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Arm Anatomy > Anatomical Areas > Flashcards

Anatomical Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of axilla
Medial:

A

Medial: serratus anterior + thoracic wall

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2
Q

Boundaries of Axilla: Anterior:

A

Anterior: pec major and minor and subclavius

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3
Q

Boundaries of Axilla
Lateral:

A

Lateral: intertubercular groove of humerus

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4
Q

Boundaries of Axilla
Posterior:

A

Posterior:
Teres major, subscapularis, lat dorsi

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5
Q

Boundaries of Axilla
Apex:

A

Apex: 1st rib (lateral border), scapula (superior border), clavicle (posterior border)

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6
Q

Boundaries of Axilla
All

A

Apex: 1st rib (lateral border), scapula (superior border), clavicle (posterior border)

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7
Q

The axillary apex decreases in size most in:
A) abduction of arm
B) addiction of arm

A

A) abduction of arm

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8
Q

Which vessels are contained in the axilla?

A

Axillary artery and vein

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9
Q

Which nerve collection is contained in the axilla?

A

Brachial plexus

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10
Q

Which nodes are contained in the axilla?

A

Axillary nodes (diagnostic for breast ca)

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11
Q

Which 2 muscles pass through the axilla?
Where do they attach?

A

Biceps brachii + coracobrachialis
Both attach to coracoid process scapula

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12
Q

What are the three routes of exit of the axilla?

A

Upper arm
Quadrangular space
Clavipectoral triangle

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the quadrangular space?
Superior:
Inferior:
Medial:
Lateral:

A

Superior: teres minor
Inferior: teres major
Medial: long head triceps brachii
Lateral: surgical neck of humerus

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14
Q

What 2 key structures exit through quadrangular space?

A

Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Axillary nerve

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15
Q

What 3 structures enter or leave through the clavipectoral triangle?

A

Cephalic vein (enters)
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (leave)

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of the clavipectoral triangle?
Superior:
Inferior:
Lateral:

A

Superior: clavicle
Inferior: pec major
Lateral: deltoid

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17
Q

What are three causes of thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

1) trauma eg fractured clavicle
2) cervical rib
3) repetitive movements e.g. occupational

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18
Q

What percentage of lymph nodes from the breast drain into the axillary nodes?

A

75%

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19
Q

What is the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

Medial border brachioradialis

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20
Q

What is the medial border of the cubital fossa?

A

Lateral border pronator teres

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21
Q

What is the superior border of the cubital fossa?

A

Horizontal line between humeral epicondyles

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22
Q

What forms the roof of the cubital fossa?

A

bicipital aponeurosis, fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin

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23
Q

What forms the floor of the cubital fossa?

A

Brachialis proximally, supinator distally

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24
Q

Arrange the following contents of the cubital fossa laterally to medially:
Biceps tendon
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Brachial artery

A

Lateral - medial:
Radial nerve
Biceps tendon
Brachial artery
Median nerve

(Really need beer to be at my nicest)

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25
Q

Which vein lies superficially in the cubital fossa and joins the basilic and cephalic veins?

A

Median cubital vein

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26
Q

What humeral fracture is typically transverse or oblique and occurs commonly in children who FOOSH?

A

Supracondylar

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27
Q

What classification system is used for supracondylar fractures

A

Gartland classification:

1: minimally displaced (conservative mx)
2: displaced with intact posterior cortex (usually require k wire fixation)
3: completely displaced (also req fixation)

28
Q

What is the medial border of the ulna canal?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

29
Q

What is the lateral wall of the ulna canal?

A

Olecranon of ulna

30
Q

What forms the roof of the ulna canal?

A

Cubital tunnel retinaculum (spans between medial epicondyle and olecranon) or arcuate ligament of Osbourne

31
Q

What does the ulnar tunnel transmit?

A

Ulnar nerve

32
Q

In cubital tunnel syndrome which nerve distribution may patients experience altered sensation?

