Anatomy Flashcards

(219 cards)

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory system made of?

A
Nose
Nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses 
Pharynx - naso, oral, laryngo 
Larynx
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2
Q

What is the functions of the nose and nasal cavities?

A
  • Olfaction: olfactory receptors in mucosa of upper 1/3 medial and lateral nasal walls
  • Airways for respiration
  • Filter inspired air
  • Warm and moisten inspired air
  • Resonance chambers for speech
  • Reception of secretions from the nasal cavities and nasolacrimal ducts
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3
Q

Describe what the external nose is composed of.

A

Nasal bone
Nasal cartilages - septal, greater and lesser alar cartilage
Fibrous fatty tissue

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4
Q

What cartilage makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage

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5
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavitiy?

A

Septal cartilage
Vomer
Ethmoid bone

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6
Q

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone (cribriform plate)
Sphenoid bone

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7
Q

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla and palatine bone

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8
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A
Maxilla 
Lacrimal bone 
Ethmoid bone (superior and middle nasal concha) 
Inferior nasal concha - separate bone 
Palatine bone
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9
Q

What is the function of the upper 1/3rd of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

A

Olfaction

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10
Q

Describe the pathway of olfactory exons.

A

Olfactory receptor axons pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to connect with the olfactory bulb situated on the upper surface of the cribriform plate.

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11
Q

Which part of the nasal cavity is responsible for respiratory functions?

A

Lower 2/3rd medial and lateral walls

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12
Q

What type of epithelium is the respiratory part of the nasal cavity and what are its functions?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Goblet cells = mucus secretion
Cilia beat to move the mucus towards the nasopharynx
Mucus picks up particulate matter and moistens the air

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13
Q

What warms the inhaled air?

A

Nasal blood temperature

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14
Q

What are nasal concha?

A

Projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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15
Q

What are nasal concha covered by?

A

Respiratory type mucosa

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16
Q

What are the differences between the superior/middle nasal concha and inferior concha?

A

Superior/middle nasal concha are part of the ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal concha is a separate bone

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17
Q

What are nasal meatuses?

A

Air passages below the concha.

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18
Q

Where is the superior nasal meatus located?

A

Superior to middle nasal concha

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19
Q

Where is the middle nasal meatus located?

A

Inferior to middle nasal concha, but superior to the inferior nasal concha

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20
Q

Where is the inferior nasal meatus located?

A

Inferior to the inferior nasal concha

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21
Q

What is the space called superior/above the superior nasal concha or superior to the nasal meatus?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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22
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses.

A

Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses/ethmoidal cells - anterior, middle, posterior
Maxillary sinuses (largest)

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23
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory type mucosa

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24
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Decrease the weight of the bones

