Anatomy

Question 1

Abdominal wall muscles

Answer 1

flat muscles: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

rectus sheath - formed by flat muscles, encloses rectus abdomenus

vertical muscle: rectus abdominus

Question 2

Retroperitoneal organs

Answer 2

oesophagus
duodenum
pancreas
aorta
adrenal glands
kidneys
ureters
ascending and descending colon
rectum

Question 3

3 main arteries supplying the gut and the specific areas they supply

Answer 3

celiac trunk (foregut) - oesophagus to ampulla of vater of duodenum

superior mesenteric artery (midgut) - distal to ampulla of duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut) - distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

Question 4

3 branches of celiac trunk

Answer 4

left gastric
common hepatic
splenic

Question 5

5 branches of SMA

Answer 5

inferior pancreaticoduodenal 
jejunal and ileal
ileocolic
right colic
middle colic

Question 6

3 branches of IMA

Answer 6

left colic
sigmoid
superior rectal

Question 7

Jejunum vs ileum

Answer 7

jejunum - LUQ, thick wall, long vasa recta, less arcades, more red

ileum - RLQ, thin wall, short vasa recta, more arcades, pink, absorbs fat soluble vitamins and B12 and bile salts

Question 8

blood supply of the colon

Answer 8

ascending - right colic and ileocolic
transverse - right colic and middle colic
descending - left colic
sigmoid - sigmoid arteries

marginal artery - to distal transverse and splenic flexure, bad supply, watershed area

Question 9

lymphatic drainage of the colon

Answer 9

ascending and transverse to superior mesenteric nodes

descending and sigmoid to inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 10

blood supply to the rectum

Answer 10

superior rectal from IMA

middle from internal iliac

inferior from internal pudendal

Question 11

internal vs external anal sphincter

Answer 11

internal - smooth muscle, involuntary, normal tone is contracted (PNS pudendal nerve)

external - skeletal muscle, thickened puborectalis muscle, voluntary

Question 12

What is the pectinate / dentate line

Answer 12

an area in the rectum where each end of the anal valves meets, dividing the rectum into upper and lower parts

Question 13

blood, nerve and lymphatic supply above and below pectinate line

Answer 13

above - superior rectal artery, visceral innervation, sensitive to distension, internal iliac LN

below - inferior rectal artery, somatic innervation, sensitive to pain/temp/touch/pressure, superficial inguinal LN

Question 14

blood supply of biliary tree

Answer 14

cystic artery from right hepatic artery

Question 15

what is calot’s triangle and what are the borders

Answer 15

used to identify where the cystic duct and artery are in surgery

common hepatic duct medially, the cystic duct laterally, and the inferior edge of the liver superiorly

Question 16

femoral triangle borders and contents

Answer 16

borders
superior - inguinal ligament
lateral - sartorius 
medial - adductor longus 
floor - pectineous, psoas, adductor longus
roof - fasciae lata 

contents (NAVEL)
femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymph canal