Anatomical pathology Flashcards
A chemical mediator of acute inflammation released from mast cells, which causes increased vascular permeability.
Histamine
Abnormal (protein rich) fluid accumulation as a result of increased vascular permeability
Exudate
In acute inflammation, neutrophils and leukocytes enter the interstitial tissues by means of this method.
diapedesis
Thiamine (vitamin B1 deficiency) is associated with
Beriberi
Findings associated with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Accelerated atherosclerosis
and micro-angiopathy → MI,
stroke, PVD
* Renal – glomerulosclerosis →
chronic renal failure
* Retinopathy, cataract,
glaucoma
* Infections (renal, other, NB
fungi)
Delayed healing may result from
Vitamin C deficiency
Features of kwashiorkor include
Fatty liver
Muscle wasting
Depigmented hair
Predisposition to infection
Thiamine deficiency :
Niacin deficiency :
Vitamin C :
Vitamin D
Vitamin K :
Thiamine deficiency : Beri beri
Niacin deficiency : Pellagra
Vitamin C : Scurvy
Vitamin D : Rickets
Vitamin K : Haemorrage
Non-insulin dependent diabetes
a) is typical in obese patients
b) causes ketoacidosis
c) implies relative insulin resistance
d) linked to viral infection
e) shows twin concordance
a, c, e
Acute inflammation may cause
Resolution
Formation of an absess
Raised ESR
Pellagra is due to lack of
Niacin
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
a) May impede healing
b) give rise to hyperosmolar coma
c) cause peripheral vascular disease
d) may demonstrate destruction of B cells in pancreas
e) mostly associated w obesity
a ,d
With respect to healing and repair:
a) an example of a permanent cell is a hepatocyte
b) granulation tissue is a mixture of macrophages, stem cells and myofibroblasts
c) kwashiorkor may influence efficient repair
d) combined chronic inflammation and granulation tissue impairs healing
e) scar must contain mature collagen
a) false - Differentiate into all “blood”
cells
b) false - proliferating fibroblasts and new
blood vessels
c) true
d) false
e) true
Common complications of obesity include :
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Atheroschlerosis
Gallstones
The dominant cell in acute suppurative inflammation
Neutrophil
reversible transformation of one type of terminally diff cell into another type of fully diff cell which is usually less specialised.
Metaplasia
In assessing the prognosis of a malignant tumour , this refers to the degree in which the tumour resembles the tissue from which it has arisen.
Grading
An increase in organ size due to an increase in the size of the component cells
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
a) equivalent to dysplasia
b) identified in smokers
c) identified in chronically irritated epithelium
d) feature of pregnancy
e) characteristic of Barret’s oesophagus
a) false
b) true
c) false , hyperplasia
d) false , hyperplasia
e) true
Neoplasms of epithelial origins
a) sarcoma
b) lymphoma
c) papilloma
d) adenoma
e) carcinoma
Benign epithelial tumours can be papillomas or
adenomas.
Malignant epithelial tumours are carcinomas.
Grade of a malignant neoplasm refers to
Mitotic activity
* Nuclear size and pleomorphism
* Degree of differentiation (resemblance to normal tissue)
With respect to carcinomas
a) spread through lymph nodes
b) defined in pre-malignant stage
c) initiated by hyperplasia
d) caused by certain viruses
e) grade by the TNM system
a) True
B) True
c) false , dysplasia
d)True
e) true
Malignant neoplasms evidence
Pleomorphism
Metastasis
Compression
Necrosis
Acute inflammation may be followed by :
Resolution (usual result)
* Suppuration
* Repair and organisation
* Results in fibrosis
* Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation is characterised by :
Heat
redness
swelling
pain
Tissue which is highly sensitive to damage by radiation
Endothelium
Malignant tumours of CT (sarcoma) spread by this route
Blood
Primary TB:
a) transmission by inhalation
B) apical lesions cause hemoptysis
c) diagnostic lesion is miliary
d) lesion may develop at any age
e) most common outcome is pulmonary empyema
a
The focus of post-primary tuberculosis most commonly arises in this part of the lung.
Apical region
The first cells to arrive at an area of acute inflammation.
Neutrophils
