Anatomic Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Standing erect with feet parallel, arms by the sides with palms facing forward. Head faces forward and gaze is straight ahead
A
Anatomic Position
2
Q
Midsagittal, vertically oriented, divides body into equal right and left halves
A
Median Plane
3
Q
Parasagittal, vertically oriented, parallel to median plane, divides body into unequal right and left halves
A
Sagittal Plane
4
Q
vertically oriented, perpendicular to median plane, divides body into anterior and posterior portions; commonly used in imaging of the brain
A
Coronal / Frontal Plane
5
Q
perpendicular to median and coronal planes, divides body into superior and inferior portions; CT scans are commonly generated in this plane
A
Horizontal / Transverse / Axial Plane
6
Q
Movement in the sagittal plane is around the ___ axis
A
X axis
7
Q
Movement in the transverse plane is around the ___ axis
A
Y axis
8
Q
Movement in the coronal plane is around the ___ axis
A
Z axis
9
Q
towards the front
A
Ventral
10
Q
towards the back
A
Dorsal
11
Q
on one side
A
Unilateral
12
Q
on both sides
A
Bilateral
13
Q
on the opposite side
A
Contralateral
14
Q
towards the center of the body
A
Medial
15
Q
away from the center of the body
A
Lateral
16
Q
towards the head
A
superior
17
Q
towards the feet
A
inferior
18
Q
towards the front
A
anterior
19
Q
towards the back
A
posterior
20
Q
pertaining to body wall
A
parietal
21
Q
pertaining to internal organs
A
visceral
22
Q
towards the head (referring to CNS)
A
rostral
23
Q
towards the feet (referring to CNS)
A
caudal
24
Q
towards the surface of body
A
external / superficial
25
away from the surface of body
internal / deep
26
lying face down
prone
27
lying face up
supine
28
towards root of limb
proximal
29
towards end of limb
distal
30
movement that decreases angle
flexion
31
movement that increases angle
extension
32
movement toward body/midline
adduction
33
movement away from body/midline
abduction
34
internal rotation
medial rotation
35
external rotation
lateral rotation
36
circular motion; combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
circumduction
37
movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers on same hand
opposition
38
return thumb to anatomical position
reposition
39
rotation of forearm, palm faces posteriorly
pronation
40
rotation of forearm, palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position)
supination
41
elevation of medial side of sole
inversion
42
elevation of lateral side of sole
eversion
43
drawing scapula laterally and anteriorly on posterior thoracic wall
protraction
44
drawing the scapula medially and posteriorly on the posterior thoracic wall
retraction
45
inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint
valgus
46
outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint
varus
47
movement to close the mouth
elevation
48
movement to open the mouth
depression
49
mandible moves anteriorly
protrusion / protraction
50
mandible moves posteriorly
retrusion / retraction
51
type of tissue found in polarized membranes or glands; line and cover all surfaces of the body
epithelium
52
connects other tissues
supports avascular epithelia
examples: tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood
connective tissue
53
type of tissue found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels
smooth muscle
54
type of tissue found in the heart and proximal parts of the great vessels
cardiac muscle
55
type of tissue that forms all muscles under voluntary control
skeletal muscle
56
type of tissue that forms the CNS (neurons, their processes, glial cells) and PNS (dendrites and axons with neuronal cell bodies housed in ganglia); cells are polarized and conduct electrical impulses
nervous tissue
57
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connective tissue
has no direct blood supply
heals poorly
has no direct innervation
no pain fibers
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cartilage
58
articular, costal, nasal, tracheal
| most common type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
59
type of cartilage in intervertebral discs, menisci, and symphysis pubis
fibrocartilage
60
type of cartilage in external ear and epiglottis
elastic cartilage
61
has blood supply, has nerve (pain) fibers, heals slowly but usually by reforming, movements occur at joints, the hardest/densest structures in the body
bone
62
type of bone that is on the outside of the bone; more dense
compact bone
63
type of bone on the inside of bones
cancellous / spongy bone
64
type of bone that is tubular, shaft with marrow cavity (femur, humerus)
long bones
65
carpals and tarsals are examples of this type of bone
short bones
66
squamous, skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula are examples of this type of bone
flat bones
67
vertebrae, some skull bones, pelvic bones are examples of this type of bone
irregular bones
68
patella is an example of this type of bone, develops in tendon
sesamoid bones
69
type of bone that occurs within a suture of the cranium
sutural bones
70
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support
protection
movement
mineral storage
haematopoiesis
```
