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Respiratory System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • As an oxygen supplier(To keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen).
  • For elimination of carbon dioxide.
  • Gas exchange(Oversee the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the external environment).
  • Passageway(So as to allow air to reach the lungs).
  • Humidifier(Purify, humidify and warm incoming air).
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2
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi and their smaller branches
  • Lungs which contain alveoli
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3
Q

During breathing, air enters the nose passing through the _________.

A

nostrils

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4
Q

The interior of the nose consists of the ___________ , divided by a midline _____________.

A

nasal cavity;nasal septum

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5
Q

What is the function of Olfactory receptors and where are they located?

A
  • For the sense of smell.

- They are located in the mucosa in the slitlike superior part of the nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone.

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6
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory mucosa?

A

It warms the air as it flow past due to the immense vascularity of the mucosa.

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7
Q

What is mucus and its function?

A
  • It is a sticky substance produced by the mucosa’s glands.

- It moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of lysozymes enzymes in mucus?

A

It destroys bacteria chemically.

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9
Q

What is the function of ciliated cells?

A

The ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa create a gentle current that moves the sheet of contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat, where it is swallowed and digested by stomach juices.

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10
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A
  • Increases the surface area of the mucosa exposed to the air.
  • Increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity.
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11
Q

What are the two types of palates?

A

Hard palate and soft palate.

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12
Q

What is the hard palate and its location?

A

It is a palate supported by bone and is located anteriorly.

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13
Q

What is the soft palate and its location?

A

It is the unsupported posterior part.

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14
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

They are cavities in the bones of the face and the cranium which contain air.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • To lighten the skull

- To provide resonance for the voice

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16
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses located in the nasal cavity?

A

They are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones.

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17
Q

The paranasal sinuses are lined with _________________ which contains __________________ and the _______ produced drains into the ______________.

A

ciliated epithelium; mucus-secreting globlet cells; mucus; nasal cavities

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18
Q

Describe the pharynx taking into consideration its size?

A

-It is a muscular passageway about 13 cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the 6th cervical vertebra.

Note: Commonly called the throat.

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19
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

It serves as a common passageway for food and air.

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20
Q

What are the portions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

What are the pharyngotympanic tubes?

A

They are tubes which drain the middle ear cavities into the nasopharynx and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure.

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22
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A
  • It is located high in the nasopharynx.

- It is also called adenoid.

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23
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

They are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.

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24
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located/

A

They lie at the base of the tongue.

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the Larynx?

A

The larynx or voice box routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech.

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26
Q

Where is the Larynx located?

A

It is located inferior to the pharynx.

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27
Q

Define the structure of the Larynx?

A

It is formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis.

28
Q

Define the structure of the Thyroid cartilages?

A
  • It is the largest of the hyaline cartilages.
  • It makes a shield-shaped form, which protrudes anteriorly.
  • Also know as the Adam’s Apple.
29
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A
  • It is referred to as the “guardian of the airways”.

- It is a leaf-shaped fibroelastic cartilage.

30
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

The epiglottis protects the superior opening of the larynx.

31
Q

What are vocal folds?

A

They are part of the mucous membrane of the larynx and forms a pair of folds also known as true vocal cords.

32
Q

Define the structure of vocal folds?

A
  • They are a pair of vocal ligaments and are composed largely of elastic fibers.
  • They appear pearly white because they lack blood vessels.
33
Q

What are the function of vocal folds?

A

The vibrate with expelled air and thus allowing speech.

34
Q

The vocal folds and the medial opening between them through which air passes are called the ________.

A

glottis

35
Q

What is the length of the trachea and it reaches till which vertebra?

A
  • About 10 to 12 cm.

- It reaches to the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra.

36
Q

Define the structure of the trachea?

A

The trachea is a fairly rigid structure which is reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

37
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A
  • For support(To keep the passageway from collapsing during inhalation).
  • For pantency.
38
Q

What is the function of cilia in the trachea?

A

They propel mucus loaded with dust particles and other debris away from the lungs to the throat where it can be swallowed or expectorated.

39
Q

The right and left main ________ are formed by the division of the trachea.

A

brochi

40
Q

The ____________ is a wider, shorter tube than the ______________ and it lies in a more __________ position.

A

right bronchus; left bronchus; vertical

41
Q

The right bronchus is approximately _______ long.

A

2.5 cm

42
Q

The ____________ is narrower than the _____________.

A

left bronchus; right bronchus

43
Q

The left bronchus is approximately ______ long.

A

5 cm

44
Q

Where are the bronchi located?

A

They are located approximately at T7 vertebra in an erect person.

45
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

The lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the most central area, the mediastinum.

46
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A
  • It is the upper pointed tip of the lungs.

- It is the narrow superior portion of each lung.

47
Q

Name the surface of the lung lying against the ribs?

A

The costal surface.

48
Q

The broad inferior portion of the lung resting on the diaphragm is the ______.

A

base

49
Q

The lungs contain _________ that divide each lung into lobes.

A

fissures

50
Q

The left lung has ____ lobes and the right lung has ____ lobes.

A

two; three

51
Q

Both lungs have a common fissure called the ________ fissure.

A

oblique

52
Q

Only the right lung has a ___________ fissure.

A

horizontal

53
Q

What is the pleura that covers the surface of each lung?

A

Pulmonary or visceral pleura(visceral serosa)

54
Q

What is the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleura

55
Q

What is the slippery serous secretion that the pleural membranes produces?

A

Pleural fluid

56
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A
  • It reduces friction of the membranes.

- Causes surface tension by making the pleural layers cling together.

57
Q

What is the pleural space?

A

It is the space where pleural fluid is found.

58
Q

What are bronchioles?

A
  • They are the smallest conducting passageways.
  • Passages < 1 mm in diameter are called bronchioles.
  • Passages < 0.5 mm in diameter are called terminal bronchioles.
59
Q

What are alveoli?

A
  • They are air sacs.

- They are the functional unit of the lungs.

60
Q

The respiratory zone consist of which structures?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli

Note:-The respiratory zone is the only site for gas exchange
-All other respiratory passages are conducting zone structures.

61
Q

The balance of lung tissue is called _______.

A

stroma

62
Q

Describe the structure of the alveoli?

A

The walls of the alveoli are composed largely of a single, thin layer of squamous epithelial cells.

63
Q

What is the function of Alveolar pores?

A

It connects neighbouring air sacs and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli if their brochi are collapsed or obstructed.

64
Q

What is the function of the respiratory membrane?

A

It helps form the air-blood barrier and allows diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

65
Q

What is the function of Alveolar macrophages?

A

They wander in and out of the alveoli consuming bacteria, dust and other debris.

66
Q

What are the 3 major types of cells found in the alveoli?

A
  • Squamous epithelial cells
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells
  • Alveolar macrophages
67
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

It produces a lipid(fat) molecule called surfactant which coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces.

Respiratory System (2 decks)

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