Anatomie déglut fait par AI

Question 1

What are the components involved in lip closure?

Answer 1

Muscles involved in lip closure include:
* Orbicularis
* Elevators of the upper lip and wing of the nose
* Risorius
* Depressor of the lower lip
* Elevators and depressors of the mouth angle
* Major and minor zygomatic muscles
* Mentalis

These muscles are primarily innervated by the VII Facial Nerve (motor efferent fibers).

Question 2

Which structures are involved in tongue control?

Answer 2

Structures involved in tongue control include:
* Hard palate
* Soft palate
* Tongue (intrinsic muscles: superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse; extrinsic muscles: genioglossus, palatoglossus)
* Soft palate muscle (tensor veli palatini)

The motor innervation is primarily through the XII Hypoglossal Nerve.

Question 3

What is the role of the supra-hyoid muscles in bolus preparation?

Answer 3

The supra-hyoid muscles involved in bolus preparation include:
* Mylohyoid
* Geniohyoid
* Digastric
* Stylohyoid

These muscles help elevate the hyoid bone and assist in the movement of the tongue.

Question 4

Identify the nerves involved in mastication.

Answer 4

Nerves involved in mastication include:
* XII Hypoglossal Nerve (motor)
* V Trigeminal Nerve (motor + sensory)
* X Vagus Nerve (motor)
* C1 Spinal Nerve (motor)
* VII Facial Nerve (taste + motor)

Mastication is also facilitated by muscles such as masseter, temporal, and lateral & medial pterygoids.

Question 5

What muscles are responsible for bolus transport?

Answer 5

Muscles responsible for bolus transport include:
* Tongue
* Soft palate muscles (hyoglossus, styloglossus)
* Supra-hyoid muscles (digastric, stylohyoid)

The motor innervation for these functions is primarily through the XII Hypoglossal Nerve.

Question 6

What components contribute to oral residue?

Answer 6

Components contributing to oral residue include:
* Floor of the mouth
* Palate
* Tongue
* Lateral sulcus

The buccinator muscle also plays a role in maintaining oral residue.

Question 7

What is the role of the IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve in swallowing?

Answer 7

The IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve is responsible for:
* Sensory innervation of the tonsils and pharynx
* Sensory innervation of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
* Taste sensation at the base of the tongue

This nerve is crucial for the initiation of the pharyngeal swallow.

Question 8

True or False: The soft palate is elevated by the tensor veli palatini muscle.

Answer 8

False

The tensor veli palatini primarily tenses the soft palate, while the elevator of the soft palate elevates it.

Question 9

What structures are involved in laryngeal elevation?

Answer 9

Structures involved in laryngeal elevation include:
* Epiglottis
* Thyroid cartilage
* Arytenoid cartilage
* Pharyngeal muscles (stylo-pharyngeus, salpingo-pharyngeus)

This action is innervated by the IX Glossopharyngeal and X Vagus Nerves.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The _______ muscle is responsible for the movement of the hyoid bone during swallowing.

Answer 10

[Supra-hyoid muscles]

Including the mylohyoid, genioglossus, and digastric muscles.

Question 11

What is the role of the cricopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 11

The cricopharyngeus muscle is involved in:
* Opening the pharyngoesophageal segment
* Constricting the lower pharynx

It is part of the lower pharyngeal constrictor muscle group.

Question 12

What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for?

Answer 12

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for:
* Controlling vocal cord tension
* Modulating pitch and volume of sound

Key intrinsic muscles include thyroarytenoid, cricoarytenoid, and interarytenoid.

Question 13

What is the significance of the hyoid bone in swallowing?

Answer 13

The hyoid bone is significant because it:
* Supports the tongue
* Acts as an anchor for muscles involved in swallowing
* Elevates during swallowing to assist in the movement of food

The movement of the hyoid bone is crucial for the opening of the esophagus.

Question 14

List the nerves involved in pharyngeal contraction.

Answer 14

Nerves involved in pharyngeal contraction include:
* X Vagus Nerve (motor)
* IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve (motor)

These nerves innervate the pharyngeal constrictor muscles.

Question 15

True or False: The XII Hypoglossal Nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the tongue.

Answer 15

False

The XII Hypoglossal Nerve primarily provides motor innervation to the tongue; sensory innervation is provided by the V Trigeminal and IX Glossopharyngeal Nerves.

Question 16

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx involved in swallowing?

Answer 16

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx involved in swallowing include:
* Thyrohyoid
* Digastric
* Genioglossus
* Mylohyoid
* Stylohyoid

These muscles help elevate the larynx and assist in the swallowing process.

Question 17

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 17

The palatopharyngeus muscle functions to:
* Assist in swallowing by elevating the pharynx
* Help close the nasopharynx during swallowing

It is innervated by the X Vagus Nerve.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the space where the esophagus begins.

Answer 18

[Pharyngoesophageal segment]

This segment is crucial for the passage of food from the pharynx to the esophagus.

Question 19

What structures assist in the retraction of the base of the tongue?

Answer 19

Structures assisting in the retraction of the base of the tongue include:
* Styloglossus
* Palatoglossus
* Middle pharyngeal constrictor

The retraction is important for proper swallowing mechanics.

Question 20

What is the significance of esophageal drainage in an upright position?

Answer 20

Esophageal drainage in an upright position is significant because it:
* Aids in gravity-assisted movement of food
* Reduces the risk of gastroesophageal reflux

Muscle contractions and proper innervation are critical for effective drainage.