Anatomy 1 Flashcards
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
To produce gametes: ova/spermatozoa
To produce the sex steroids
To provide the means for the sperm and egg to meet.
Pelvic girdle
2 hip bones and sacrum
Perineum
Region below the pelvic floor/diaphragm
LMP
Last menstrual period
What is an embryo?
Up to 8 weeks after fertilisation
What do we call the fertilisation after 9 weeks?
Fetus: 9 week of gestation to birth
After birth - becomes the infant
What is the roof of the perineum?
Pelvic floor
What makes up the perineum?
Two triangles (diamond shaped)
Anterior triangle - urogenital
Posterior triangle - anal
Name the two major muscles making up the pelvic floor.
Levator ani
Coccygeus
What muscles make up the levator ani muscle?
Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
Name the tracts of the male system.
Testis Epididymis Ductus deferens Urethra Ejaculatory ducts
What is the function of the urethra?
Dual function: passage of urine and semen
Name the male accessory sex glands.
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland
What are the functions of the male accessory glands?
Produce fluid to support sperm and semen
Majority of fluid comes from seminal vesicles
30% from prostate
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?
Secretes fluid to neutralise the acidity of the urethra (allow for sperm survival)
What does testicular descent follow?
Gubernaculum
Cryptorchid
Undescended testis - failure to descend to scrotum
Cyrptorchidism (hidden)
Name of surgically bringing the testes down to the scrotum.
Orchidopexy
What risks are associated with undescended testes?
Malignancy and infertility
Why are the testes outside the body?
Spermatogenesis occurs at a colder temperature than the core body temperature
Why are the testes outside the body?
Spermatogenesis occurs at a colder temperature than the core body temperature
Where does spermatogenesis (manufacture of sperm)?
Seminiferous tubules
What muscle divides the scrotal sac into two parts?
Dartos muscle
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Helps move the testes down when hot or closer to the groin when cold
What is the epididymis and its function?
Comma shaped coil of tube
Function - sperm maturation
What part of fascia of man is extension of abdominal wall?
Internal spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
External spermatic fascia
Name the coverings of the testicles.
Testicular covering - tunica albuginea, tunica vaginalis (peritoneum), internal spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, external spermatic fascia.
What is the presentation of testicular torsion?
Sudden onset of hemiscrotal pain –> swelling –> nausea/vomiting
Lack of fever/urinary symptoms
What would be found on physical examination of testicular torsion?
Tender, firm testis
High-riding
Horizontal lie
Absent cremaster reflex
How do we examine for testicular torsion?
Doppler Exam
If present - have to operate within 6 hours
What are the contents of the scrotum?
Two spermatic cords
Two testes
How long does spermatogenesis take and where does it occur?
64-70 days
In seminiferous tubules
When does spermatogenesis begin?
At puberty
Where does the sperm mature and where are they stored once mature?
Matures in the epididymis
Stored in the ampulla of the ductus deferens
Name the three parts of the male urethra.
Prostatic (widest)
Membranous
Spongy
Name the channels of the penis and their functions.
2 corpus cavernous - erectile tissue
1 corpus spongiosum - transmits penile urethra
Name the different parts of the penis.
Bulb
Body
Glans
Name the two potential spaces of the female.
Rectouterine pouch
Vesicouterine pouch
What is the peritoneum on either side of the uterus called?
Broad ligament
Name the parts of the uterus.
Fundus
Body
Mouth
Name the parts of the Fallopian tube.
Infundibulum
Ampulla (dilated part = fertilisation)
Isthmus (narrowest part)
What is the function of the Fallopian tube?
Transports ovum to uterus
Is site of fertilisation (ampulla)
What is the Uterine Tube composed of?
Fallopian tube
Oviduct
Salpinx
What is the Uterine Tube structure?
Smooth muscle - outer longitudinal, inner circular
Ciliated epithelium - ciliated, non-ciliated secretory
What are the functions of the uterus?
Site of implantation of fertilised egg
Provides a protected site for the embryo and foetus to develop
Contributes to the expulsion of the baby at birth
Describe the wall of the uterus.
Endometrium - columnar epithelium
Myometrium - smooth muscle
Perimetrium - outer serous layer
Why can females get PID and males cannot?
Peritoneum cavity in females has an opening (os) whereas males do not
This is why females can get PID
What position is the uterus normally in?
Anteverted and Anteflexed
What is the function of the ovary?
Produces ova
Secretes the sex hormones: oestrogen and progesterone
Name the ligaments of the ovary.
Suspensory: to lateral wall with ovarian vessels
Mesovarium: to broad ligament
Name the two parts making up the female reproductive cycle.
Ovarian
Endometrial/Menstrual/Uterine
List the phases of the ovarian part of the reproductive cycle.
Follicular: day 1-14
Luteal: day 15-28
List the parts of the endometrial phase.
Proliferative: day 1-14
Secretory: day 15-28
List the different ligaments of the female reproductive system.
Round ligament
Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament
What is another name for the rectouterine pouch?
Pouch of Douglas
What is a fornice?
Space around the cervix
What are the breasts made up of?
Secretory glands
Lactiferous ducts
Fat
Suspensory ligaments
Where are the breasts found?
Extends from midline to mid-axillary line from 2nd to 6th ribs over pectoralis major
Name the arteries supplying the breasts.
Internal thoracic
Intercostal
Thoracoacromial
Name the veins draining the breasts.
Internal thoracic
Axillary
Some to posterior intercostal to vertebral
State the nervous supply of the breasts.
T4-6
Sympathetic on vessels and glands
Hormones on milk secretion
Name the lymphatics of the breasts.
Anterior, posterior, lateral, central and apical group of axillary lymph nodes (lateral)
(medial to internal thoracic/parasternal nodes)
Right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
