Anatomy

Question 1

Characteristic features of atlas ?

Answer 1

1. No body or spine

2. 2 lateral masses

Question 2

Characteristic features of axis?

Answer 2

• odontoid process “ dens”

Question 3

Characteristic features of c7 ?

Answer 3

Long spinous process, not bifid

Question 4

Ligaments of the cervical vertebrae and functions ?

Answer 4

1. Apical ligament: connects apex of dens to foramen magnum
2. Alar ligament : connect dens to medial side of occipital condyles
3. Cruciate ligament. :binds dens to anterior arch or atlas

Question 5

Joints and their movements ?

Answer 5

1. Atlanto-occipiotal joint : flexion, extension , and lateral flexion
2. Atlanto-axial joint : rotation

Question 6

Ligaments and attachments

Answer 6

1. Apical ligament: connects apex of dens to foramen magnum
2. Alar ligament : connect dens to medial side of occipital condyles
3. Cruciate ligament. :binds dens to anterior arch or atlas
4. Anterior + posterior longitudinal ligaments: hold vertebrae together, allow some movement
5. Supraspinous ligament: between the tips of adjacent spines
6. Interspinous ligament : connect adjacent spines
7. Ligamentus flavum. :connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
8. Ligamentum nuchae : extends from c7 to the external occipital protuberance

Question 7

Applied aspects

Answer 7

1.judicial hanging :
Rupture of transverse ligament of atlas dens fracture, fatal compression of spinal cord

2. Hyperextention :
   Anterior longitudinal ligament is severely stretched or torn
3. Flexion and rotation :
   May tear one of the alar ligaments
4. Excessive flexion :
   May rupture supraspinous ligament

Question 8

Normal features of typical vertebrae ?

Answer 8

• small body that is longer horizontally
• short + bifid spinous processes
• transverse processes have foramen transvsarium
• large + triangular vertebral foramen

Question 9

Origin &insertion of levator scapulae?

Answer 9

Origin : transverse processes of c1 - c4

Insertion : medial border of scapula

Question 10

Origin insertion action and nerve supply of trapezius

Answer 10

Origin: Skull - External occipital protuberance Ligamentum nuchae Vertebrae - spines of C7, T1-T12
Insertion : Clavicle - lateral 1/3; Scapula - acromion and spine Actions: Elevates (upper fibers) and Depresses (lower fibers) Shoulder Retracts scapula
Innervation: Accessory nerve(cranial nerve 11)

Question 11

Origin insertion action and nerve supply of latissimus dorsi ?

Answer 11

Origin: spines of the lower
six thoracic vertebrae 
• Insertion: bicipital groove of
humerus. 
• Action: extends, adducts
and rotates the arm
medially 
• Nerve supply:
Thoracodorsal nerve

Question 12

Rhomboid major nerve supply

Answer 12

Dorsal scapular nerve

Question 13

Both triangles -boundaries and contents

Answer 13

Auscultatory Triangle: 
Boundaries: latissimus
dorsi, trapezius, and
medial border of
scapula. • Site  where  breath
sounds are most easily
heard with a
stethoscope.

Lumbar Triangle:

Boundaries : latissimus
dorsi, posterior border
of external oblique
muscle of the abdomen,
and iliac crest. • Site of an abdominal
hernia;  or where pus
may emerge from the
abdominal wall.

Question 14

Name the muscles of the deep layer ?

Answer 14

divisible into 3 subgroups:
• 1st layer: Splenius
• 2nd layer: Erector Spinae: Iliocostalis
Longissimus Spinalis
• 3rd layer: Transversospinal:
Multifidus
Rotatores Semispinalis

Question 15

Intermediate Extrinsic Muscles

?

Answer 15

Serratus
posterior superior.
Serratus
posterior inferior.