Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory Block Module > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory system made of?

A 
Nose
Nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses 
Pharynx - naso, oral, laryngo 
Larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the functions of the nose and nasal cavities?

A
  • Olfaction: olfactory receptors in mucosa of upper 1/3 medial and lateral nasal walls
  • Airways for respiration
  • Filter inspired air
  • Warm and moisten inspired air
  • Resonance chambers for speech
  • Reception of secretions from the nasal cavities and nasolacrimal ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe what the external nose is composed of.

A

Nasal bone
Nasal cartilages - septal, greater and lesser alar cartilage
Fibrous fatty tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cartilage makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavitiy?

A

Septal cartilage
Vomer
Ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone (cribriform plate)
Sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla and palatine bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A 
Maxilla 
Lacrimal bone 
Ethmoid bone (superior and middle nasal concha) 
Inferior nasal concha - separate bone 
Palatine bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the upper 1/3rd of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

A

Olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the pathway of olfactory exons.

A

Olfactory receptor axons pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to connect with the olfactory bulb situated on the upper surface of the cribriform plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which part of the nasal cavity is responsible for respiratory functions?

A

Lower 2/3rd medial and lateral walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of epithelium is the respiratory part of the nasal cavity and what are its functions?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Goblet cells = mucus secretion
Cilia beat to move the mucus towards the nasopharynx
Mucus picks up particulate matter and moistens the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What warms the inhaled air?

A

Nasal blood temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are nasal concha?

A

Projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are nasal concha covered by?

A

Respiratory type mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the differences between the superior/middle nasal concha and inferior concha?

A

Superior/middle nasal concha are part of the ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal concha is a separate bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are nasal meatuses?

A

Air passages below the concha.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the superior nasal meatus located?

A

Superior to middle nasal concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the middle nasal meatus located?

A

Inferior to middle nasal concha, but superior to the inferior nasal concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the inferior nasal meatus located?

A

Inferior to the inferior nasal concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the space called superior/above the superior nasal concha or superior to the nasal meatus?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses.

A

Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses/ethmoidal cells - anterior, middle, posterior
Maxillary sinuses (largest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory type mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Decrease the weight of the bones

Resonance chambers for speech/voice production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled extensions of the nasal cavities into adjacent bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What drains into the middle nasal meatus?

A

Maxillary sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Anterior and middle ethmoidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells drain?

A

Superior nasal meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What opening is found in the inferior nasal meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which paranasal sinus is used as a pathway in pituitary gland tumours?

A

Sphenoidal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Common pathway for air and food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the wall of the pharynx composed of?

A

Mainly skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What lines the upper part of the pharynx?

A

Resp-type epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What lines the lower part of the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (protection from food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does the nasopharynx connect with the nasal cavities?

A

By nasal apertures called choanae (posterior nares)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the posterior nares called?

A

Choanae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What opens onto the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

Auditory (Eustachian tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Lymphoid aggregations/masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name the two tonsils found in the nasopharynx.

A 
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids in children) 
Tubal tonsils (paired)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the position of the pharyngeal tonsils in the nasopharynx.

A

Localized in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

State the position of the tubal tonsils in the nasopharynx.

A

Lateral wall behind the opening of the auditory tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does the oropharynx connect with the oral cavity?

A

Via the oropharyngeal isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe the length of the oropharynx.

A

Expands from the soft palate to the upper border of epiglottic cartilage of the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Name the two tonsils found in the oropharynx.

A

Lingual tonsils

Palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils found?

A

Posterior end of tongue in oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils (paired) found?

A

Between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches at the lateral wall of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How does the laryngopharynx connect with the larynx?

A

Via the laryngeal inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is another name for the laryngopharynx?

A

Hypopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which tonsils are paired?

A

Tubal tonsils

Palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where does the larynx extend from?

A

Extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What levels does the larynx extend from?

A

C3 to C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Airway protection
Respiration: maintain the airway
Phonation: voice production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the larynx made up of?

A

3 paired cartilages (smaller)
3 unpaired cartilages
Fibro-elastic membrane
Intrinsic muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What forms synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage?

