ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE AND TERMINOLOGY Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of organisms. The word comes from Greek, meaning “to dissect” or “cut apart.”
What are the main types of anatomy?
Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy: Study of body parts visible to the naked eye.
Microscopic Anatomy: Study of tissues and cells using a microscope.
Developmental Anatomy: Study of how structures change from conception to adulthood.
Embryology: Study of embryo development.
How can you study gross anatomy?
Systemic Anatomy: By body systems (e.g., digestive).
Regional Anatomy: By specific regions (e.g., head).
Functional Anatomy: How structure relates to function.
Applied Anatomy: Practical use in health and diagnosis.
Clinical Anatomy: Relates anatomy to clinical signs and diseases.
What does veterinary anatomy focus on?
Veterinary anatomy looks at the structure of domesticated animals, comparing different species to understand their unique features.
What are some ways anatomical names are given?
Practical Names: Based on function, location, or appearance
Eponymous Names: Named after people (e.g., foramen of Monro)
Other Names: Descriptive names (e.g., radial nerve).
What is the anatomical position and the main anatomical planes?
Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into upper and lower parts.
Dorsal Plane: Divides body into back and belly parts.
What are the different types of anatomical sections?
Longitudinal Section: Cut along the length of an organ.
Transverse Section: Cut across the width of an organ.
What do the basic directional terms mean?
Cranial/Anterior: Toward the head.
Caudal/Posterior: Toward the tail.
Rostral: Toward the nose.
Medial: Closer to the midline.
Lateral: Further from the midline.
Dorsal: Toward the back.
Ventral: Toward the belly.
What do deep, superficial, proximal, and distal mean?
Deep/Internal: Away from the surface.
Superficial/External: Toward the surface.
Proximal: Closer to the center or point of attachment.
-Distal: Further from the center or point of attachment.
What are flexion and extension?
Flexion: Decreases the angle of a joint (e.g., bending the elbow).
Extension: Increases the angle of a joint (e.g., straightening the elbow).
Hyperextension: Extends the joint beyond its normal range.
What are protraction and retraction?
Protraction: Moves a body part forward (e.g., sticking out the tongue).
Retraction: Moves a body part backward (e.g., pulling the tongue back).
What do adduction and abduction mean?
Adduction: Moves a body part toward the midline (e.g., pulling the limb closer).
Abduction: Moves a body part away from the midline (e.g., lifting the limb away).
What do elevation and depression refer to?
Elevation: Moves a body part upward (e.g., shrugging the shoulder).
Depression: Moves a body part downward (e.g., lowering the shoulder).
What are supination and pronation?
Supination: Rotates the limb so the surface faces up (e.g., turning the paw upward).
Pronation: Rotates the limb so the surface faces down (e.g., turning the paw downward).
What do inversion and eversion mean?
Inversion: Rotates the foot so the sole faces inward.
Eversion: Rotates the foot so the sole faces outward.
