of environment is the contained in the stomach?
Acidic with pH of 2
44
Where does the stomach extend?
From the end of esophagus to beginning of duodenum
45
The stomach can stretch to accommodate how many liters of food?
6.4 L
46
What are the four main regions of the stomach?
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
47
What type of cells are gastric gland cells?
Exocrine Cells
48
Gastric gland cells secrete what 3 types of contents that make up gastric juices?
- Mucus neck cells
- Chief cells
- Parietal cells
49
What do mucus neck cells secrete?
Mucus
50
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
51
What do parietal cells secrete?
- Hydrochloric acid (HCL): helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin
- Intrinsic factor (IF): if necessary for absorption of B12 in small intestine
52
What is the major hormone regulator of Hydrochloric acid?
Gastrin
53
Where is gastrin secreted?
By G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach
54
What is chyme?
Thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach and is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles
55
What are the two types of functions of the pancreas?
- Endocrine
| - Exocrine
56
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
- Happen within Islet of Langerhans
| - Islet of Langerhans made up of different cells that create hormones
57
What is the most common cell within the Islet of Langerhans and what does it produce?
- Beta cells
| - Produce insulin
58
What do alpha cells produce in the Islet of Langerhans, and what is it's role?
- Glucagon
| - Prevent blood glucose from dropping too low
59
What is one of the most important accessory organs within the GI tract?
Pancreas
60
What does the pancreas play a vital role in?
Chemical digestion
61
How are secretions passed through the pancreas to the duodenum?
Pass through the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct to create Hepatopancreatic duct, then secretions pass through Sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum
62
What are the 3 enzymes that make up pancreatic juice?
Clear, colorless liquid mostly made up of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate
63
What are the digesting proteins contained in the pancreatic juice?
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
- Broken down into amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides
64
What are the digesting starches (carbohydrates) in the pancreatic juice?
Pancreatic amylase
| - Broken down and absorbed by monosaccharides
65
What are the digesting triglycerides (fat) in the pancreatic juice?
Pancreatic lipase
| - broken down and absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids
66
What are the digesting nucleic acid in the pancreatic juice?
Ribonuclease
67
What is the second largest organ in the body?
Liver
68
What is the liver responsible for?
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Lipid metabolism
- Protein metabolism
- Processing drugs/hormones
- Excretion of bilirubin
- Storage of vitamins and minerals
- Activation of vitamin D
69
What is Stercobilin?
- Bile pigment
- End product of heme catabolism
- Chemical responsible for brown color of feces
70
What are hepatocytes?
Major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions
71
What is the gallbladder?
Pear-shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver
72
What does the gallbladder do?
- Stores bile to be released into the small intestine
| - Aids in chemical digestion (especially digestion of fats)
73
What are the ducts that make up the duct system of the liver and gallbladder?
- Left and Right Hepatic duct
- Cystic Duct
- Common bile duct
- Hepatopancreatic duct
- Sphincter of Oddi
74
Bile and waste created within the live are passed into what ducts?
Left/Right hepatic duct
75
Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through what duct?
Cystic duct
76
The common bile duct is the formation of what two ducts?
- Left/right hepatic duct
| - Cystic duct
77
What is the Sphincter of Oddi?
Muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum
78
What is the hepatopancreatic duct?
Merging of the common bile duct with the pancreatic duct
79
What is the small intestine?
Segment of GI system after the stomach
- Approx 3 meters (10 ft) in living person
- Can stretch to 6.5 m (21 ft) in cadaver
80
What are the 3 types of endocrine cells contained within intestinal glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream?
- S cells
- CCK Cells
- K Cells
81
What hormone does an S cell secrete?
- Secretin, which stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice
82
What do CCK cells secrete?
- Cholecystokinin
- Regulates gastric emptying
- Stimulates bile/pancreatic juice secretion
- Relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
- Feeling of satiety
83
What do K cells secrete?
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
| - Stimulates release of insulin
84
What are the 3 different sections of the small intestine?
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
85
What sphincter does the duodenum attach to and what is a significant landmark of the duodenum?
- Attaches to pyloric sphincter
| - Ligament of Trietz
86
What is significant about the ligament to trietz?
- Connects the duodenal-jejunal flexure
| - Line of demarcation that denotes between upper/lower GI bleeds
87
What is the primary function of the jejunum?
- Absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
| - Middle portion of small intestine
88
How is the ileum attached to the large intestine?
Ileocecal sphincter/valve
89
What does the ileum do?
Absorbs remaining nutrient, B12, and bile salts
90
What are the two types of digestion?
- Mechanical via segmentation and peristalsis
| - Chemical via pancreatic enzymes, bile, and intestinal juice
91
What are the four regions of the large intestine?
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal Canal
92
What is the first part of the large intestine and is attached to the appendix?
Cecum
93
What are the portions of the colon?
Ascending, Transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions
94
What is the anal canal?
- Last 2-3 cm of the rectum
| - Consists of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters
95
What is the function of the large intestine?
- Complete absorption
- Absorb vitamins produced by bacteria (B and K)
- Forms feces
96
What are the 3 phases of digestion?
- Cephalic
- Gastric
- Intestinal
97
What happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?
- Smell, sight, sound, or thought of food stimulates salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juices
98
What happens during gastric phase of digestion?
When food enters stomach, gastrin is released promoting release of gastric juice increasing mobility of stomach
99
What happens during intestinal phase of digestion?
When food enters small intestine
- inhibitory effect slows gastric emptying
- Excitatory effect stimulates pancreatic juice to aid in absorption and digestion