A

Inferior horn of the thyroid

Arytenoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

A

Thyroid cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where is the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) found?

A

Thyroid cartilage where the two lamina join together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the epiglottic cartilage attached to?

A

The laryngeal prominence from the posterior aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What part of the thyroid cartilage attaches to the cricoid cartilage?

A

Inferior horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is embedded in the aryepiglottic fold?

A

Cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Name the two external membranes of the larynx.

A 
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cricothyroid membrane (median cricothyroid ligament)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does the thyrohyoid membrane attach to?

A

Superiorly to hyoid bone

Inferiorly to thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is important to remember about the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

Thyroidal notch

Lateral aspect - internal branch of superior laryngeal artery/nerve penetrate this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does the cricothyroid membrane attach to?

A

AKA median cricothyroid ligament
Attaches superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
Attaches inferiorly to the cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is important to remember about the cricothyroid membrane?

A

Artificial penetration in emergency situations can provide access to the lower airways when there is blockage above the level of the vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Name the two internal membranes of the larynx.

A 
Quadrangular membrane 
Cricothyroid membrane (lateral aspect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Name the attachments of the quadrangular membrane.

A

Superiorly to the epiglottic cartilage
Inferiorly to the vestibular fold
Anteriorly to the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage
Posteriorly to the aryepiglottic fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Name the attachments of the cricothyroid internal membrane (lateral aspect).

A

Superiorly to the vocal fold
Inferiorly to the arch of the cricoid cartilage
Anteriorly to the laryngeal prominence (posterior aspect)
Posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What forms the vocal folds?

A

Mucosal coating of the vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where do the vocal cords extend from?

A

Artytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What varies the position and tension of the vocal folds?

A

Muscles of the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the rima glottidis and how is its size changed?

A

Rima glottidis is the interval between the vocal folds. Abduction and adduction of the vocal folds alters its size.
Gap between the vocal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Name two ligaments found near the vocal folds.

A 
Vocal ligaments
Vestibular ligaments (superior)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the abduction of the vocal cords resulting in opening of the rima glottidis.

A

Posterior cricoarythenoid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the purpose of an open rima glottidis?

A

Phonation

Respiration - allows airflow in during inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the vocal cords resulting in the closure of the rima glottidis.

A

Lateral cricoarythenoid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is the purpose of the closure of the rima glottidis?

A

Block foreign objects from entering
Needed for an increase in intrathoracic pressure (coughing)
Needed for an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (defaecation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What modulates the pitch of sound and how?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

Tenses the vocal cords by pulling the thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Name the three parts of the larynx.

A

Vestibule
Laryngeal Ventricles
Infraglottic Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Describe the location of the vestibule of the larynx.

A

From the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Describe the location of the laryngeal ventricles.

A

From the vestibular folds to the vocal folds (rima glottidis) below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Describe the position of the infraglottic cavity.

A

From the vocal folds (rima glottidis) to the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the larynx.

A

Above the laryngeal ventricle - internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (Vagus nerve)
Below the laryngeal ventricle - recurrent laryngeal nerve (Vagus nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Describe the motor innervation of the larynx.

A

All muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Which space allows a pharyngeal infection to spread to the thorax?

A

Retropharyngeal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Name the air conducting parts of the LRT.

A 
Trachea
Bronchi 
- primary (main)
- secondary (lobar) 
- tertiary (segmental) 
Bronchioles 
- terminating bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Name the respiration parts of the LRT.

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the trachea in transverse section?

A

D-shaped lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

15-20 tracheal cartilages (maintain airway patency)

89
Q

What is the trachealis muscle and where is it found?

A

Posteriorly in gaps between C-shaped cartilage

Bundles of smooth muscle fibres

90
Q

What fills the narrow gaps between adjacent bars of cartilage of the trachea?

A

Annular ligaments (elastic fibres to give elasticity to its wall)

91
Q

Where is the jugular notch found?

A

Sternum, between two ends of clavicle

92
Q

What is the importance of the sternal angle and what level is it at?

A

T4

This is where the trachea terminates/bifurcates.

