Anatomy Flashcards
Innervation external urethral sphincter
Pudendal nerve - S2,S3,S4
4 parts of male urethra
Pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, penile
Superficial relations of submandibular gland
Platysma, submandibular nodes, facial vein, facial artery inferior to mandible, marginal mandibular nerve, cervical branch of facial nerve
Deep relations of submandibular gland
Facial artery, mylohyoid muscle, hypoglossus muscle, hypoglossal nerve, submandibular duct, lingual nerve
Wharton’s duct
Opens lateral to lingual frenulum anterior floor of mouth. Lingual nerve wraps around it.
Innervation of submandibular gland
Sympathetic - superior cervical ganglion
Parasympathetic - submandibular ganglion via lingual nerve
Blood supply of submandibular gland
Facial artery and anterior facial vein
What makes up the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus medially, inguinal ligament superiorly, sartorius muscle laterally
Relations of adductor longus?
Long saphenous overlies it and profunda branch of femoral artery, femoral nerve inferiorly.
Origin, insertion and innervation of adductor longus
Origin - anterior body of pubis
Insertion - middle third of linea aspera
Innervation - anterior division of obturator (L2,3,4)
Borders of the quadrangular space
Humerus laterally, subscapularis and teres minor superiorly, teres major inferiorly and long head of triceps medially
What is transmitted through the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
5 branches of the facial nerve
Temporal, Zygomatic, Marginal mandibular, Buccal, Cervical
What does the facial nerve supply?
Face, ear, taste, tear. Muscles of facial express Nerve to stapedius Anterior two thirds of tongue Lacrimal and salivary glands
Geniculate ganglion
Sensory branch of the facial nerve, divides into greater petrosal nerve, chorda tympani and nerve to stapedius
Nerve supply of the knee
Femoral, tibial and common peroneal branch of sciatic and by a branch of obturator
Bloody supply of the knee
Genicular branches of femoral artery, popliteal and anterior tibial arteries
Lymphatic drainage anterior 2/3 of tongue
Only to ipsilateral nodes as little communication past midline
Lymphatic drainage posterior 1/3 tongue
Has communicating networks so early bilateral nodal metastases are common
Lymphatic spread from tip of tongue
Submental lymph nodes and then deep cervical nodes
Lymphatic spread from mid-portion of tongue
Submandibular nodes and then to deep cervical nodes.
Lymphatic spread from mid tongue tumour located laterally
Usually drain to ipsilateral deep cervical nodes.
Lymphatic spread from mid tongue tumour located centrally
Bilateral deep cervical node involvement
Which muscle is being tested by trendelenberg test?
Gluteus medius
Injury to which nerve results in a motor deficit that causes weakened abduction of the thigh?
Superior gluteal nerve
Blood supply of appendix
Appendicular artery which is a branch of ileocolic
Which part(s) of the colon are retroperitoneal?
Posterior aspect of ascending colon, posterior aspect of descending colon (until sigmoid, approx L4)
Arterial supply of the colon (ascending, transverse, descending + sigmoid)
SMA and IMA (linked my marginal artery)
Ascending colon - ileocolic (inferior branch of SMA) + R colic
Transverse - middle colic
Descending + sigmoid - IMA
Venous drainage of the colon
Regional veins to superior and inferior mesenteric vein
Lymphatic drainage of the colon
Para-aortic nodes
Embryology of the colon
Second part of duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon = midgut
Distal 1/3 transverse to anus = hindgut
Boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck (apex, superior, posterior, base)
Apex - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius at occipital bone
Superior - posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Posterior - anterior border of trapezius
Base - middle third of clavicle
Nerve contents of the posterior triangle
Accessory nerve, phrenic nerve, three trunks of brachial plexus, branches of cervical plexus
Vessel contents of posterior triangle
External jugular vein, subclavian artery
Muscle contents of posterior triangle
Inferior border of omohyoid
Scalene
Lymph node contents of posterior triangle
Supraclavicular and occipital
Constrictions of the oesophagus (distance from incisiors)
Cricoid cartilage (15 cm), arch of aorta (22.5 cm), left principal bronchus (27 cm), diaphragmatic hiatus (40 cm)
Anterior relations of oesophagus?
Trachea to T4 Recurrent laryngeal nerve Left bronchus Left atrium Diaphragm
Posterior relations to oesophagus?
Thoracic duct to L at T5
Hemiazygos to L T8
Descending aorta
first 2 intercostal branches of aorta
Left relations of oesophagus?
Thoracic duct
L subclavian artery
Right relations to oesphagus?
Azygos vein
Arterial supply to oesophagus
Upper third - inferior thyroid
Mid third - aortic branches
Lower third - L gastric
Venous drainage from oesophagus?
Upper third - inferior thyroid
Mid third - azygos branches
Lower third - L gastric
Lymphatic drainage of oesphagus?
Upper third - deep cervical
Mid third - mediastinal
Lower third - gastric
Muscularis externa of oesophagus?
Upper third - striated
Mid third - striated + smooth
Lower third - smooth
Nerve supply of oesophagus?
Upper half - recurrent laryngeal nerve
Lower half - oesophageal plexus (vagus)
Histology of oesophagus?
Muscosa - non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Submucosa - glandular tissue
Muscularis externa (muscularis)
Adventitia
Origin of triceps (long head, lateral head, medial head)
Long head - infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral head - dorsal surface of humerus
Medial head - posterior surface of humerus
Insertion of triceps
Olecranon process of the ulna
Innervation of triceps
Radial nerve
Blood supply of triceps
Profunda brachii artery
Action of the triceps
Elbow extension
