Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction and Sexual health > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the female reproductive system found?

A

Lies within both the pelvic cavity and the perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which parts of the female reproductive system are found in the pelvic cavity?

A
  1. ovaries
  2. Uterine tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Superior part of vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which parts of the female reproductive system are found in the perineum?

A
  1. inferior part of vagina
  2. Perineal muscles
  3. Bartholin’s glands
  4. Clitoris
  5. Labia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which parts of the female reproductive system are connected to the parietal peritoneum?

A

floor of peritoneal cavity

roof over pelvic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of the parietal peritoneum?

A

covers the superior aspect of organs e.g. bladder, uterus and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what pouches does the parietal peritoneum create?

A

vesico-uterine (utero-vesico) - between bladder and uterus

recto-uterine (pouch of douglas) - between uterus and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

double layer of the peritoneum

extends between the uterus and the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis

helps maintain the uterus in its correct midline position

contains within it the uterine tubes and the proximal part of the round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the round ligament

A

it is an embryological remnant

attaches to the lateral aspect of the uterus

passes through the deep inguinal ring to attach to the superficial tissue of the female perineum

proximal part is contained within the broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the only true organ of the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries - everything else is classed as an accessory organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus body?

A
  1. Perimetrium (thin outer layer)
  2. Myometrium (very thick middle layer)
  3. endometrium (thickens during menstrual cycle then shred in menstruation - inner layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the three parts of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus (top part)
  2. Body (middle part)
  3. Cervix (lower part) projects into the superior part of the vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does implantation of the zygote occur?

A

body of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is it called when the zygote is not implanted in the body of the uterus?

A

ectopic pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 2 most common positions of the uterus?

A

anteverted and anteflexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is anteverted?

A

cervix tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is anteflexed uterus?

A

uterus tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two normal variation positions of the uterus?

A

retroverted and retroflexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a retroverted uterus?

A

cervix tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a retroflexed uterus?

A

uterus tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what holds the uterus in position?

A
  1. strong ligaments e.g. uterosacral ligaments
  2. endopelvic
  3. muscles of the pelvic floor e.g. levator ani
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does weakness of the uterus support lead to?

A

uterine prolapse - movement of the uterus inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what part of the cervix needs to sampled in a cervical screening?

A

the squamo columnar junction (transformation zone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does fertilisation happen in uterine tubes?

A

ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the opening of the uterine tube called?

A

ostium - where the egg passes from the ovary into the uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the role of the fimbriae?

A

finger like projections which sweep ovum into uterine tubes and along it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the funnel shape part of the uterine tube called?

A

infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the long part of uterine tubes called?

A

ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the thickest walled part of the uterine tube called?

A

isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy?

A

removal of both uterine tubes and ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a unilateral salpingectomy?

A

removal of one of the uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the fimbriated end of the uterine tubes open into?

ii. what would this mean?

A

peritoneal cavity

ii. infection could pass in between the two areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where are the ovaries found?

A

laterally in the pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where do ovaries develop?

A

posterior abdominal wall and move onto the lateral wall of the pelvis - round ligament of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do ovaries secrete?

A

oestrogen and progesterone in response to anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the vagina?

A

muscular tube whose walls are normally in contact - except superiorly where the cervix holds them apart forming a fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the four part of the fornix?

A

anterior

posterior

2x lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how can the position of the uterus be palpated?

A

by bimanual palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does the palpation of the adnexae do?

A

can detect large masses or tenderness affecting these structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where can ischial spine be palpated?

A

laterally

4 and 8 oclock positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what type of muscle is the levator ani?

A

skeleteal muscle - voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how many muscles is the levator ani muscle made of?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the role of the levator ani muscle?

A

provides continual support for the pelvic organs

tonic contraction

reflexively contracts further during situations of increased intra-abdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what nerve supplies the levator ani?

A

“nerve to levator ani” - s3,4,5 sacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does the levator ani form the majority of?

A

pelvic diaphragm - with its fascial coverings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the perineum?

A

shallow space between pelvic diaphragm (levator ani)
and the skin

openings in pelvic floor - passage of distal parts of alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts from pelvis to perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what makes up the 3 points of the urogenital triangle?

A
  1. pubic symphysis

2. ischial spine x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what makes up the 3 points of the anal triangle?

A
  1. coccyx

2. ischial spine x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what nerve supplies the perineal muscle?

A

pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the perineal body?

A

bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which the p[perineal muscles attach

important to pelvic floor strength

can be disrupted during labour

located just deep to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are bartholins glands?