93
Q

What level does the trachea begin?

A

Level C6

94
Q

What is the tracheal length on inspiration and expiration/post mortem?

A

Inspiration = 15cm

Expiration/post mortem = 10cm

95
Q

Name the divisions of bronchi.

A 
2 main/primary bronchi (left/right) 
3 right secondary/lobular bronchi 
2 left secondary/lobular bonchi 
Tertiary/segmental bronchi (one for each bronchopulmonary segment in the lobes) 
Bronchioles
96
Q

Name the extrapulmonary bronchi.

A

Right main bronchus
Left main bronchus
Right superior lobular bronchus

97
Q

What do the extrapulmonary bronchi resemble?

A

Trachea

98
Q

List the characteristics of the extrapulmonary bronchi.

A

Incomplete cartilage rings
Posterior deficiency is occupied by smooth muscle
D-shaped lumen

99
Q

What are the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

All the other bronchi excluding the extrapulmonary bronchi

100
Q

What are the features of intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Spherical in outline
No posterior flattening or C-shaped cartilage rings
Irregular plates of cartilages and smooth muscle fibres arranged in spirals around the bronchus with elastic fibres

101
Q

Define bronchioles.

A

Conducting tubes of less than 1mm.

102
Q

Why is it important that cilia extend further down in the resp tract than goblet cells and submucosal glands?

A

Prevent the resp tissue from waterclogging/occluded by mucus.

103
Q

What is present for drainage in the smallest bronchioles where cilia are absent?

A

Macrophages

104
Q

What is the narrowest part of the air conducting system?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

105
Q

What is the composition of terminal bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal epithelium
No goblet cells
Ciliated
Surrounded by resp tissue

106
Q

What is the first component of the resp system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveoli on their wall

107
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A

Thin walled tubes that connect the resp bronchioles to the alveolar sacs

108
Q

What do alveolar sacs contain?

A

A collection of alveoli

109
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Small pouches made of flattened epithelial cells that allow gas exchange

110
Q

What is the pulmonary acinus?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

111
Q

What is another name for the blood air barrier?

A

Respiratory membrane

112
Q

Describe the process of gas exchange.

A

Carbon dioxide in blood diffuses across the blood capillary wall into the alveoli. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the blood capillary wall into the pulmonary veins to be taken back to the left atrium of the heart.

113
Q

What are layers of tissue that constitute gas exchange called?

A

Air-blood barrier

114
Q

What are the lungs attached to?

A

Lie free in thoracic cavity except where they are attached to the heart by their roots and trachea

115
Q

What shape are the lungs?

A

Conical shape

116
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A

Upper tapered part (lies in plane of thoracic inlet)

117
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A

Concave lower part (overlies dome of the diaphragm)

118
Q

Name the surfaces of the lungs.

A

Costal
Diaphragmatic
Medial

119
Q

Explain the costal surface of the lungs.

A

Convex, fits wall formed by sternum, ribs and costal cartilages

120
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic surface of the lungs.

A

Concave

Fits the dome of the diaphragm

121
Q

What is the medial surface of the lungs split into?

A

Mediastinal and vertebral part

122
Q

Describe the mediastinal part of the medial surface.

A

Has concavity caused by the heart and praecordium = CARDIAC IMPRESSION

123
Q

Describe the vertebral part of the medial surface of the lungs.

A

Comes into contact with the sides of thoracic vertebrae.

124
Q

List the borders of the lungs and the surfaces they separate.

A

Anterior border: separates medial and costal surfaces
Inferior border: separates diaphragmatic surface from the costal and medial surfaces
Posterior border: separates the costal and (vertebral part) of the medial surface

125
Q

Where is the hilum found?

A

On the medial surface of the lung above and behind the cardiac impression

126
Q

What does the hilum contain?

A

It is a depression containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, bronchi.
These enter/leave the lung

127
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

Hilum containing its structures

128
Q

What is an important ligament to remember?

A

Pulmonary ligament

129
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries end?

A

At the level of the respiratory bronchioles (travel and branch with bronchi)

130
Q

What is blood mainly returned by?