Resonance chambers for speech/voice production

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25
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled extensions of the nasal cavities into adjacent bones
26
What does the sphenoid sinus drain into?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
27
What drains into the middle nasal meatus?
Maxillary sinuses Frontal sinuses Anterior and middle ethmoidal cells
28
Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells drain?
Superior nasal meatus
29
What opening is found in the inferior nasal meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct opening
30
Which paranasal sinus is used as a pathway in pituitary gland tumours?
Sphenoidal sinus
31
What is the pharynx?
Common pathway for air and food.
32
What is the wall of the pharynx composed of?
Mainly skeletal muscle
33
What lines the upper part of the pharynx?
Resp-type epithelium
34
What lines the lower part of the pharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium (protection from food)
35
How does the nasopharynx connect with the nasal cavities?
By nasal apertures called choanae (posterior nares)
36
What are the posterior nares called?
Choanae
37
What opens onto the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?
Auditory (Eustachian tube)
38
What are tonsils?
Lymphoid aggregations/masses
39
Name the two tonsils found in the nasopharynx.
``` Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids in children) Tubal tonsils (paired) ```
40
Describe the position of the pharyngeal tonsils in the nasopharynx.
Localized in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx
41
State the position of the tubal tonsils in the nasopharynx.
Lateral wall behind the opening of the auditory tube.
42
How does the oropharynx connect with the oral cavity?
Via the oropharyngeal isthmus
43
Describe the length of the oropharynx.
Expands from the soft palate to the upper border of epiglottic cartilage of the larynx
44
Name the two tonsils found in the oropharynx.
Lingual tonsils | Palatine tonsils
45
Where are the lingual tonsils found?
Posterior end of tongue in oropharynx
46
Where are the palatine tonsils (paired) found?
Between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches at the lateral wall of the pharynx
47
How does the laryngopharynx connect with the larynx?
Via the laryngeal inlet
48
What is another name for the laryngopharynx?
Hypopharynx
49
Which tonsils are paired?
Tubal tonsils | Palatine tonsils
50
Where does the larynx extend from?
Extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea
51
What levels does the larynx extend from?
C3 to C6
52
What are the functions of the larynx?
Airway protection Respiration: maintain the airway Phonation: voice production
53
What is the larynx made up of?
3 paired cartilages (smaller) 3 unpaired cartilages Fibro-elastic membrane Intrinsic muscles
54
What forms synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage?
Inferior horn of the thyroid | Arytenoid cartilage
55
What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
Thyroid cartilage.
56
Where is the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) found?
Thyroid cartilage where the two lamina join together
57
What is the epiglottic cartilage attached to?
The laryngeal prominence from the posterior aspect
58
What part of the thyroid cartilage attaches to the cricoid cartilage?
Inferior horn
59
What is embedded in the aryepiglottic fold?
Cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
60
Name the two external membranes of the larynx.
``` Thyrohyoid membrane Cricothyroid membrane (median cricothyroid ligament) ```
61
What does the thyrohyoid membrane attach to?
Superiorly to hyoid bone | Inferiorly to thyroid cartilage
62
What is important to remember about the thyrohyoid membrane?
Thyroidal notch | Lateral aspect - internal branch of superior laryngeal artery/nerve penetrate this
63
What does the cricothyroid membrane attach to?
AKA median cricothyroid ligament Attaches superiorly to the thyroid cartilage Attaches inferiorly to the cricoid cartilage
64
What is important to remember about the cricothyroid membrane?
Artificial penetration in emergency situations can provide access to the lower airways when there is blockage above the level of the vocal folds
65
Name the two internal membranes of the larynx.
``` Quadrangular membrane Cricothyroid membrane (lateral aspect) ```
66
Name the attachments of the quadrangular membrane.
Superiorly to the epiglottic cartilage Inferiorly to the vestibular fold Anteriorly to the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage Posteriorly to the aryepiglottic fold
67
Name the attachments of the cricothyroid internal membrane (lateral aspect).
Superiorly to the vocal fold Inferiorly to the arch of the cricoid cartilage Anteriorly to the laryngeal prominence (posterior aspect) Posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilage
68
What forms the vocal folds?
Mucosal coating of the vocal cords
69
Where do the vocal cords extend from?
Artytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
70
What varies the position and tension of the vocal folds?
Muscles of the larynx
71
What is the rima glottidis and how is its size changed?
Rima glottidis is the interval between the vocal folds. Abduction and adduction of the vocal folds alters its size. Gap between the vocal ligaments
72
Name two ligaments found near the vocal folds.
``` Vocal ligaments Vestibular ligaments (superior) ```
73
Which muscles are responsible for the abduction of the vocal cords resulting in opening of the rima glottidis.
Posterior cricoarythenoid muscles
74
What is the purpose of an open rima glottidis?
Phonation | Respiration - allows airflow in during inspiration
75
Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the vocal cords resulting in the closure of the rima glottidis.
Lateral cricoarythenoid muscles
76
What is the purpose of the closure of the rima glottidis?
Block foreign objects from entering Needed for an increase in intrathoracic pressure (coughing) Needed for an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (defaecation)
77
What modulates the pitch of sound and how?
Cricothyroid muscle | Tenses the vocal cords by pulling the thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly
78
Name the three parts of the larynx.
Vestibule Laryngeal Ventricles Infraglottic Cavity
79
Describe the location of the vestibule of the larynx.
From the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds
80
Describe the location of the laryngeal ventricles.
From the vestibular folds to the vocal folds (rima glottidis) below
81
Describe the position of the infraglottic cavity.
From the vocal folds (rima glottidis) to the trachea
82
Describe the sensory innervation of the larynx.
Above the laryngeal ventricle - internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (Vagus nerve) Below the laryngeal ventricle - recurrent laryngeal nerve (Vagus nerve)
83
Describe the motor innervation of the larynx.
All muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
84
Which space allows a pharyngeal infection to spread to the thorax?
Retropharyngeal space
85
Name the air conducting parts of the LRT.
``` Trachea Bronchi - primary (main) - secondary (lobar) - tertiary (segmental) Bronchioles - terminating bronchioles ```
86
Name the respiration parts of the LRT.
Respiratory bronchioles | Alveolar units
87
What is the characteristic feature of the trachea in transverse section?
D-shaped lumen
88
What is the trachea made of?
15-20 tracheal cartilages (maintain airway patency)
89
What is the trachealis muscle and where is it found?
Posteriorly in gaps between C-shaped cartilage | Bundles of smooth muscle fibres
90
What fills the narrow gaps between adjacent bars of cartilage of the trachea?
Annular ligaments (elastic fibres to give elasticity to its wall)
91
Where is the jugular notch found?
Sternum, between two ends of clavicle
92
What is the importance of the sternal angle and what level is it at?
T4 | This is where the trachea terminates/bifurcates.
93
What level does the trachea begin?
Level C6
94
What is the tracheal length on inspiration and expiration/post mortem?
Inspiration = 15cm | Expiration/post mortem = 10cm
95
Name the divisions of bronchi.
``` 2 main/primary bronchi (left/right) 3 right secondary/lobular bronchi 2 left secondary/lobular bonchi Tertiary/segmental bronchi (one for each bronchopulmonary segment in the lobes) Bronchioles ```
96
Name the extrapulmonary bronchi.
Right main bronchus Left main bronchus Right superior lobular bronchus
97
What do the extrapulmonary bronchi resemble?
Trachea
98
List the characteristics of the extrapulmonary bronchi.
Incomplete cartilage rings Posterior deficiency is occupied by smooth muscle D-shaped lumen
99
What are the intrapulmonary bronchi?
All the other bronchi excluding the extrapulmonary bronchi
100
What are the features of intrapulmonary bronchi?
Spherical in outline No posterior flattening or C-shaped cartilage rings Irregular plates of cartilages and smooth muscle fibres arranged in spirals around the bronchus with elastic fibres
101
Define bronchioles.
Conducting tubes of less than 1mm.
102
Why is it important that cilia extend further down in the resp tract than goblet cells and submucosal glands?
Prevent the resp tissue from waterclogging/occluded by mucus.
103
What is present for drainage in the smallest bronchioles where cilia are absent?
Macrophages
104
What is the narrowest part of the air conducting system?
Terminal Bronchioles
105
What is the composition of terminal bronchioles?
Cuboidal epithelium No goblet cells Ciliated Surrounded by resp tissue
106
What is the first component of the resp system?
Respiratory bronchioles | Alveoli on their wall
107
What are alveolar ducts?
Thin walled tubes that connect the resp bronchioles to the alveolar sacs
108
What do alveolar sacs contain?
A collection of alveoli
109
What are alveoli?
Small pouches made of flattened epithelial cells that allow gas exchange
110
What is the pulmonary acinus?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
111
What is another name for the blood air barrier?
Respiratory membrane
112
Describe the process of gas exchange.
Carbon dioxide in blood diffuses across the blood capillary wall into the alveoli. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the blood capillary wall into the pulmonary veins to be taken back to the left atrium of the heart.
113
What are layers of tissue that constitute gas exchange called?
Air-blood barrier
114
What are the lungs attached to?
Lie free in thoracic cavity except where they are attached to the heart by their roots and trachea
115
What shape are the lungs?
Conical shape
116
What is the apex of the lungs?
Upper tapered part (lies in plane of thoracic inlet)
117
What is the base of the lungs?
Concave lower part (overlies dome of the diaphragm)
118
Name the surfaces of the lungs.
Costal Diaphragmatic Medial
119
Explain the costal surface of the lungs.
Convex, fits wall formed by sternum, ribs and costal cartilages
120
Describe the diaphragmatic surface of the lungs.
Concave | Fits the dome of the diaphragm
121
What is the medial surface of the lungs split into?
Mediastinal and vertebral part
122
Describe the mediastinal part of the medial surface.
Has concavity caused by the heart and praecordium = CARDIAC IMPRESSION
123
Describe the vertebral part of the medial surface of the lungs.
Comes into contact with the sides of thoracic vertebrae.
124
List the borders of the lungs and the surfaces they separate.
Anterior border: separates medial and costal surfaces Inferior border: separates diaphragmatic surface from the costal and medial surfaces Posterior border: separates the costal and (vertebral part) of the medial surface
125
Where is the hilum found?
On the medial surface of the lung above and behind the cardiac impression
126
What does the hilum contain?
It is a depression containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, bronchi. These enter/leave the lung
127
What is the root of the lung?
Hilum containing its structures
128
What is an important ligament to remember?
Pulmonary ligament
129
Where do the bronchial arteries end?
At the level of the respiratory bronchioles (travel and branch with bronchi)
130
What is blood mainly returned by?
Pulmonary veins rather than bronchial veins
131
Where is blood from the first few divisions of the bronchi carried?
In the bronchial veins to veins of the posterior thoracic wall
132
What is the difference between pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries?
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle. They are part of the pulmonary circulation. Large. Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. They are part of the systemic circulation. Small.
133
Describe the pathway of lymph drainage.
Pulmonary nodes (within lungs) to bronchopulmonary nodes (hilum) to inferior tracheobronchial nodes (angle of division of trachea) to superior tracheobronchial nodes (alongside the trachea). Then into the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks into the right lymphatic trunk and then into the thoracic duct and into the systemic venous system.
134
What divides the lung into the upper and lower lobes?
Oblique fissure
135
What are importance characteristics of the left lung?
Cardiac notch | Lingula
136
How do we tell the difference between the left lung and right lung at the hilum?
Pulmonary artery is superior to the bronchus at the hilum in the left lung. Pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus at the hilum in the right lung.
137
Name the fissures dividing the right lung lobes.
Oblique fissure separates the upper and middle lobe from the lower lobe. Horizontal fissure separates the upper and middle lobes.
138
What is a segment of the lung?
Each lobe is further divided into a number of segments (pulmonary and bronchopulmonary segments)
139
What supplies each segment?
Branch of bronchial artery Branch of pulmonary artery Segmental bronchus
140
What drains each segment?
Tributary of a pulmonary vein Tributary of a bronchial vein Lymphatic vessels
141
What is the smallest functionally independent region of a lung which is surgically resectable?
Bronchopulmonary segment
142
What are the pulmonary plexuses in close proximity to?
The roots of the lungs
143
Describe the sympathetic fibres of the lungs.
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibres arise from the upper 4/5 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and reach the pulmonary plexuses.
144
Describe the parasympathetic fibres of the lung.
Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres (carried in Vagus nerve) synapse with parasympathetic ganglion cells present in the pulmonary plexuses and along the bronchial tree.
145
What do sympathetic efferent fibres do?
Inhibitory to smooth muscle of bronci and bronchioles (bronchodilator) Inhibitory to glands of the bronchial tree Causes contraction of smooth muscles of pulmonary vessels = vasoconstrictor
146
What do the parasympathetic efferent fibres do?
Causes contraction of smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles = bronchoconstrictor Increases secretion by glands of bronchial tree = secretomotor Inhibitory to smooth muscle of the pulmonary vessels = vasodilator
147
Name the two visceral afferent fibres of the pulmonary plexuses.
Nociceptive | Reflexive
148
Describe the nociceptive visceral afferent fibres of the pulmonary plexuses.
Conducting pain impulses generated in response to painful of injurious stimuli e.g. chemical irritants, ischaemia or excessive stretching.
149
Describe the reflexive visceral afferent fibres of pulmonary plexuses.
Coughing, ability of lungs to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
150
List the structures involved in the mechanics of breathing.
Pleura Thoracic bones Muscles of Resp
151
What are the two serous membranes covering the lung?
Visceral and serous membranes
152
What covers the lung surface?
Visceral pleura
153
What is the outer membrane?
Parietal pleura
154
What is the parietal pleura attached to?
Thoracic wall (costal pleura) Mediastinum (mediastinal pleura) Diaphragm (diaphragmatic pleura) The cupula (cervical pleura)
155
Where are the visceral and parietal pleura continuous with one another?
At the root of the lung
156
What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura called?
Pleural cavity
157
What is the function of the small amounts of fluid secreted by the pleura?
Reduce friction | Facilitate inflation and deflation of the lungs in respiration.
158
Name the borders of the visceral and parietal pleura in the anterior, lateral and posterior planes.
Anterior: visceral - rib 6, parietal - rib 8 Lateral: visceral - rib 8, parietal - rib 10 Posterior: visceral - rib 10, parietal - rib 12
159
Where does pleural fluid drainage occur? Where do you insert the needle?
In the costodiaphragmatic recess | Laterally between ribs 8 and 10
160
Name the two pleural recesses.
Costomediastinal | Costodiaphragmatic
161
Where is the costomediastinal recess found?
Angle of reflection of the costal pleura and mediastinal pleural at the anterior border of the pleura
162
Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found?
Angle of reflection between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura at the inferior border of pleura
163
What is the function of the pleura?
The lung expands into these recesses during forced inspiration.
164
Describe the innervation of the visceral pleura.
Visceral pleura is insensitive to pain as it receives no nerves of general sensation
165
Describe the innervation of parietal pleura.
Parietal pleura is extremely sensitive to pain Innervated by the nerves innervating the thoracic wall Intercostal nerves innervate the costal pleura Rest of the pleura is innervated by the phrenic nerve
166
Name the parts making up the thoracic skeleton.
Sternum Ribs and costal cartilages Thoracic vertebrae
167
Name the three parts of the sternum.
Manubrium Body Xiphoid process
168
Which ribs are the true ribs and why?
Ribs 1-7 | Articulate directly with the sternum
169
Which are the false ribs and why?
Ribs 8-10 They articulate with the costal cartilage of the rib immediately above They form the costal margin
170
Which ribs are the floating/free ribs and why?
Ribs 11 and 12 | Do not reach the sternum
171
Name the parts of a typical rib.
Head Neck Body (shaft) Tubercle
172
What does the rib attach to posteriorly?
Vertebra
173
What is the name of the joint - head of rib articulates with the body of its own vertebra and that of the above vertebra?
Costovertebral joint --> synovial
174
What is the costotransverse joint?
Tubercle articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra. Synovial joint
175
What are the ribs anteriorly attached to?
Sternum
176
Describe sternocostal/chondrosternal joints.
Unossified part of rib (i.e. costal cartilage) articulates with sternum Only ribs 1-7 Synovial joint
177
Name the diameters of the thoracic cavity.
Anteroposterior diameter Transverse Vertical
178
What causes an increase in the vertical diameter?
Contraction of the diaphragm
179
What causes an increase in the anteroposterior diameter?
Elevation of the ribs by inspiratory muscles
180
What causes an increase in the transverse diameter?
Elevation of the ribs by the inspiratory muscles
181
Name the two movements of the ribs
Pump handle | Bucket handle
182
Describe the pump handle movement.
Ribs and sternum act as single structure Sternum is elevated and carried forwards Ribs are lifted and AP diameter is increased Ribs also spread out laterally
183
Which joints are involved in the pump handle movement?
Costovertebral and costotransverse joints allowing rotation
184
Why do the upper ribs undergo more movement than the lower ribs in the pump handle movement?
The articular surfaces of the costotransverse joint in the upper ribs are curved more allowing more rotation
185
Which joints are involved in the bucket handle movements?
Sternocostal and costovertebral joints
186
What is the bucket handle movement?