A

pair of pea-sized glands found just behind and either side of the lips that surround the entrance to the vagina.

can get enlarged glands due to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the surface anatomy of the perineum? (superior to inferior)

A
  1. mon pubis
  2. clitoris
  3. external urethral orifice
  4. labium majus
  5. labium minus
  6. vestibule
  7. vaginal orifice
  8. anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what does the female breast from?

A

superiorly rib 2 - inferiorly rib 6

lateral borders of breasts extend from sternum to mid-axillary line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does the breast lie on?

A

deep fascia covering pec major and serratus anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where is the retro mammary space found?

A

between fascia and breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are the four quadrants of the breast?

A

upper outer

upper inner

lower outer

lower inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

where does most lymph from the breast drain into?

A

breast drains into the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and then to the supraclavicular nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

where can lymph from inner breast quadrants drain into?

A

parasternal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where else can the lower inner breast quadrant drain to?

A

abdominal lymph fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where can lymph from the upper limb drain into?

A

axillary lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the 3 levels of the axillary nodes?

ii. what relation are these levels of the nodes related to?

A

level I - inferior and lateral to pectoralis minor

level II - deep to pectoralis minor

level III - superior and medial to pectoralis minor

ii. the pectoralis minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what does the axilla consist of?

A

brachial plexus branches

axillary artery and axillary vein

axillary lymph nodes

all embedded in axillary fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is the role of the pelvic floor?

A

separates pelvic cavity from perineum

plays important role in providing support to pelvic organs

plays an important role in maintaining continence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are the three layers of the pelvic floor?

A
  1. pelvic diaphragm
  2. muscle of perineal pouches
  3. perineal membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the pelvic diaphragm?

A

deepest layer of the pelvic floor - most internal layer of the pelvic floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the two muscle groups of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

coccygeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what does the pelvic diaphragm allow passage for?

A

male: passage for urethra
female: passage for vagina

67
Q

what are the 3 muscles which make up the levator ani?

A

puborectalis - most medial

pubococcygeus

iliococcygeus - most lateral

68
Q

what does the levator ani attach to?

A

pubic bones

ischial spines

tendinous arch of levator ani

perineal body, coccyx and walls of organs in midline

69
Q

what else gives additional support to the pelvic floor?

A

1.endo-pelvic fascia

Some loose areolar tissue

some fibrous

collagen and elastic fibres

  1. pelvic ligaments

fibrous endo-pelvic fascia

uterosacral

transverse cervical

lateral ligament of bladder

lateral rectal ligaments

70
Q

where is the deep perineal pouch found?

A

lies below the fascia covering the inferior aspect of the pelvic diaphragm

lies above the perineal membrane

71
Q

what does the deep perineal pouch contain?

A

contains part of the urethra and (vagina in females),

bulbourethral glands in male

neurovascular bundles for penis/clitoris

extensions of the ischioanal fat pads and muscles

72
Q

what is the perineal membrane?

A

superficial to deep perineal pouch

thin sheet of tough, deep fascia

contains openings for the urethra (and vagina in females)

73
Q

where is the superficial perineal pouch found?

A

lies superficial to the perineal membrane

74
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch contain?

FEMALE EDITION

A

female erectile tissue and associated muscle:

clitoris and crura - corpus cavernosum

bulbs of vestibule - paired

associated muscles - bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous

also contains:

greater vestibular glands

superficial transverse perineal muscle

branches of internal pudendal vessels

pudendal nerve

75
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch contain?

MALE EDITION

A

contains root of penis:

bulb - corpus spongiosum, crura - corpus cavernosum

associated muscles - bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus

also contains:

proximal spongy urethra

superficial transverse perineal muscle

branches of internal pudendal vessels

pudendal nerve

76
Q

what is the perineal body important for?

A

in aiding in support for pelvic floor

77
Q

what are the functions of the pelvic floor?

A

provides support to the pelvic organs:

normally tonically contracted

helps maintain continence

urinary: external urethral pshincted, compressor urethrae, levator ani

Faecal: tonic contraction of puborectalis bends the anorectum anteriorly

active contraction maintains continence after rectal filling

78
Q

give examples of what might cause injury to the pelvic floor?

A
  1. pregnancy
  2. childbirth: stretching or tearing and pudendal nerve damage
  3. chronic constipation
  4. obesity
  5. heavy lifting
  6. Chronic cough or sneeze
  7. previous injury to pelvis/pelvic floor
  8. menopause
79
Q

what does the urinary continence depend on?

A

urinary bladder neck support

external urethral sphincter

smooth muscle in urethral wall

80
Q

what is a prolapse?

A

common gynaecological disorder which can involve the utereus, vagina or both

due to failure of support for pelvic organs

81
Q

what is a vaginal prolapse?

A

herniation of urethra, bladder rectum or rectouterine pouch through supporting fascia

presents as a lump in vaginal wall

82
Q

how do you manage a vaginal prolapse?

A

1.sacrospinous fixation:

sutures placed in sacrospinous ligament

to repair cervical/ vault descent

performed vaginally

risk of injury to pudendal NVB and sciatic nerve

  1. Incontinence surgery:

Trans-obturator approach

mesh through obturator canal

space in obturator foramen in passage of obturator NVB

create a sling around the urethra

incision through vagina and groin

83
Q

when do anatomical and morphological indications of male or female present in an embryo?

A

7th week

84
Q

what the two genital ducts both male and females have during embryonic development?

A

mesonephric (wollfian) duct

Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

85
Q

what are the major components found in the lateral pelvic wall?

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. ureter
  3. Vas deferens/round ligament of the uterus
  4. common iliac artery + branches
  5. common iliac veins + branches
  6. Sacral plexus nerves + others
  7. lymphatics
  8. number of muscles
86
Q

what bones and ligaments would be found in the lateral pelvic wall?

A

ligaments:

  1. sacrospinous ligament - runs from sacrum on to the ischial spine
  2. sacrotuberous ligament - runs from sacrum down to the tuberosity
  3. obturator membrane

bones:

  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
87
Q

what muscles are found in the lateral pelvic wall?

A
  1. levator ani
  2. tendinous arch of levator ani
  3. piriformis
  4. coccygeus
  5. obturator internus
88
Q

what are the arteries are found in the lateral pelvic wall?

A
  1. Abdominal aorta
  2. inferior mesenteric
  3. superior rectal
  4. internal iliac
  5. external iliac
  6. Gonadal artery
89
Q

which are the two main arteries which are not supplied by the internal iliac artery?

A
  1. Gonadal artery - directly branches off the abdominal aorta
  2. superior rectal artery - continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery
90
Q

what arteries are found in the female pelvis?

A
  1. common iliac artery
  2. internal iliac artery
  3. obturator artery
  4. uterine artery
  5. internal pudendal artery
  6. middle rectal artery
  7. superior vesical arteries
91
Q

where do anastomosis occur in the female artery?

A
  1. between the uterine artery and the ovarian artery

2. between the uterine artery and the vaginal artery

92
Q

what arteries are found in the female perineum?

A
  1. common iliac
  2. internal pudendal artery
  3. inferior rectal artery
  4. inferior rectal artery
  5. perineal artery
  6. labial arteries
  7. dorsal artery of clitoris
93
Q

what arteries are found in the male pelvis?

A
  1. common iliac artery
  2. internal iliac artery
  3. gluteal arteries
  4. obturator artery
  5. internal pudendal artery
  6. middle rectal artery
  7. prostatic branch of inferior vesical artery
  8. superior and inferior vesical arteries
94
Q

what are the arteries found in the male perineum?

A
  1. internal pudendal artery
  2. dorsal artery of penis
  3. perineal artery
  4. posterior scrotal artery
  5. deep artery
  6. anterior scrotal artery
95
Q

where do the veins of the pelvis and perineum normally drain into?

A
  1. Mainly into internal iliac vein
    - some will drain via superior rectal hepatic portal system
    - some will drain via lateral sacral veins into internal vertebral venous plexus
96
Q

what are the two main divisions of the internal iliac artery found in the pelvis?

A

anterior division - supplies viscera of pelvis and perineum

posterior division - supplies body wall

97
Q

what nerves are found in the lateral pelvic wall?

A
  1. obturator nerve
  2. sciatic nerve
  3. pudendal nerve - formed by the sacral plexus
  4. nerve to levator ani
  5. sacral plexus
  6. pelvic splanchnic nerves
98
Q

what are the lymphatics of the pelvis?

A
  1. lumbar lymphatics
  2. inferior mesenteric lymphatics
  3. sacral lymphatics
  4. pararectal lymphatics
  5. deep inguinal lymphatics
  6. superficial inguinal
  7. external iliac
  8. internal iliac
99
Q

describe the route of lymph drainage from superior pelvic viscera?

A

external iliac nodes - common iliac - aortic - thoracic duct - venous system

100
Q

describe the route of lymph drainage from inferior pelvic viscera?

A

deep perineum - internal iliac nodes - common ililac - aortic - thoracic duct into venous system

101
Q

describe the route of lymph drainage from superficial perineum

A

superficial inguinal nodes

102
Q

what is transperitoneal spread?

A

disease can penetrate through the peritoneal layer and disseminate into the peritoneal cavity

103
Q

what are the functions of the bony pelvis?