A

Pulmonary veins rather than bronchial veins

131
Q

Where is blood from the first few divisions of the bronchi carried?

A

In the bronchial veins to veins of the posterior thoracic wall

132
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries?

A

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle. They are part of the pulmonary circulation. Large.
Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. They are part of the systemic circulation. Small.

133
Q

Describe the pathway of lymph drainage.

A

Pulmonary nodes (within lungs) to bronchopulmonary nodes (hilum) to inferior tracheobronchial nodes (angle of division of trachea) to superior tracheobronchial nodes (alongside the trachea). Then into the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks into the right lymphatic trunk and then into the thoracic duct and into the systemic venous system.

134
Q

What divides the lung into the upper and lower lobes?

A

Oblique fissure

135
Q

What are importance characteristics of the left lung?

A

Cardiac notch

Lingula

136
Q

How do we tell the difference between the left lung and right lung at the hilum?

A

Pulmonary artery is superior to the bronchus at the hilum in the left lung.
Pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus at the hilum in the right lung.

137
Q

Name the fissures dividing the right lung lobes.

A

Oblique fissure separates the upper and middle lobe from the lower lobe.
Horizontal fissure separates the upper and middle lobes.

138
Q

What is a segment of the lung?

A

Each lobe is further divided into a number of segments (pulmonary and bronchopulmonary segments)

139
Q

What supplies each segment?

A

Branch of bronchial artery
Branch of pulmonary artery
Segmental bronchus

140
Q

What drains each segment?

A

Tributary of a pulmonary vein
Tributary of a bronchial vein
Lymphatic vessels

141
Q

What is the smallest functionally independent region of a lung which is surgically resectable?

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

142
Q

What are the pulmonary plexuses in close proximity to?

A

The roots of the lungs

143
Q

Describe the sympathetic fibres of the lungs.

A

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibres arise from the upper 4/5 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and reach the pulmonary plexuses.

144
Q

Describe the parasympathetic fibres of the lung.

A

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres (carried in Vagus nerve) synapse with parasympathetic ganglion cells present in the pulmonary plexuses and along the bronchial tree.

145
Q

What do sympathetic efferent fibres do?

A

Inhibitory to smooth muscle of bronci and bronchioles (bronchodilator)
Inhibitory to glands of the bronchial tree
Causes contraction of smooth muscles of pulmonary vessels = vasoconstrictor

146
Q

What do the parasympathetic efferent fibres do?

A

Causes contraction of smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles = bronchoconstrictor
Increases secretion by glands of bronchial tree = secretomotor
Inhibitory to smooth muscle of the pulmonary vessels = vasodilator

147
Q

Name the two visceral afferent fibres of the pulmonary plexuses.

A

Nociceptive

Reflexive

148
Q

Describe the nociceptive visceral afferent fibres of the pulmonary plexuses.

A

Conducting pain impulses generated in response to painful of injurious stimuli e.g. chemical irritants, ischaemia or excessive stretching.

149
Q

Describe the reflexive visceral afferent fibres of pulmonary plexuses.

A

Coughing, ability of lungs to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

150
Q

List the structures involved in the mechanics of breathing.

A

Pleura
Thoracic bones
Muscles of Resp

151
Q

What are the two serous membranes covering the lung?

A

Visceral and serous membranes

152
Q

What covers the lung surface?

A

Visceral pleura

153
Q

What is the outer membrane?

A

Parietal pleura

154
Q

What is the parietal pleura attached to?

A

Thoracic wall (costal pleura)
Mediastinum (mediastinal pleura)
Diaphragm (diaphragmatic pleura)
The cupula (cervical pleura)

155
Q

Where are the visceral and parietal pleura continuous with one another?

A

At the root of the lung

156
Q

What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura called?

A

Pleural cavity

157
Q

What is the function of the small amounts of fluid secreted by the pleura?

A

Reduce friction

Facilitate inflation and deflation of the lungs in respiration.

158
Q

Name the borders of the visceral and parietal pleura in the anterior, lateral and posterior planes.

