Anatomical terminology

Question 1

What are directional terms?

Answer 1

Terms used to describe the positions of parts in the body relative to each other

Question 1

What is a plane?

Answer 1

Imaginary lines that divide the animal into parts or the way cadaveric material has been cut up

Question 2

What are the 4 main planes?

Answer 2

1. median
2. sagittal
3. transverse
4. dorsal

Question 3

What is the median plane?

Answer 3

It divides the animal into equal left and right parts down the midline

Question 4

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 4

It is parallel to the median plane but the left and right parts are unequal throughout the body and limbs

Question 5

What are the 3 sub types of the sagittal plane?

Answer 5

1. parasagittal
2. mid-sagittal
3. para-median

Question 6

What is the parasagittal plane?

Answer 6

Any sagittal plane that does not run down the median

Question 7

What is the mid-sagittal plane?

Answer 7

The plane that is the same as the median plane

Question 8

What is the para-median plane?

Answer 8

Any plane that lies parallel/lateral to the median or mid-sagittal plane

Question 9

What is the cranial view?

Answer 9

The view from the back/bum of the horse to the head

Question 10

What is the caudal view?

Answer 10

The view from the head of the horse to the back/bum

Question 11

What does cranial mean (in terms of the whole body)?

Answer 11

Closer to the head compared to the other structure

Question 12

What does caudal mean (in terms of the whole body)?

Answer 12

Closer to the tail compared to the other structure

Question 13

What does dorsal mean (in terms of the whole body)?

Answer 13

Closer to the back/spine compared to the other structure

Question 14

What does ventral mean (in terms of the whole body)?

Answer 14

Closer to the belly compared to the other structure

Question 15

What does lateral mean (in terms of the whole body)?

Answer 15

Further away from the midline compared to the other structure

Question 16

What does medial mean (in terms of the whole body)?

Answer 16

Closer to the midline compared to the other structure

Question 17

What does caudal mean (in terms of the head)?

Answer 17

Closer to the back of the head compared to the other structure

Question 18

What does rostral mean (in terms of the head)?

Answer 18

Closer to the nose compared to the other structure

Question 19

What does proximal mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 19

Closer to the body compared to the other structure

Question 20

What does distal mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 20

Further away from the body compared to the other structure

Question 21

What does cranial mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 21

Closer to the head compared to the other structure

Question 22

What does caudal mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 22

Closer to the tail compared to the other structure

Question 23

What does dorsal mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 23

The topside of the manus or pes

Question 24

What does palmar mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 24

The underside of the manus (hand) in the forelimb

Question 25

What does plantar mean (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 25

The underside of the pes (foot) in the hindlimb

Question 26

When do you use cranial/caudal (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 26

For structures above the carpus and tarsus

Question 27

When do you use dorsal/palmar/plantar (in terms of the limbs)?

Answer 27

For structures below the carpus and tarsus

Question 28

What does axial mean?

Answer 28

Towards or on the longest axis

Question 29

What does abaxial mean?

Answer 29

Away from the longest axis

Question 30

How do we describe the view on an x-ray? Example?

Answer 30

In reference to the direction of the beam passing through the structures E.g., dorsoventral = the beam passes from the dorsal aspect to the ventral aspect

Question 31

Describe the beam direction in a mediolateral x-ray

Answer 31

Beam passes from the medial aspect to the lateral aspect

Question 32

Describe the beam direction in a lateromedial x-ray

Answer 32

Beam passes from the lateral aspect to the medial aspect

Question 33

Describe the beam direction in a caudocranial x-ray

Answer 33

Beam passes from the caudal aspect to the cranial aspect

Question 34

Describe the beam direction in a craniocaudal x-ray

Answer 34

Beam passes from the cranial aspect to the caudal aspect

Question 35

Describe the beam direction in a dorsoventral x-ray

Answer 35

Beam passes from the dorsal aspect to the ventral aspect

Question 36

Describe the beam direction in a ventrodorsal x-ray

Answer 36

Beam passes from the ventral aspect to the dorsal aspect