Anatomy

Question 1

In the image of the pelvis below, what does the number 1 denote?

Answer 1

• iliac crest

Question 2

In the image of the pelvis below, what does the number 2 denote?

Answer 2

• anterior superior iliac spine

Question 3

In the image of the pelvis below, what does the number 3 denote?

Answer 3

• anterior inferior iliac spine

Question 4

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 4 denote?

Answer 4

• pubic tubercle

Question 5

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 5 denote?

Answer 5

• pubic symphasis

Question 6

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 1 denote?

Answer 6

• iliac tubercle

Question 7

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 2 denote?

Answer 7

• iliac crest

Question 8

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 3 denote?

Answer 8

• anterior superior iliac spine
• abbreviated as ASIS

Question 9

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 4 denote?

Answer 9

• inguinal ligament

Question 10

In the image of the pelvis, what does number 5 denote?

Answer 10

• pubic tubercle

Question 11

Where does the transphloric plane run?

Answer 11

• transversely (horizontal)
• between pubic symphasis and jugular notch
• aproximaltey at L1

Question 12

Where does the trans-tubercular plane, also known as the intertubercular plane run?

Answer 12

• between the superior aspect of the iliac crest

Question 13

What is the inguinal region?

Answer 13

• inguinal means groin in latin
• groin area

Question 14

What is and where is the inguinal canal located?

Answer 14

• short passage that runs superior and parrael to the inguinal ligament

Question 15

What is the anatomical and physiological importance of the inguinal canal?

Answer 15

• serves as a pathway for genitalia
• weak point for potential hernias

Question 16

What is the mid-lingual point?

Answer 16

• halfway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Question 17

Where is the mid-point of inguinal ligament?

Answer 17

• halfway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Question 18

There are 2 openings of the inguinal canal, known as rings. These are the superficial and deep rings, where are they located?

Answer 18

• deep (internal) ring is found above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
• superficial (external) ring marks the end of the inguinal canal, and lies just superior to the pubic tubercle

Question 19

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 19

• caused by weakeness of posterior wall of the inguinal canal
• abdominal contents push through weak area into inguinal canal
• abdominal contents exit at superficial ring and emerge within the scrotum

Question 20

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 20

• abdominal contents pass through the deep inguinal ring
• abdominal contents enter the inguinal canal
• abdominal contents exit at superficial ring and emerge within the scrotum

Question 21

What is the outer most central layer of the abdominal musccular wall called?

Answer 21

• rectus abdominas

Question 22

When looking at the rectus abdominas, what are the white lines that run horizontally and seperate rectus abdominas called?

Answer 22

• tendinous intersections

Question 23

When looking at the rectus abdominas, what are the white lines that run vertically either side of the rectus abdominas called?

Answer 23

• linea semilunaris
• a tendinous intersection separating the lateral edge of the muscle from the external oblique and internal oblique muscles
• usually extends from tip of the ninth costal cartilage to the pubic tubercle

Question 24

What is the white line that runs vertically down the centre of the abdominal wall between the rectus abdominal muscles?

Answer 24

• formed by the lateral tendon sheaths of lateral muscles aponeurosis
• later muscles are the internal and external oblique muscle and transversus abdominis muscle
• meet in the middle forming the linear alba

Question 25

Where does the linear alba attach?

Answer 25

- origin = xiphoid process - proximal = pubic symphysis

Question 26

Where do the rectus abdominas muscles attach?

Answer 26

- origin = pubic symphysis - insertion - xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Question 27

What is the name of the sheath that encompasses the rectus abdominas and what is it formed from?

Answer 27

- rectus sheath - fromed from aponeurosis of 3 lateral abdominal muscles

Question 28

What are the 3 lateral muscles of the abdominal wall, and what is the order of them starting deepest away from the skin?

Answer 28

1 - external obliques 2 - internal obliques 3 - transverse abdominas

Question 29

The transverse abdominas is the most inner layer of the 3 lateral muscles of the abdominal wall. Which direction do the muscle fibres run?

Answer 29

- horizontal - as the name suggests they transverse the abdomen

Question 30

The transverse abdominas is the most inner layer of the 3 lateral muscles of the abdominal wall. Where is the origin of this muscle?

Answer 30

- deep surface of the lower six costal cartilages (7-12) - lumbar fascia - iliac crest - inguinal ligament.

Question 31

The transverse abdominas is the most inner layer of the 3 lateral muscles of the abdominal wall. Where is the insertion of this muscle?

Answer 31

- xiphoid process - linea alba and - symphysis pubis.

Question 32

The internal obliques lie between the external obliques and the transverse abdominas. Where is the insertion of this muscle?

Answer 32

- inferior borders of the lower three ribs ( 10th -12th ) - costal cartilages - xiphoid process - linea alba - symphysis pubis

Question 33

The internal obliques lie between the external obliques and the transverse abdominas. Where is the origin of this muscle?

Answer 33

- thoracolumbar fascia - iliac crest - inguinal ligament

Question 34

The external obliques is the outer most of the lateral abdominal muscles. Where is the origin of this muscle?

Answer 34

- lower eight ribs (5th – 12th )

Question 35

The external obliques is the outer most of the lateral abdominal muscles. Where is the insertion of this muscle?

Answer 35

- iliac crest - xiphoid process - linea alba - pubic crest - pubic tubercle

Question 36

What direction do the internal obliques point in?

Answer 36

- run inwards towards the spine and to back or pelvis - as if putting hands in back pockets

Question 37

What direction do the external obliques point in?

Answer 37

- run inwards towards the linea alba and front of the pelvis - as if putting hands in front trouser pockets

Question 38

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

Answer 38

1 - upper left 2 -upper right 3 - lower left 4 - lower right

Question 39

How many regions of the abdomen are there?

Answer 39

- 9

Question 40

What are the 3 upper regions of the abdomen labelled 1, 2 and 3 seen in the image below?

Answer 40

1 - left hipochondrium region 2 - epigastric region 3 - right hipochondrium region

Question 41

What are the 3 middle regions of the abdomen labelled 4, 5 and 6 seen in the image below?

Answer 41

4 - left lumbar region 5 - umbillica region 6 - right lumbar region

Question 42

What are the 3 middle regions of the abdomen labelled 4, 5 and 6 seen in the image below?

Answer 42

7 - left iliac region 8 - hypogastric region 9 - right iliac region

Question 43

What are the 2 vertical lines that are used to identify the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 43

- midclavicular lines - run from mid clavicular line to inguinal ligament at mid-point of inguinal ligament (midway from ASIS to pubic tubercle)

Question 44

What are the 2 horizontal lines used to delinate the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 44

1 - upper = transpyloric place at L1 - halfway between jugular notch and symphysis pubis 2 - lower = transtubercular plane at L4-5 - midway between the upper transpyloric and upper border of symphysis pubis, roughly level level tubercles of iliac crests