A

Anterior: visceral - rib 6, parietal - rib 8
Lateral: visceral - rib 8, parietal - rib 10
Posterior: visceral - rib 10, parietal - rib 12

159
Q

Where does pleural fluid drainage occur? Where do you insert the needle?

A

In the costodiaphragmatic recess

Laterally between ribs 8 and 10

160
Q

Name the two pleural recesses.

A

Costomediastinal

Costodiaphragmatic

161
Q

Where is the costomediastinal recess found?

A

Angle of reflection of the costal pleura and mediastinal pleural at the anterior border of the pleura

162
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found?

A

Angle of reflection between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura at the inferior border of pleura

163
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A

The lung expands into these recesses during forced inspiration.

164
Q

Describe the innervation of the visceral pleura.

A

Visceral pleura is insensitive to pain as it receives no nerves of general sensation

165
Q

Describe the innervation of parietal pleura.

A

Parietal pleura is extremely sensitive to pain
Innervated by the nerves innervating the thoracic wall
Intercostal nerves innervate the costal pleura
Rest of the pleura is innervated by the phrenic nerve

166
Q

Name the parts making up the thoracic skeleton.

A

Sternum
Ribs and costal cartilages
Thoracic vertebrae

167
Q

Name the three parts of the sternum.

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

168
Q

Which ribs are the true ribs and why?

A

Ribs 1-7

Articulate directly with the sternum

169
Q

Which are the false ribs and why?

A

Ribs 8-10
They articulate with the costal cartilage of the rib immediately above
They form the costal margin

170
Q

Which ribs are the floating/free ribs and why?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

Do not reach the sternum

171
Q

Name the parts of a typical rib.

A

Head
Neck
Body (shaft)
Tubercle

172
Q

What does the rib attach to posteriorly?

A

Vertebra

173
Q

What is the name of the joint - head of rib articulates with the body of its own vertebra and that of the above vertebra?

A

Costovertebral joint –> synovial

174
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

Tubercle articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra.
Synovial joint

175
Q

What are the ribs anteriorly attached to?

A

Sternum

176
Q

Describe sternocostal/chondrosternal joints.

A

Unossified part of rib (i.e. costal cartilage) articulates with sternum
Only ribs 1-7
Synovial joint

177
Q

Name the diameters of the thoracic cavity.

A

Anteroposterior diameter
Transverse
Vertical

178
Q

What causes an increase in the vertical diameter?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

179
Q

What causes an increase in the anteroposterior diameter?

A

Elevation of the ribs by inspiratory muscles

180
Q

What causes an increase in the transverse diameter?

A

Elevation of the ribs by the inspiratory muscles

181
Q

Name the two movements of the ribs

A

Pump handle

Bucket handle

182
Q

Describe the pump handle movement.

A

Ribs and sternum act as single structure
Sternum is elevated and carried forwards
Ribs are lifted and AP diameter is increased
Ribs also spread out laterally

183
Q

Which joints are involved in the pump handle movement?

A

Costovertebral and costotransverse joints allowing rotation

184
Q

Why do the upper ribs undergo more movement than the lower ribs in the pump handle movement?

A

The articular surfaces of the costotransverse joint in the upper ribs are curved more allowing more rotation

185
Q

Which joints are involved in the bucket handle movements?

A

Sternocostal and costovertebral joints

186
Q

What is the bucket handle movement?

A

Mostly at the lower ribs
Lower ribs spread laterally and transverse diameter increases
Mainly by the diaphragm

187
Q

Describe the borders of the superior thoracic aperture.

A

Anteriorly - manubrium of sternum
Laterally - 1st ribs
Posteriorly - body of T1 vertebra

188
Q

What is the function of the superior aperture?

A

Allows structures to pass between the neck and thorax

189
Q

What structures pass through the superior aperture?

A 
Trachea 
Oesophagus
Brachiocephalic artery 
Left subclavian artery and vein 
Vagus and phrenic nerve 
Internal jugular vein 
Common carotid artery 
Apex of right lung
190
Q

Name the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture.