Mostly at the lower ribs Lower ribs spread laterally and transverse diameter increases Mainly by the diaphragm
187
Describe the borders of the superior thoracic aperture.
Anteriorly - manubrium of sternum Laterally - 1st ribs Posteriorly - body of T1 vertebra
188
What is the function of the superior aperture?
Allows structures to pass between the neck and thorax
189
What structures pass through the superior aperture?
``` Trachea Oesophagus Brachiocephalic artery Left subclavian artery and vein Vagus and phrenic nerve Internal jugular vein Common carotid artery Apex of right lung ```
190
Name the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture.
Anteriorly - xiphoid process of sternum Laterally - costal margin, 11th/12th ribs Posteriorly - T12 vertebrae
191
What is the function of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Allows structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen
192
What structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture?
Aorta Oesophagus IVC
193
What closes the inferior thoracic aperture?
Diaphragm
194
Name the three parts of the diaphragm.
Sternal Costal Lumbar
195
Where do all 3 parts of the diaphragm join?
Central tendon
196
Describe where each part of the diaphragm comes from.
Sternal part arises from narrow slips at the back of the xiphoid process. Costal part arises from the inner surface of the 6 lower costal cartilages and 4 lower ribs. Forms the right and left dome of diaphragm. Lumbar part arises from the lumbar vertebrae& forms two muscular crura. Right crus comes from the upper 3 vertebrae, left crus comes from lower 2 vertebrae
197
Name the ligaments near the diaphragm.
Lateral arcuate ligament Medial arcuate ligament Median arcuate ligament
198
What diameter does contraction of the diaphragm increase?
Vertical diameter
199
Name the diaphragms highest position.
Trendelenburg position
200
What do the muscles of inspiration do?
Cause an increase in the diameters of the thoracic cavity
201
Describe what happens in inspiration.
Increase in volume of thoracic cavity (diameters increased) Intrathoracic pressure is decreased Air is sucked in and lungs become inflated (air inside is lower than air outside)
202
What do the muscles of expiration do to the diameters of the thoracic cavity?
Decrease the diameters (contraction)
203
Explain what happens in expiration.
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases (decrease in diameter) Intrathoracic pressure is increased Air is forced out of the lungs and lungs become deflated (pressure inside is greater than pressure outside)
204
Name the classification of the muscles of respiration.
Primary muscles - active in quiet and assist in forced respiration Secondary muscles - active in forced respiration
205
Name the primary muscles of resp.
Diaphragm | Intercostal muscles
206
What do the intercostal muscles fill?
Fill an intercostal space
207
Name the 3 planes of intercostal muscles.
Superficial layer: External intercostal muscles Intermediate layer: Internal intercostal muscles Deep layer: Innermost intercostal muscles, subcostalis muscle, transversus thoracis muscle
208
What do the muscle fibres in the intercostal space attach to?
The rib above and the rib below
209
How do we determine the actions of the intercostal muscles?
Direction of their fibres
210
List the direction of fibres and movements of the intercostal muscles.
External intercostal muscles = downwards and forwards (elevate the ribs - inspiration) Internal intercostal muscles = upwards and forwards (depress the ribs - expiration) Innermost intercostal muscles = upwards and forwards (depress the ribs - expiration) N
211
Name the rib depressors.
Internal intercostal muscles | Innermost internal intercostal muscles, transversus thoracis, subcostalis muscle
212
Name the rib elevators
External intercostal muscles
213
Name the layers which the needle will pass through to enter the intercostal space.
``` Skin Superficial fascia Serratus anterior muscle External intercostal muscle Internal intercostal muscle Innermost internal intercostal muscle Parietal pleura ```
214
Name the muscles involved in active forced respiration (secondary muscles)
``` Scalane muscles Quadratus Lumborum Psoas Major and Psoas Minor Rhomboid muscles Pectoralis Minor Serratus anterior Serratus posterior Abdominal muscles ```
215
Who performs forced inspiration?
Those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
216
What is the function of the scalene muscles?
Lift the upper ribs higher as they can and increase their lung capacity
217
What is the function of the rhomboid and pectoralis minor in forced inspiration?
Shift the scapula medially and lift the upper ribs and increase their lung capacity
218
What do the psoas major and quadratus lumborum do in forced inspiration?
Stabilize and pull the floating ribs downwards to increase lung capacity
219
What do the abdominal muscles do in forced expiration?
Increase intraabdominal pressure and push the diaphragm up in forced expiration