Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
What are the 3 approaches to studying anatomy?
Regional
Systemic
Clinical
What are some essential parts of regional anatomy?
Surface anatomy (what lies under the skin, visualizing it) Physical Exam- this is the clinical application of surface anatomy
What technological advances help in the study of regional and surface anatomy?
Radiographic and Sectional Images
Endoscopy
What is the systemic approach to studying anatomy?
Study of body’s organs and systems that carry out complex functions
What are some of the basic systemic systems within the body?
Integumentary, skeletal, articular, muscular, pulmonary, nervous, circulatory (cardiac and lymph), respiratory, alimentary, endocrine, urinary, genital
What can a PET Scan reveal?
Can show infections in bones, or lungs using a breathable gas radioisotope
How does a PET Scan work?
Use radioisotopes which are taken up by cells and the isotopes send out frequency that we catch and change into pictures
How does an X-Ray work to capture images?
Use photons (electromagnetic radiation) generated by a cathode tube that uses lead fans to help prevent the rays from fanning out. As the rays move through the body, they are attenuated by tissues (most dramatically by bone) and caught on photographic film. Attenuation levels alters the exposure of the film.
What can X-Rays be used to test for?
Fractured bone, hollow organelles (i.e. the gut, testing for bowel obstructions) but typically involve contrast (i.e. nontoxic barium sulphate suspension), visualizing veins and arteries (utilize contrast, like iodine as it is nontoxic and excreted through urine naturally) or some organs, like kidneys, bladder, or ureter using iodine
How do ultrasounds work?
Send and receive high frequency sound waves and convert waves into real-time images
What are ultrasounds used for?
Assessing abdomen, foetus in pregnant women, the eyes, neck, soft tissues, and peripheral musculoskeletal system.
Can also be placed on endoscopes to evaluate internal cavities (colon, oesophagus, vagina)
What is a doppler ultrasound?
Same design as ultrasound but can determine direction and velocity of flow, helping to determine if a vessel is blocked
How does a Computed Tomography work?
Uses X-rays within Transverse plane, acquires a series of images by calculating an configuring the attenuated rays.
What can CTs be used to assess?
Soft tissue, bone, organs, vessels, shown in high detail
How does a Magnetic Resonance Imaging work?
Free protons found within hydrogen atoms of water (ideal as water is found everywhere within the body) act as small bar magnets. The small magnets become aligned by the MRI and a small radiofrequency is then passed through the patient which deflects the small magnets and causes them to emit small radio pulses as they return to their initial position. Strength and frequency of the emitted pulse and time for protons to return to initial state are measured and turned into an image.