A

Ulnar nerve
Medial 1.5 fingers and associated palm

33
Q

In cubital tunnel syndrome which 4 muscles may become wasted?

A

Lumbricals, interosseous muscles, hypothenar eminence, adductor pollicis

34
Q

Does cubital tunnel syndrome improve or worsen in elbow flexion?

A

Worsen (changes shape of tunnel causing increased pressure)

35
Q

What forms the inferior border of the carpal tunnel? (4 things)

A

Scaphoid, trapezium, hamate, pisiform bones (lateral to medial)

36
Q

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor retinaculum

37
Q

What 9 tendons lie within the carpal tunnel?

A

4 x FDP, 4 x FDS, 1 x FPL

38
Q

What do the 2 synovial sheaths in the carpal tunnel contain?

A

1 = all FDS and FDP tendons
1 = FPL

39
Q

Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median

40
Q

How does the median nerve divide after passing through the carpal tunnel?

A

Recurrent branch and palmar digital nerves

41
Q

What areas do the palmar digital nerves from the median nerve innervate?

A

Palmar aspects of digits and nailbed of radial 3.5 digits

42
Q

What is the most common mononeuropathy?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

43
Q

What causes CTS?

A

Thickened tendons or flexor retinaculum

44
Q

What are symptoms of CTS?

A

Numbness/tingling and pain in median nerve distribution

45
Q

Name 2 tests when examining for CTS

A

Tinel’s (pain or tingling on tapping flexor retinaculum)
Phalen’s (pain or altered sensation when holding wrist in flexion for 69s)

46
Q

In what position is the wrist held in when splinted for CTS?

A

Dorsiflexion

47
Q

What muscles may appear wasted in CTS?

A

Thenar

48
Q

How many extensor tendon compartments are there in the wrist?

A

6 (each lined by a synovial sheath)
1-6 lateral (radially) to medially (ulnarly)

49
Q

What tendons lie in extensor compartment 1 of the wrist

A

EPB, APL

50
Q

What tendons lie in extensor compartment 2 of the wrist

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

51
Q

Which tendons form the lateral and medial borders of the anatomical snuffbox

A

Lateral: APL & EPB
Medial: EPL

52
Q

What is de Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A

inflammation of the tendons within the first extensor compartment of the wrist, resulting in wrist pain and swelling
Most common in 30-50 year old women who use their wrists a lot

53
Q

What tendons lie in extensor compartment 3 of the wrist

A

EPL (medial border of anatomical snuffbox)

54
Q

What tendons lie in extensor compartment 4 of the wrist

A

Extensor digitorum and extensor indices

55
Q

What tendons lie in extensor compartment 5 of the wrist

A

EDM

56
Q

What tendons lie in extensor compartment 6 of the wrist

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

57
Q

What are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox?
Clue: artery, nerve and vein

A

Radial artery
Superficial branch radial nerve
Cephalic vein

58
Q

What does the superficial branch of the radial nerve innervate

A

Dorsal aspects of radial 3.5 digits

59
Q

Which carpal bone fracture elicits pain on pressure in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Scaphoid

60
Q

Why is the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis when fractured?

A

Retrograde blood supply
If missed fracture, likely to develop OA in later life

61
Q

Where is guyons canal located?

A

Ulnar aspect of wrist

62
Q

Which two bones does guyon’s canal extend from and to?

A

Pisiform to hook of hamate

63
Q

What is the contents of guyon’s canal?

A

Ulnar neurovascular bundle and lymphatic vessels

64
Q

How does the ulnar nerve split after leaving guyon’s canal?

A

Superficial (sensory) and deep (motor) branches

65
Q

What sensory and motor features might a patient with ulnar (guyon’s) canal syndrome present with?

A

Sensory: altered sensation ulnar 1.5 digits
Motor (loss of function of ulnar innervated muscles)
Adductor pollicis: weakened thumb addiction
Interossei: finger abduction and adduction
Hypothenar: little finger flexion, abduction, opposition

Arm Anatomy (7 decks)

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