functions of bone
71
dense collagenous connective tissue that connects bones; movement allowed depends on length of fibers uniting two structures
fibrous joints (synarthroses)
72
type of fibrous joint that is non-movable; found between bones of skull, bones interlock
suture joints
73
type of fibrous joint that unites the shafts of two long bones, amphiarthroidal, some movement is permitted
syndesmosis joints
74
type of fibrous joint where cementum of root of tooth is anchored to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible by the periodontal ligament, amphiarthrosis, slight movement permitted
gomphosis joint
75
type of joint that allows some motion; types include synchondrosis and symphysis
cartilaginous joints
76
primary cartilaginous joint, bones united by hyaline cartilage, temporary, replaced by bone, allow growth of long bones - becomes a synarthrosis when bone elongation is complete
synchondrosis
77
secondary cartilaginous joint, bones united by fibrocartilage, permanent, strong, allows limited movement
symphysis
78
freely movable joint; articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
synovial joint
79
dense bands of connective tissue (mainly collagen, some contain elastic fibers), stabilize joint, connects bone to bone
ligament
80
type of ligament inside joint capsule but outside synovial membrane
intracapsular ligament
81
type of ligament outside joint capsule, strengthens joint
extracapsular joint
82
a ligament injury when the ligament is stretched beyond its capacity
sprain
83
fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of glenoid cavity or acetabulum that deepens concavity of the articular surface - stabilizes joint
labrum
84
found in sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and TM joints; made of fibrous connective tissue or fibrocartilage; helps to bridge incongruity between bony surfaces; compartmentalize joint cavity into two joint spaces which allow different movements
articular disc
85
crescents of fibrocartilage; deepen tibial plateaus with which the rounded femoral condyles articulate; stabilize the joint and act as shock absorbers
menisci of knee
86
collections of adipocytes enclosed by a fibrous sheath; fill space created during movement; absorb shock
fat pads
87
sacs lined with synovial membrane that produce synovial fluid; found between skin and bone (subcutaneous) or between tendon and bone (subtendinous); provide friction-free movement between moving structures
bursae
88
painful inflammation of a bursa, caused by repetitive motions or positions at a joint
bursitis
89
endothelium with small amount of connective tissue
tunica intima
90
thicker in arteries than veins; contains layers of smooth muscle cells and elastic laminae
tunica media
91
connective tissue containing vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum supplying outer media and adventitia
tunica adventitia
92
many elastic lamellae in tunica media, helps absorb pulsation of blood from heart and minimizes changes in BP as heart contracts and relaxes (ex: aorta, carotid, subclavian arteries)
large conducting elastic arteries
93
circularly arranged smooth muscle as major component of their walls; can alter diameter and propel blood to different regions of the body (ex: brachial, radial, femoral arteries)
medium muscular distributing arteries
94
regulate degree of perfusion of capillary beds and blood pressure (not named)
small arteries and arterioles
95
return blood from capillary beds to heart
veins
96
smallest veins, drain capillary beds, no muscle in walls
venules
97
bundles of vascular smooth muscle in their walls and a well developed adventitia (ex: superior vena cava)
large veins
98
have valves that permit flow of blood towards heart only; many are named for the artery they accompany
medium veins
99
ultrafiltrate containing 10% of fluid that leaked from vascular capillary beds, larger proteins, salts, soluble fats, clotting factors, bacteria and small viruses and lymphocytes
lymph
100
contain white blood cells, filters lymph and initiates an immune response
lymph nodes
101
brain
spinal cord
optic nerve (CN II)
central nervous system (CNS)
102
cranial and spinal nerves (except CN II)
autonomic and sensory ganglia
splanchnic and pelvic splanchnic nerves
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
103
processes of primary ventral rami become rearranged in interconnected networks
nerve plexi
104
found in the root of the neck and axilla - axons become rearranged to form nerves of upper limb
brachial plexus
105
branches of nerves that give sensory innervation to the skin; like the main nerves, they may have axons from more than one spinal cord segment
cutaneous nerve
106
areas of the skin innervated by a single spinal cord segment; it does not matter what nerve an axon traveled through to get to the skin
dermatomes
107
pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, vision, equilibrium
somatic sensory
108
stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, hunger, taste
visceral sensory
109
innervation of skeletal muscle
somatic motor
110
innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic (autonomic nervous system)
visceral motor