A

Anteriorly - xiphoid process of sternum
Laterally - costal margin, 11th/12th ribs
Posteriorly - T12 vertebrae

191
Q

What is the function of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Allows structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen

192
Q

What structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Aorta
Oesophagus
IVC

193
Q

What closes the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Diaphragm

194
Q

Name the three parts of the diaphragm.

A

Sternal
Costal
Lumbar

195
Q

Where do all 3 parts of the diaphragm join?

A

Central tendon

196
Q

Describe where each part of the diaphragm comes from.

A

Sternal part arises from narrow slips at the back of the xiphoid process.
Costal part arises from the inner surface of the 6 lower costal cartilages and 4 lower ribs. Forms the right and left dome of diaphragm.
Lumbar part arises from the lumbar vertebrae& forms two muscular crura. Right crus comes from the upper 3 vertebrae, left crus comes from lower 2 vertebrae

197
Q

Name the ligaments near the diaphragm.

A

Lateral arcuate ligament
Medial arcuate ligament
Median arcuate ligament

198
Q

What diameter does contraction of the diaphragm increase?

A

Vertical diameter

199
Q

Name the diaphragms highest position.

A

Trendelenburg position

200
Q

What do the muscles of inspiration do?

A

Cause an increase in the diameters of the thoracic cavity

201
Q

Describe what happens in inspiration.

A

Increase in volume of thoracic cavity (diameters increased)
Intrathoracic pressure is decreased
Air is sucked in and lungs become inflated (air inside is lower than air outside)

202
Q

What do the muscles of expiration do to the diameters of the thoracic cavity?

A

Decrease the diameters (contraction)

203
Q

Explain what happens in expiration.

A

Volume of thoracic cavity decreases (decrease in diameter)
Intrathoracic pressure is increased
Air is forced out of the lungs and lungs become deflated (pressure inside is greater than pressure outside)

204
Q

Name the classification of the muscles of respiration.

A

Primary muscles - active in quiet and assist in forced respiration
Secondary muscles - active in forced respiration

205
Q

Name the primary muscles of resp.

A

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

206
Q

What do the intercostal muscles fill?

A

Fill an intercostal space

207
Q

Name the 3 planes of intercostal muscles.

A

Superficial layer: External intercostal muscles
Intermediate layer: Internal intercostal muscles
Deep layer: Innermost intercostal muscles, subcostalis muscle, transversus thoracis muscle

208
Q

What do the muscle fibres in the intercostal space attach to?

A

The rib above and the rib below

209
Q

How do we determine the actions of the intercostal muscles?

A

Direction of their fibres

210
Q

List the direction of fibres and movements of the intercostal muscles.

A

External intercostal muscles = downwards and forwards (elevate the ribs - inspiration)
Internal intercostal muscles = upwards and forwards (depress the ribs - expiration)
Innermost intercostal muscles = upwards and forwards (depress the ribs - expiration) N

211
Q

Name the rib depressors.

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Innermost internal intercostal muscles, transversus thoracis, subcostalis muscle

212
Q

Name the rib elevators

A

External intercostal muscles

213
Q

Name the layers which the needle will pass through to enter the intercostal space.

A 
Skin 
Superficial fascia 
Serratus anterior muscle 
External intercostal muscle 
Internal intercostal muscle 
Innermost internal intercostal muscle 
Parietal pleura
214
Q

Name the muscles involved in active forced respiration (secondary muscles)

A 
Scalane muscles 
Quadratus Lumborum 
Psoas Major and Psoas Minor 
Rhomboid muscles
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus anterior 
Serratus posterior
Abdominal muscles
215
Q

Who performs forced inspiration?

A

Those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

216
Q

What is the function of the scalene muscles?

A

Lift the upper ribs higher as they can and increase their lung capacity

217
Q

What is the function of the rhomboid and pectoralis minor in forced inspiration?

A

Shift the scapula medially and lift the upper ribs and increase their lung capacity

218
Q

What do the psoas major and quadratus lumborum do in forced inspiration?

A

Stabilize and pull the floating ribs downwards to increase lung capacity

219
Q

What do the abdominal muscles do in forced expiration?

A

Increase intraabdominal pressure and push the diaphragm up in forced expiration

Respiratory Block Module (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions