Anatomical Organization of the Body

Question 1

What are the 11 Organ Systems?

Answer 1

Respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, muscular, skeletal, integumentary, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine and lymphatic

Question 2

What are the parts of the body?

Answer 2

Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs

Question 3

What are the anatomical planes and what are there sections?

Answer 3

Horizontal is transverse/cross-section and Vertical is Sagittal, frontal and coronal.

Question 4

What are the levels and hierarchal organizations?

Answer 4

1) Chemical/molecular
2) Organelle
3) Cell
4) Tissue
5) Organ
6) Organ system
7) Organism

Question 5

What is the purpose of the Chemical/molecular hierarchal organization?

Answer 5

Atoms of the body are organized into molecules and into macromolecules

Question 6

What is the purpose of the Organelle Hierarchal organization?

Answer 6

Any subcellular structue having a specific function ex: mitochondria!

Question 7

What is the purpose of the cell hierchal organization?

Answer 7

The smallest unit of living matter that can exist independently and display the properties of life ex: a muscle cell.

Question 8

What is the purpose of the organ hierarchal organization?

Answer 8

A discrete structural component
of a system composed of two or
more tissues and performing a
special function, e.g. the heart
provides the pumping force for
the circulatory system.

Question 9

What is the purpose of the Organ system the hierarchal organization?

Answer 9

A group of organs working
together to perform complex
functions, e.g. the circulatory
system functions to circulate
blood to all body tissues. There
are 11 systems of the body.

Question 10

What is the main function of the integumentary system. Additionally,name an organ and its function?

Answer 10

A covering that
prevents
dehydration by
providing a barrier
between external
and internal
environments: aids
in temperature
regulation, excretion
and sensation.
1. The skin: external covering of most of the body
that functions as a major organ of this system to
protect from environmental hazards and aids in
thermoregulation

Question 11

What is the purpose of the organism in the hierarchal organization?

Answer 11

A single being or individual, e.g.
human or bacterium.

Question 12

What is the main function of the skeletal system. Additionally,name an organ and its function?

Answer 12

These structures
offer support and
protection, allow
movement to occur,
and are a source of
some blood cells
and act in mineral
storage.
Any bone: located internal to skeletal muscles in
the limbs, backbone, skull, shoulder and hip
regions. They function to provide an area of
attachment for muscles and to form joints with
other bones which in many cases are moveable.
They are also a site for mineral storage.

Question 13

What is the function of the muscular system? Additionaly, name and organ and its function

Answer 13

Produces movement
by shortening and
pulling on bones,
generates
considerable heat,
and is important for
posture.
Any skeletal muscle: muscles may be paired or
single e.g. biceps muscle (paired), diaphragm
(single) and are generally located outside the
body cavities connecting parts of the skeleton
together. Each individual muscle functions to
produce one type of movement, e.g. contraction of
the biceps muscle of the arm causes bending of
the elbow.

Question 14

What is the function of the nervous system? Additionally, name and organ and its function.

Answer 14

Rapidly controls and
coordinates activities
of the body
(especially
movements) based
on sensory
information from the
environment to
achieve
homeostasis.
1. A single brain (composed of duplicate halves):
located in the cranial cavity of the cephalic region.
It functions in overall control of almost all bodily
activities, and in memory, perception, reasoning,
and learning.
2. A single spinal cord: located in the spinal cavity.
It functions as a communication highway between
body and brain. It has some measure of control in
that it can function independently of the brain to
some extent, e.g. in a spinal reflex.
3. Peripheral nerves: function as communication
links between the brain, spinal cord, sensory
structures, and effectors.

Question 15

What is the function of the endocrine system? Additionaly, name a organ and its function.

Answer 15

Coordinates and
controls bodily
activities by means
of hormones.
1. A single pancreas: located in the abdominal
cavity posterior and inferior to stomach. It
functions to produce the hormones, insulin and
glucagon and the digestive enzymes (also a
digestive organ).
2. A single thyroid: located ventrally to trachea in
cervical region and functions to produce the
hormone thyroxine (among others).
3. A single pituitary gland (very small gland,
difficult to see in the torso model): located inferior
and anterior to the brain and secretes hormones
that control other endocrine glands.
4. Paired ovaries and testes: located in the pubic
region and function to secrete reproductive
hormones that maintain primary and secondary
sexual characteristic.
5. Paired adrenal glands: located on anterior
surface of the kidneys and function to produce
many hormones, including cortisol and sex
hormones.

Question 16

What is the function of the circulatory system? Additionaly, name a organ and its function.

Answer 16

Distribution system
transporting blood
around the body,
delivering essential
supplies (O2 &
nutrients) to cells
and removing waste
products (CO2 and
urea).
1. A single heart: located in pericardial cavity of
the thoracic region and functions to provide the
pumping force essential for maintenance of
circulation.
2. Any blood vessel (these may be paired or
single): located throughout the body since all cells
must be supplied with blood and function as a
closed system of tubes for transporting blood
around the body

Question 17

What is the function of the respiratory system? Additionaly, name an organ and its function?

Answer 17

Provides O2 to the
blood and gets rid of
excess CO2 from
the internal
environment.
1. Single pharynx: passageway that extends from
the mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus.
2. A single larynx: cartilaginous structure located
in the cervical region. Produces sound as air
passes between vocal cords
3. A single trachea (windpipe): located in the
ventral mediastinal region of the thoracic cavity.
Functions to transport gases to and from the
lungs.
4. Paired lungs (right and left): located in right and
left pleural cavities of the thoracic cavity and
functions as the site for gas exchange between
blood and air.

Question 18

What is the function of the digestive system? Additionaly, name an organ and its function.

Answer 18

Receives, digests
and absorbs food
and eliminates some
wastes.
1. Six salivary glands: located in the oral cavity
and produce fluid (saliva) that moistens food.
2. A single pharynx: passageway that extends
from the nasal cavity to the esophagus.
3. A single esophagus: passageway to the
stomach.
4. A single stomach: located in the left superior
part of the abdominal cavity and functions in
digestion and temporarily stores food before it
enters the intestine.
5. A single intestine (small and large intestine):
located in the abdominal cavity and functions as
the site for most of digestion and absorption.
6. A single pancreas: located in abdominal cavity
posterior and inferior to stomach and functions to
secrete digestive enzymes and the hormones,
insulin and glucagon (also an endocrine organ).
7. A single gall bladder: stores bile produced by
the liver.
8. A single liver: adjusts the nutrient levels in the
blood, removes toxins, and produces bile for
digestion of fats.

Question 19

What is the function of the urinary system? Additionaly, name an organ and its function.

Answer 19

Cleans and adjusts
the composition of
blood to maintain
homeostasis.
1. Paired kidneys: located retroperitoneally in
lateral (right and left) posterior portions of the
abdominal cavity (most of kidney is at level of
lumbar region of the back). They function to
produce urine (the fluid product formed when
wastes are filtered from blood).
2. Paired ureters: Carries urine from the kidneys
to the urinary bladder.
3. A single bladder: located medially in the pelvic
cavity, lying ventral to the rectum and, in females,
ventral to vagina and uterus. It functions to store
and release urine from the body.
4. A single urethra: carries urine form the bladder
to the outside environment.

Question 20

What is the function of the reproductive system? Additionaly, name an organ and its function.

Answer 20

Continuation of the
species by
reproduction of new
organisms in
process of sexual
reproduction.
Some male organs: (see Figure 1.2)
1. Paired testes: located in the scrotal sac in the
pubic region and function to produce male sperm
cells and sex hormones.
2. Paired vas deferens: originates in the scrotum,
passing superiorly from the scrotum through
inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity. It then passes
dorsally and inferiorly around the bladder to join
the urethra (a tube conveying sperm and urine in
the male). They function as tubes for the transport
of mature sperm cells.
3. Single prostrate: located in the pelvic region
and
produces semen that allows the sperm to survive
Some female organs: (see Figure 1.2)
1. Paired ovaries: located on lateral wall of pelvic
(right and left) region. They function to produce
ova and female sex hormones.
2. Paired Fallopian tubes: carries the oocyte from
the ovary to the uterus.
3. A single uterus: located in pelvic region
posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.
It functions to provide an environment for the
developing embryo and fetus and to provide an
area of exchange between embryonic and
maternal blood.

Question 21

What is the function of the lymphatic system? Additionaly, name an organ and its function.

Answer 21

Drainage of tissue
fluid and protection
of the body from
infection.
Organs include: various lymph nodes, lymph
nodules, spleen, and thymus gland (very small in
adults).