Anatomical Terminology & Microscopes Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Focus on the structure of the body
2
Q
Physiology
A
Focuses on the function of the body structure
3
Q
Anatomical position
A
Describes an individual standing upright with legs slightly apart and palms facing forward
4
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to reference point
5
Q
Distal
A
Farther from reference point
6
Q
Superior (cranial)
A
Close to head
7
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
Farther away from head
8
Q
Medial
A
Close to midline
9
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline
10
Q
Anterior (ventral)
A
Front side
11
Q
Posterior (dorsal)
A
Back side
12
Q
Deep
A
Further within the body
13
Q
Superficial
A
More surface-level
14
Q
Frontal (coronal) plane
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
15
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Divides the body into left and right sides
16
Q
Transverse
A
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
17
Q
Cephalic region
A
Head
18
Q
What structures are in the right hypochondriac abdominal region? Where is this region?
A
- Liver, large intestine, gall bladder
- top right corner when in anatomical position
19
Q
What structures are in the right lumbar abdominal region? Where is this region located?
A
- Ascending colon
- middle region on the right side in anatomical position
20
Q
What structures are in the right iliac abdominal region? Where is this region located?
A
- cecum, appendix
- bottom right when in anatomical position
21
Q
What structures are in the epigastric abdominal region? Where is this region located?
A
- liver, large intestine, stomach
- top middle region when in anatomical position
22
Q
What structures are in the umbilical abdominal region? Where is this region located?
A
- small intestine
- direct middle region when in anatomical position
23
Q
What structures are in the hypogastric abdominal region? Where is this region located?
A
- small intestine, bladder
- bottom middle region when in anatomical position
24
Q
What structures are in the left hypochondriac abdominal region? Where is this region located?
A
- stomach, spleen, large intestine
- top left corner when in anatomical position
25
What structures are located in the left lumbar abdominal region? Where is this region located?
- descending colon
- middle left when in anatomical position
26
What structures are in the left iliac abdominal region? Where is this region located?
- sigmoid colon
- bottom left corner when in anatomical position
27
What structures are within the thoracic cavity?
2 pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity
28
What makes up the two pleural cavities?
The lungs
29
What structures make up the mediastinum?
Esophagus, trachea, thymus
30
What structure makes up the pericardial cavity?
Heart
31
What smaller cavities make up the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
32
What organs are located in the abdominal cavity?
Digestive, urinary, and lymphatic organs
33
What organs are located in the pelvic cavity?
Reproductive organs
34
What is the main type of membrane layer?
Serous membrane
35
What does the serous membrane do?
Secretes fluid
36
What two types of membranes make up serous membranes?
Visceral, parietal
37
Where does the visceral membrane layer lie ?
Against the organ
38
Where does the parietal membrane layer lie?
Against the interior wall of the body
39
List the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest.
Atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system (systemic), organism
NOTE: some courses combine atomic and molecular levels of organization as the “chemical level”
40
List the 11 organ systems of the body.
1. Muscular
2. Skeletal
3. Nervous
4. Endocrine
5. Cardiovascular
6. Integumentary
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
41
Functions of the muscular system
- moves bones via contraction of muscle cells
- maintain homeostasis by generating body heat
- protects soft internal organs from blunt impact
42
Major organs of muscular system
Skeletal muscles, tendons, aponeuroses
43
Functions of skeletal system
- supporting framework for the body
- protects delicate internal organs
- reservoir for minerals (calcium)
44
Major organs of the skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
45
Functions of the nervous system
- information processing and transmission
- detects internal and external stimuli and allows for rapid responses to potential threats for homeostasis
46
Major organs of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous, sensory receptors
47
Functions of the endocrine system
- regulates slow/cyclic processes
- sets the basal metabolic rate of the body
- maintains homeostasis
48
Major organs of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes and ovaries
49
Functions of the cardiovascular system
- transport nutrients to cells
- transport waste products away from tissues
- transport regulatory substances (hormones)
- distribute heat
50
Major organs of the cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels, blood
51
Functions of the integumentary system
- protects internal organs from mechanical, chemical, UV, and bacterial damage
- detect environmental stimuli
- excrete salts and water
- produce vitamin D
52
Major organs of the integumentary system
Skin, hair, fingernails, cutaneous sensory receptors
53
Functions of lymphatic system
- detect and destroy foreign cells
- detect and destroy mutant cells
- cleanse the tissue fluids of pathogens and cellular debris
- produce antibodies
54
Major organs of the lymphatic system
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils
55
Functions of the respiratory system
- obtain oxygen from atmosphere
- release carbon dioxide into atmosphere
- maintain pH balance of the blood via the carbon dioxide-carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
56
Major organs of the respiratory system
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
57
Functions of the digestive system
- obtain nutrients from raw materials
- excreting unused ingested materials
58
Major organs of the digestive system
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas
59
Functions of the urinary system
- filter blood to remove nitrogen wastes
- regulate blood pressure
- maintain electrolyte and pH balance
60
Major organs of urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
61
Functions of reproductive system in males
- produce and deliver sperm to female
62
Major organs of male reproductive system
Penis, testes, scrotum
63
Functions of female reproductive system
- produce ovum
- receive sperm
- protect, nourish, and deliver baby
64
Major organs of female reproductive system
Vagina, uterus, ovaries, breasts (mammary glands)
65
What is resolution?
The amount of magnification required to distinguish two entities as two distinct points as opposed to one point
66
What is the field of view?
The area you can see when you look through a microscope
