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anatomical terminology and medical imaging Flashcards

1
Q

what are three basic components of homeostasis?

A

-receptor,control centre,effects

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2
Q

what is the cycle of events in homeostasis?

A

the body is monitored and re-monitored,each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition

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3
Q

what are the two types of feed back in homeostasis?

A

-negative
-positive

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4
Q

how does the subject stand in the anatomical position?

A

-stands erect,with the head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, arms at the side,palms forward

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5
Q

what is the superior?

A

toward the end of head or upper part of a structure

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6
Q

what is the inferior?

A

away from the head or lower part of a structure

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7
Q

what is the anterior/ventral?

A

nearer to or at the front of the body

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8
Q

what is the posterior/dorsal?

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

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9
Q

what is the midline?

A

an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides?

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10
Q

what is the medial?

A

nearer to the midline

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11
Q

what is the lateral?

A

further from the midline

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12
Q

what is the intermediate?

A

between two structures

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13
Q

what is proximal?

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk,nearer to the origination of a structure

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14
Q

what is distal?

A

further from the attachment of a limb to the trunk further from the origination of a structure

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15
Q

what is ipsilateral?

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

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16
Q

what is contralateral?

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

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17
Q

what is superficial (external)?

A

toward or on the surface of the body

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18
Q

what is deep (internal)?

A

away from the surface of the body

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19
Q

cranial

A

skull

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20
Q

cervical

A

neck

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21
Q

cubital

A

elbow

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22
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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23
Q

patellar

A

front of knee

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24
Q

orbital

A

eye

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25
thoracic
chest
26
inguinal
groin
27
metacarpal
hand/palm
28
plantar
sole of foot
29
buccal
cheek
30
axillary
armpit
31
femoral
thigh
32
gluteal
buttock
33
tarsal
ankle
34
Digital or phalangeal
toes or fingers
35
what are body planes?
imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions
36
wha are the three major body planes that are at right angles to each other?
-sagittal (midline) -transverse (horizontal) -frontal (coronal)
37
what does the sagittal plane do?
-it divides the body into right and left sides -there is only one midsagittal lane which divides the body into two equal, mirror image halves -there is infinite number of parasaggital planes to the right and left midsagittal that divides the body into unequal halves
38
what does the transverse (horizontal) plane do?
divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
39
what does the frontal (coronal) plane do?
-divides the body (or an organ) into anterior (front0 and posterior (back) portions
40
41
what is the cranial cavity?
It is formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
42
what is the vertebral canal?
it is formed by th vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
43
what is the thoracic cavity?
the chest cavity, it contains the pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
44
what is the pleural cavity?
cavity where each surrounds a lung, the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
45
what is the pericardial cavity?
a cavity that surrounds the heart, the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
46
what is the mediastinum?
central position of the thoracic cavity between the lungs, it extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.It contained th heart, thymus,esophagus,trachea and several large blood vessels
47
what does the abdominal cavity contain?
-stomach -spleen -liver -gallbladder -small intestine -most of the large intestine -peritoneum
48
what is the peritoneum?
the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
49
what does the pelvic cavity contain?
the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, internal organs of reproduction
50
what does medical imaging allow?
-visualisation of structures inside the body -diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorder
51
what is radiography?
-medical imaging that is performed using x-rays to produce a 2D image of the interior structure
52
what are the advantages of of radiography?
-it is inexpensive an quick -at a low dose it is useful for soft tissue (breast)
53
what is a dis adv of radiography?
they do not pass easily through dense structures
54
what does contrast x-ray allow?
visualisation of hollow structures by filling it with contrast media e.g iodine
55
what are MRIs?
a form of imaging that uses extremely powerful magnetic field-non ionising radiation -it takes about 15-90mins -it requires you to lie inside a tube of magnets, no metal/pacemakers are required -it uses gadolinium contrast reagents
56
why are MRIs used?
-they have better resolution than CTs -the pulse of radio waves reads the alignment pattern and 2D/3D colour images can be viewed on a video monitor -it is used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissues (tumour, brain abnormalities and blood flow)
57
what are CTs?
-computed tomography -it takes 10mins and x-ray tubes rotate around the body -computers are used to organise x-rays to form a 3D image
58
why are CTs used?
-it is used to visualise soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography and is beneficial for detecting lung and kidney cancers -it is usually used after accidents and for guiding needle biopsy -tissue intensities show varying degrees of grey
59
what are ultrasounds?
-ultrasound scanning is sonography that s dine using sound waves
60
what are the benefits of ultrasounds?
--it is non-invasive and painless -because of its safety profile it is commonly used to monitor the progress of feral development during pregnancy
61
what needs to be done before ultrasounds?
-water should be drank before to fill the bladder -no food should be eaten as that produces gas
62
what are the different types of ultrasounds?
-external ultra sounds -internal ultrasounds -endoscopic ultrasounds
63
how is an endoscopy done?
-using a lighted instrument with a lens projecting an image on to a monitor
64
what are the different types of endoscopies?
-colonoscopy-study of the interior colon -laparoscopy-study of organs in the abdominopelvic -arthroscopy-study of the interior of a joint (knee)

cells to systems (13 decks)

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