A
  1. support of the upper body
  2. transference of weight
  3. Attachment for muscles
  4. Attachment for external genitalia
  5. Protection of pelvic organs
  6. passage for childbirth
104
Q

what does the bony pelvis consist of?

A
  1. 2 hip bones
  2. sacrum
  3. coccyx
105
Q

Each hip bone is a fusion between….?

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
106
Q

what does the ilium consist of?

A
  1. iliac crest - runs between ASIS and PSIS
  2. iliac fossa - internal aspect of the ilium. attachment site of iliacus muscle
  3. ASIS - anterior superior iliac spine. the anterior end of the iliac crest
  4. PSIS - posterior superior iliac spine
107
Q

what does the ischium consist of?

A
  1. ischiopubic ramus - part of ischium and pubis
  2. ischial spine
  3. ischial tuberosity
108
Q

What does the pubis consist of?

A
  1. ischiopubic ramus
  2. superior pubic ramus
  3. pubic arch - where the ischiopubic rami meet. forms the subpubic angle
109
Q

what does the pelvic inlet consist of?

A
  1. closed posteriorly by the sacral promontory
  2. closed anteriorly by the pubic symphysis
  3. ilium
  4. superior pubic ramus
110
Q

what does the pelvic outlet consist of?

A
  1. coccyx
  2. pubic symphysis
  3. ischiopubic ramus
  4. ischial tuberosities
  5. sacrotuberous ligaments
111
Q

where is the pelvic cavity found?

A

lies within the bony pelvis

continuous with abdominal cavity above

lies between pelvic inlet and pelvic floor

112
Q

What are the palpable surface landmarks of the pelvis

A

Anterior

  1. iliac crest
  2. ASIS
  3. Pubic symphysis
  4. Pubic tubercle

posterior

  1. iliac crest
  2. PSIS
  3. ischial tuberosity
  4. sacrum
  5. coccyx

the ischial spines are palbable on vaginal examination : approx 4 and 8 o clock positions

113
Q

what does the inguinal ligament attach?

A

ASIS and the pubic tubercle

114
Q

what are the joints of the pelvis?

A

Sacroiliac joint - connects sacrum and ilium. synovial joint more anteriorly and syndesmosis joint more posteriorly.

hip joint - head of femur and the acetabular of the hip bone (synovial)

Pubic symphysis - (secondary cartilaginous) joint between the left and right superior rami of the pubis of the hip bones

115
Q

what are the two main ligaments of the pelvis?

A
  1. sacrotuberous ligament - runs between sacrum and ischial tuberosity (posterior)
  2. sacrospinous ligament - runs between sacrum and ischial spine (anterior)
116
Q

what are the functions of the ligaments of the pelvis?

A
  1. protections against sudden weight transfer - ligaments relax during pregnancy
  2. presence of these 2 ligaments also from 2 foraminae: greater and lesser sciatic foraminae
117
Q

what is the obturator foramen?

A

a large opening in the hip bone between the pubis and the ischium.

it is mainly covered by the obturator opening apart from the obturator canal were the obturator NVB passes through. The membrane is covered internally by the obturator internus

118
Q

why is trauma very dangerous in the bony pelvis?

A

common iliac artery and its branches (same with the common iliac vein) as well as the organs are all in close approximation to the bone. Damage to the bones could easily lead to life threatening damege to the organs

119
Q

The AP and transverse diameters of the female pelvis are larger than the male both at the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet true or false?

A

true

120
Q

The subpubic angle in the female is wider than the male true or false?

A

true

121
Q

the pelvic cavity is more shallow in females true or false?

A

false

122
Q

name the 4 foetal bones

A

2 frontal

2 parietal

1 occipital

2 temporal

123
Q

what is the name of the 2 sutures on the foetal skull

A

sagittal - divides the skull into left and right

coronal - 2 sutures one divides frontal from parietal and the other between parietal and occipital

124
Q

what are the names of fontanelle on the foetal skull?

A

anterior fontanelle - between frontal and the parietal

posterior fontanelle - between the parietal and occipital

125
Q

what does the term moulding mean?

A

refers to the movemnt of one bone over another to allow the foetal head to pass through the pelvis through labour

126
Q

what does the vertex refer to for the foetal skull?

A

its an area outlined by the anterior and posterior fontanelles and the parietal eminences

127
Q

the occipitofrontal diameter is longer than the biparietal one true or false?

A

true - the foetal skull is longer than it is wide

128
Q

at the pelvic inlet which is wider the transverse or AP diameter?

A

Transverse

129
Q

what does the term station refer to in child birth?

A

The distance of the foetal head from the ischial spine

negative number - head is superior to the spines

positive number - head is inferior to the spines

130
Q

while descending through the pelvic cavity, the foetal head should:

A
  1. rotate

2. be in a flexed position i.e. chin on chest

131
Q

at the pelvic outlet which is wider the transverse or AP diameter?

A

AP diameter

132
Q

how should the baby ideally leave the pelvic cavity?

A

occipitoanterior position

133
Q

during delivery the foetal head should be in….

A

extension

134
Q

at the pelvic inlet the foetal should be in what position?

A

transverse

135
Q

As it descends through the pelvic cavity, the foetal head should….?

A

rotate and be flexed

136
Q

at the pelvic outlet the foetal head should ideally lie ….. and ,,,,, of the head on the neck ?

A

occipitoanterior (OA)

extension

137
Q

what are common O&G surgical incisions?

A

Lower segment Cesarean section

Laparatomy

laparoscopy

abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy

138
Q

where do the external obliques attach between?

A

lower ribs, iliac crest, pubic tubercle and linea alba

the fibres run in the same direction as external intercostals

139
Q

where does the transversus abdominis attach between?

A

the lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and linea alba

140
Q

what divides the rectus abdominis ?

A

tendinous intersections:

divide each one into 3 or 4 smaller muscles

141
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

formed by the interweaving of the muyscle aponeuroses

runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

142
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

ii. what procedure incises this anteriorly?

A

immediately deep to superficial fascia

combined aponeuroses of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

surrounds rectus muscles

ii. LSCS

143
Q

what are the layers of the internal surface of the abominal wall from external and internal?

A
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transversus abdominis
  4. Transversalis fascia
  5. extra peritoneal fat
  6. parietal peritoneum
  7. abdominal organs
144
Q

which directions do the nerves enter to supply the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

lateral direction

145
Q

the 7th-11th intercostal nerves become?

A

thoracoabdominal nerves

146
Q

what nerves supply the aneterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  1. thoracoabdominal nerves
  2. subcostal (T12)
  3. iliohypogastric (L1)
  4. ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
147
Q

describe the blood supply to the anterolateral abdominal wall.

A
  1. Anterior abdominal wall

Superior epigastric arteries

continuation of internal thoracic

emerges at supeiror aspect of abdominal wall

inferior epigastric arteries

branch of the external iliac artery

emerges at inferior aspect of the abdominal wall

  1. Lateral abdominal wall

intercostal and subcostal arteries

continuations of posterior intercostal arteries

emerge at lateral aspect

148
Q

what happens in an LSCS incision?

A

the rectus muscles are not cut but are separated from each other in a lateral direction

149
Q

what are the layers which you are opening in a LSCS incision?

A
  1. skin and fascia
  2. anterior rectus sheath
  3. rectus abdominis
  4. fascia and peritoneum
  5. retract bladder
  6. uterine wall
  7. amniotic sac
150
Q

what layers are needed to be stitched in a LSCS?

A
  1. Uterine wall with visceral peritoneum
  2. rectus sheath
  3. skin
151
Q

what are the layers which you are opening in a laparotomy?

A

vertical midline incision

  1. skin and fascia
  2. linea alba
  3. peritoneum
152
Q

What layers are needed to be stitched in a laparotomy?

A

peritoneum and linea alba

fascia skin

153
Q

what are the pro and cons of midline incision?

A

pro: relatively bloodless
con: increases the chance of wound complications

154
Q

what is a laparoscopy?

A

sub umbilical incision very minimal

may also require a lateral port but must be taken to avoid the inferior epigastric artery

155
Q

where is the inferior epigastric artery found?

A

it is a branch of the external iliac artery

emerges just medial to the deep inguinal ring

then passes in asuperomedial direction posteiror to the rectus abdominis

MUST AVOID

156
Q

what is the abdominal hysterectomy?

A

removal of the uterus via an incison in the abdominal wall

157
Q

what is the vaginal hysterectomy?

A

Removal of uterus via the vagina

158
Q

how do you differentiate between the ureter and the uterine artery?

A

ureter passes inferior to the artery - water under the bridge

ureter will often vermicultate when touched.

159
Q

what are the main nerve root values of the nerves supplying the external anal sphincter?

A

s2,3,4

160
Q

during oogenesis how many rounds of meiosis do cells undergo?

ii. what are they known as in each one?

A

2

ii. primary oocytes - meiosis 1

secondary oocytes - meiosis 2

161
Q

where does meiosis 1 begin during oogenesis?

A

in utero

162
Q

when does the cell cycle of the primary oocytes halt?

A

prophase I

163
Q

what stage are oocytes held in until fertilisation?

A

metaphase II

Reproduction and Sexual health (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions