anat_316_20190108163644 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two components to the skull?
A
facial skeleton (viscerocranium) and cranial vault (neurocranium)
2
Q
How many bones are there in the facial and cranial component of the skull?
A
14 facial bones, 8 cranial bones
3
Q
The frontal view of the skull includes every skull bone except…
A
occipital and palatine bones
4
Q
Which bone is the only bone not directly attached to the skull?
A
mandible
5
Q
Which facial bone is diamond shaped?
A
zygomatic bone
6
Q
What is the name of the process located on the maxilla and mandible?
A
alveolar process (contains the teeth)
7
Q
What do the foramina located on the skull allow?
A
passage of nerves
8
Q
Which bone is responsible for ethnic facial features
A
zygomatic bone
9
Q
What makes up the zygomatic arch?
A
temporal process of the zygomatic bone + the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
10
Q
What are the names of the two sections of the temporal bone?
A
squamous (flat) and petrous (rocky)
11
Q
What makes up the temporal fossa?
A
squamous temporal bone with the greater wing of the sphenoid + lower portion of the parietal bone
12
Q
Where do the frontal bone and the parietal bone meet?
A
coronal suture
13
Q
Where do the parietal bone and the occipital bone meet?
A
lamboid suture
14
Q
What is the name of the area where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones join?
A
pterion
15
Q
Where do the paired parietal bones unite?
A
sagital suture
16
Q
What feature of the occipital bone is responsible for muscle attachment?
A
superior nuchal line
17
Q
Where do the occipital condyles and the atlas articulate?
A
atlanto-occipital joint
18
Q
Where does the spinal cord pass through?
A
foramen magnum
19
Q
What separates the nasal choanae?
A
vomer bone
20
Q
What is the hard palate composed of?
A
palatine bones posteriorly + palatine processes of the maxilla anteriorly
21
Q
The pterygoid plates and the inferior orbital fissure are lateral to which feature?
A
choanae
22
Q
What is the floor of the anterior cranial fossa made up of?
A
horizontal plate of the frontal bone and the cribriform plate and crista galli
23
Q
What makes up the roof of the orbit?
A
horizontal plate of the frontal bone
24
Q
Which cranial fossa is butterfly shaped?
A
middle cranial fossa
25
What is the central region of the sphenoid bone?
sella turcica (roof of sphenoid body)
26
Where are the optic canals located?
between the anterior clinoid processes
27
Which feature is anterior to the foramen magnum and runs up towards the sella turcica
clivus
28
What do the grooves on the wall of the fossa indicate?
the course of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses
29
What does the frontal bone contain?
frontal sinuses and the supraorbital notch
30
Which bones form the walls and roof of the cranium?
parietal bones
31
What are the main features of the occipital bone?
foramen magnum, hypoglossal canals, occipital condyles
32
The auditory tube, middle ear and inner ear are part of which bone?
temporal bone
33
The upper half of the temporal bone is __________ while the lower half is __________.
squamous, petrous
34
Which bone has a vertical and horizontal plate and two lateral masses?
ethmoid bone
35
These paired shell-shaped bones arise from the maxillae.
inferior concha
36
How many bones are present in the superior alveolar process?
16
37
The horizontal palatine process is the anterior _____ of the hard palate.
4/5
38
What are the two foramina of the maxilla
infraorbital and incisive foramina
39
Which bone is L shaped?
mandible or palatine
40
The vertical arm of the mandible is called the ______ and the horizontal arm is called the ______.
ramus, body
41
Where do the two halves of the mandible meet?
mental protuberance (point of the jaw)
42
What do the condyloid processes articulate with?
mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
43
Where does the nerve to the lower teeth pass through?
mandibular foramen
44
The horizontal plate of the palatine bone is the _____ of the hard palate.
1/5
45
The vertical plate of the palatine bone forms the posterior ___ of the lateral nasal wall
1/3
46
Where are the tear ducts located?
lacrimal bone
47
What shape is the vomer bone?
triangle
48
Which bone hangs below the floor of the mouth?
hyoid bone
49
What is suspended from the hyoid bone?
larynx
50
How many bones in the facial skeleton?
14
51
How many bones in the cranial vault?
8
52
Frontal bone
- vertical plate = forehead- horizontal plate = roof of orbit- contains frontal sinuses and supraorbital notch
53
Maxilla
- has zygomatic and frontal processes- makes up part of medial and inferior border of orbit- contains 2 foramina:1. infraorbital 2. incisive
54
How many teeth each in the Maxilla and Mandible bones?
16
55
What feature makes the mandible unique?
What feature makes the mandible unique?- It is not directly attached to the skull- L shaped- vertical portion is the ramus- horizontal portion is the body
56
condyloid process
- articular process of mandible with mandibular fossa of temporal bone- forms temporomandibular joint
57
coronoid process
- gives attachment to a large muscle
58
mandibular foramen
- nerve to lower teeth passes through here
59
Zygomatic bone
- cheek bones- has frontal, maxillary and temporal processes
60
Hyoid bone
- hangs below the floor of the mouth supported by various muscles- larynx is suspended from it- has body and greater and lesser cornu (horns)
61
Alveolar process
(both maxilla and mandible have them)
62
Mental foramen
allow passage of nerves
63
Which bones make up the zygomatic arch?
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone, zygomatic process of temporal bone
64
Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
- contributes to the superior orbital fissure- contains foramina rotundum, ovale, spinosum
65
Sphenoid bone
- unpaired- shaped like big eared owl- body contains sphenoid sinuses (bone is hollow)- sella turcica on upper surface- greater wings attached to body
66
pterygoid process
consists of the medial and lateral pterygoid plates with pterygoid fossa between them
67
Temporal bone
- has upper flat squamous and petrous (not flat) sections- located by the "temple"- contains auditory tube, middle ear, and inner ear- petrous portion contains: internal and external acoustic meatuses, zygomatic, mastoid and styloid processes, part of jugular foramen, foramen lacerum and carotid canal
68
Which bones make up the temporal fossa?
Squamous temporal bone, greater wing of sphenoid bone, lower portion of parietal bone
69
Parietal bone (s)
- united by the sagittal suture- form walls and roof of cranium- articulate with frontal bone at coronal suture- articulate with sphenoid bone- articulate with occipital bone at lambdoid suture- articulate with temporal bone at squamous suture
70
Which bones is the coronal suture between?
Which bones is the coronal suture between?Frontal and parietal bones
71
Which bones is the lambdoid suture between?
between parietal bone and occipital bone
72
What is the Pterion?
The area where the parietal, fontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join
73
Occipital bone
- unpaired- forms posterior portion of the base of the skull - features: foramen magnum, hypoglossal canals, occipital condyles
74
occipital condyles articulate with the
atlas
75
spinal cord passes through:
Foramen magnum
76
Vomer bone
Vomer bone
77
palatine bones
- L shaped- horizontal plate is the posterior 1/5 of the hard palate- vertical plate forms
78
Palatine processes
- anterior 4/5 of the hard palate
79
lacrimal bone
- small bone located on medial wall of orbit- partially forms opening of nasolacrimal canal- contribute to lateral nasal wall
80
Hypoglossal canal (inferior view)
- in the wall of the foramen magnum
81
Anterior cranial fossa
- floor made up of horizontal plate of frontal bone and cribriform plate and crista galli (both of ethmoid bone)- horizontal plate is also the roof of the orbitposterior border of the fossa formed by the lesser wing and jugum of the sphenoid with the anterior clinoid processes projecting posteriorly from medial end of the wings
82
ethmoid bone
- makes up most of nasal skeleton and medial wall of the orbit- vertical and horizontal plate- two lateral masses- includes cribriform plate and crista galli
83
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
- cenrally-located jugum- optic canals medial to clinoid processes- forms upper margin of superior orbital fissure
84
vertical plate of ethmoid bone
forms half of bony nasal septum
85
inferior nasal conchae
- paired, shell shaped- arises from MAXILLA not ethmoid bone- it is SEPARATE from the other 2 conchae- forms part of the lateral wall of nose
86
middle cranial fossa
- butterfly shaped- sphenoid body is the insect and greater wing and temporal bone are the wings- sella turcica in the centre with paired anterior and posterior clinoid processes bordering it- includes: optic canals, superior orbital fissures, foramina rotundum, ovale, spinosum, and lacerum
87
sella turcica
- roof of the sphenoid body
88
optic canals
- between anterior clinoid processes - connects brain case to orbit
89
Superior orbital fissures
- between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
90
foramina lacerum
- carotid canal opens into the middle fossa just lateral to the foramen lacerum
91
How many poles does the brain have?
3 frontal, temporal, occipital pole
92
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______ and the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______.
fight or flightrest and digest
93
What is the largest area of the brain?
telencephalon
94
What divides the left and right hemisphere of the telencephalon?
sagital fissure/sulcus
95
What separates the telencephalon from the cerebellum?
horizontal fissure
96
What separates the temporal lobe of the telencephalon from the upper part of the cerebrum?
lateral fissure
97
What are the 4 lobes of the telencephalon?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobe
98
What is the outer covering of the telencephalon called?
cortex
99
The fold of the cortex are called...
gyri (bumps) and sulci (valleys)
100
The precentral gyrus is the ____ cortex.
motor (movement is initiated here)
101
The postcentral gyrus is the _____ cortex.
sensory
102
Where is the diencephalon located?
the centre of the base of the cerebrum
103
What are the 4 components of the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
104
The thalamus is a large nucleus located on both sides of the _________.
third ventricle
105
What senses go through the thalamus?
every sense BUT smell
106
What is situated below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
107
The _______ is located below the thalamus.
subthalamus
108
The _______ is a small nucleus located behind the thalamus.
epithalamus
109
What does the grey matter of the cerebrum contain?
cell bodies of the neurons
110
The grey matter is confined to the ________ and the ________.
cortex, basal ganglia
111
The _________ are deep nuclei and mostly related to motor function.
basal ganglia
112
What are the different basal ganglia?
lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, amygdala
113
The thalamus and the internal capsule are made up of ________.
white matter (fibres, axons)
114
What are the three types of white matter fibres?
association, commissural, and projection fibres
115
What are the association fibres responsible for?
communication within one hemisphere -stay in the same half
116
What are the commissural fibres responsible for?
communication between the hemispheres-one half to the other half
117
What are the three sets of the commissural fibres?
anterior commissure, posterior commissure and the corpus callosum
118
The __________ connects the hemispheres and has lots of fibres.
corpus callosum
119
What are the projection fibres responsible for?
communication between different levels of the nervous system (not confined to the cerebrum)-one level to another
120
Most cranial nerves enter/leave through which structure?
brain stem
121
What are the two large fibre bundles of the midbrain?
anteriorly the cerebral peduncles (tracks) and posteriorly the superior/inferior colliculi (little bumps)
122
Which cranial nerves are attached at the junction of the midbrain and the pons
CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)
123
Which structure bridges the cerebellar hemispheres?
pons
124
Which cranial nerves emerge from the anterior surface of the pons
CN V (trigeminal)
125
What is located behind the pons?
fourth ventricle and cerebellum
126
What is the medulla oblongata continuous with?
spinal cord
127
On the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata are the ______ medially and the _____ laterally
pyramids, olives
128
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
coordination
129
What is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem via?
large middle cerebellar peduncles
130
The spinal cord extends in the vertebral canal from the _______ down to _______.
foramen magnum to L1/2
131
How many sets of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and leave through the intervertebral foramina?
32
132
The spinal cord tapers at the _______________.
conus medullaris
133
What attaches the conus medullaris to the sacrum?
filum terminale (thread like)
134
The nerves that exit below L2 form which structure?
cauda equina
135
What are the thickenings of the spinal cord called?
cervical and lumbar enlargements
136
The anterior horns in the spinal cord are responsible for what?
motor function
137
The posterior horns in the spinal cord are responsible for what?
sensory function
138
The intermediate horn for the sympathetic nervous system is between...
T1 and L2
139
The white matter is arranged into which three columns?
posterior, lateral and anterior funiculi
140
The ventricles are continuous with the narrow central canal of the _________.
spinal cord
141
The anterior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
frontal lobe
142
The posterior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
occipital lobe
143
The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
temporal lobe
144
The body of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
parietal lobe
145
What are the choroid plexuses filled with?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
146
What connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle?
foramina of monro
147
What joins the third and fourth ventricle?
aqueduct of sylvius
148
In the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle are the ________.
foramina of luschka
149
What is located at the inferior angle of the fourth ventricle?
foramen of magendie
150
The CSF travels from the ventricles to the _________ via the foramen of luschka+magendie
subarachnoid space
151
The CNS is encased in three layers of specialized connective tissue; they are...
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
152
The dura mater is located...
outside of the brain and spinal cord
153
The dura mater invaginates into the sagital fissure to form the _________.
falx cerebri
154
The dura mater invaginates into the horizontal fissure to form the _________.
tentorium cerebelli
155
What is the name of the fat-filled space between the skull and the vertebral column
epidural space
156
What is the name of the layer that is thin and filmy that contains the blood vessels
arachnoid layer
157
The CSF circulates in the __________.
subarachnoid space
158
What connects the arachnoid and pia mater?
denticulate ligaments
159
Which layer is attached to the superficial cortex and the outer surface of the spinal cord?
pia mater
160
The functions of the CSF are...
metabolic and protective
161
The CSF circulates all around the CNS in the subarachnoid space, providing a _______.
shock absorptive function
162
The arachnoid mater penetrates through the dura into which structure?
superior sagital sinus
163
What are the large openings of the subarachnoid space called?
cisterns
164
What is the name of the opening that is created when the spinal cord terminates at L1/2 and the dura and arachnoid mater extend into the sacrum
lumbar cistern (spinal tap or lumbar puncture performed here)
165
The brain receives blood from which two sources?
carotid and vertebral arteries
166
The vertebral arteries connect to form the ________.
basilar artery
167
The basilar artery splits into the two _________.
posterior cerebral arteries
168
The single _______ joins the two anterior cerebral arteries.
anterior communicating artery
169
The paired ________ joins the middle and posterior cerebral arteries.
posterior communicating artery
170
The communicating arteries form the _______ around the pituitary gland.
circle of willis
171
The anterior/posterior cerebral arteries supply which surface of the brain?
sagital
172
The anterior/posterior cerebral arteries supply the _______ of the outer cortex.
periphery
173
The ______ comes through the lateral fissure and supplies the centre of the brain.
middle cerebral artery
174
The cerebellum is supplied by which arteries?
superior and inferior cerebellar arteries
175
The spinal cord gets blood from where?
vertebral arteries at the superior end and from the aorta lower down
176
The veins of the brain empty into the _______ sinuses which drain into the _______ vein.
dural venous sinuses, internal jugular vein
177
What is the somatic peripheral nervous system responsible for?
voluntary motor control and general sensation information
178
The somatic peripheral nervous system consists of ___ paris of spinal nerves and ___ pairs of cranial nerves
31/32 spinal nerves, 12 cranial nerves
179
The dorsal root of the nerve...
receives sensory information
180
The ventral root of of the nerve...
sends motor information
181
Why are the sacral nerves unique?
split into rami before exiting the foramina
182
The cell bodies of the the motor nerves are located where?
anterior horn; axons run into the ventral root
183
The cell bodies of the sensory nerves are found in the ...
dorsal root ganglia
184
The spinal nerves are classified ________ according to their spinal levels
alphanumerically
185
C1-C8
cervical nerves; exit above the corresponding vertebrae
186
T1-T12
thoracic nerves; exit below the corresponding vertebrae
187
L1-L5
lumbar nerves; exit below the corresponding vertebrae
188
S1-S5
sacral nerves; exit below corresponding vertebrae
189
The autonomic peripheral nervous system...
provides involuntary motor control and visceral sensory perception
190
The dorsal columns are made up of the _______ and are responsible for...
fasciculus gracilis+cuneatus, carry out all major sensory information that the brain needs
191
Define ipsilateral.
fibres that stay on the same side(all fibres eventually cross over)
192
Define contralateral
fibres that cross over
193
Which senses are carried out in the dorsal columns?
discriminatory (fine) touch, joint position (proprioception), vibration
194
Which senses are carried out in the anterolateral columns?
non-discriminatory (crude) touch, pain, temperature
195
The fibres of the dorsal columns run from...
below T6
196
The fibres of the lower limb travel in the ________.
fasciculus gracilis
197
The fibres of the upper limb (above T6) travel in the __________.
fasciculus cuneatus
198
The fibres of the dorsal column synapse on the secondary neurons in the lower medulla in the _____________.
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
199
Where do the axons in the dorsal columns crossover and become contralateral?
nucleus gracilis
200
Where do the axons of the dorsal columns synapse for the second time?
thalamus
201
Where does the dorsal column pathway end?
postcentral gyrus in the sensory cortex
202
The axons of the anterolateral column synapse in the...
dorsal horn
203
The anterolateral pathway goes into the brain stem and attaches to the ______.
medial leminscus
204
The anterolateral column axons synapse a second time in the ______ and travel to the _______.
thalamus, postcentral gyrus
205
The descending motor pathways are responsible for...
initiate movement in the muscles
206
Which is the most direct motor pathway?
corticospinal tract
207
Where do most of the fibres crossover to form the lateral corticospinal tract?
lower medulla
208
The fibres that remain ipsilateral form the ....
anterior corticospinal tract
209
All corticospinal fibres terminate in the ______ and synapse with the ________.
anterior horn, large anterior horn neurons
210
Which tracts make up the extra pyramidal system?
rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal tracts
211
The olfactory nerves (CN I) synapse in the ______.
olfactory bulb
212
What is the rhinencephalon?
part of the brain where the 2nd neuron is synapsed
213
Which nerves come from the retina and pass back through the optic canal?
optic nerve (CN II)
214
Where do the two optic nerves meet/cross?
optic chiasm
215
What happens if you lose the optic chiasm
tunnel vision, no peripheral
216
Which nerves emerge from the brain stem?
CN III, IV, VI
217
Which muscles do the oculomotor nerves (CNIII) supply?
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
218
The trochlear nerves (CN IV) supply which muscle?
superior oblique
219
The abducens nerves (CN VI) supply this muscle.
lateral rectus
220
The extraocular nerves (CN III, IV, VI) exit through what?
superior orbital fissure
221
Which nerve directly arises from the pons?
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
222
Where does the opthalamic component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1) exit?
superior orbital fissure
223
Where does the maxillary component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) exit?
foramen rotundum
224
Where does the madnibular component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exit?
foramen ovale
225
What are each of the components of the trigeminal nerve for?
opthalmic - foreheadmaxillary - cheekmandibular - jaw
226
Which cranial nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
facial nerve (CN VII)
227
How does the facial nerve exit the skull?
stylomastoid foramen
228
The facial nerve provides parasympathetic supply to which glands?
submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal
229
Which nerve exits the brain stem lateral to CN VII and enters the internal acoustic meatus?
vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII)
230
Which nerve brings sensory information regarding sound and position back from the internal ear?
vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII)
231
What is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) attached to?
medulla below the exit of CN VIII
232
CN IX provides __________ to the parotid glands, __________ to the stylopharnygeus muscle, and ________ to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
parasympathetic innervation, motor innervation, sensory innervation
233
Which nerve is the great parasympathetic nerve of the thorax and abdomen?
vagus nerve (CN V)
234
Where does CN X exit?
jugular foramen
235
Which cranial nerves exit the spinal cord at the upper cervical levels (neck)
spinal accessory (CN XI)
236
Which nerve arises from the rootlets that exit between the pyramid and olive of the medulla?
hypoglossal (CNXII)
237
What is CN XII responsible for?
extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
238
Which nervous system is considered the unconscious motor component of the visceral nervous system?
autonomic nervous system
239
What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
smooth muscle of the viscers, glands and blood vessels
240
Sympathetic nerves arise from ...
T1-L2
241
Parasympathetic nerves originate from which cranial nerves?
CN III, VII, IX ,X and sacral levels S2-4
242
Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate and exit?
originate: intermediate horn of the grey matterexit: anterior ventral root
243
Preganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk via the ________ and exit via the ________.
white ramus communicans, grey ramus communicans
244
Where are the sympathetic trunks located?
on each side of the vertebral column
245
The sympathetic ganglia run from which levels?
C1-S5
246
What does somatotopic mean?
top part of the body is served by the top, bottom is served by the bottom
247
The superior cervical ganglion represents...
C1-4
248
The middle cervical ganglion represents...
C5-6
249
The inferior cervical ganglion represents...
C7-8
250
The most inferior two coccygeal ganglia fuse in midline to form which structure?
ganglion impar
251
Where do the nerves to the skin and blood vessels of the limbs, body walls, head and neck synapse?
sympathetic trunk
252
What are the three ways the sympathetic nerves will synapse?
1. synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level they exited the spinal cord2. travel superiorly to synapse at a higher-level (head, neck, upper limbs)3. travel inferiorly to synapse in the sympathetic trunk (skin, arteries of the badomen, pelvis and lower limbs)
253
At what level does white rami exit?
T1-L2
254
Where do the splanchnic nerves travel?
viscera
255
The preganglionic nerves of the lung and somer heart innervation synapse at ...
its own level and goes directly to the appropriate plexus
256
The pregnaglionic nerves of the head, neck and rest of the hear synapse at...
-travel superiorly-synapse in the trunk
257
The preganglionic nerves of the bladder and reproductive organs synpase at...
-descend to the inferior lumbar and sacral levels
258
The preganglionic neurons of the GI tract synapse at...
-pass directly through the corresponding sympathetic ganglion and emerge anteromedially -synpase in the abdominal preaortic ganglia or the renal ganglia
259
Which cranial nerve carries efferent neurones for the pupil and lens muscles?
oculomotor (CN III)
260
Which cranial nerves serve the salivary and lacrimal glands?
facial (CN II) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
261
Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic fibers to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen as well as to the GI tract 2/3 along the length of the transverse colon?
vagus (CN X)
262
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from?
S2-4
263
What level are the greater splanchnic nerves?
T5-9 (supplies the foregut)
264
What level supplies the midgut?
T10-11 (lesser splanchnic)
265
What level supplies the kidneys?
T12
266
What level supplies the hindgut?
L1-2 (lumbar splanchnics)
267
The sympathetic innervation of the organs above the diaphragm is from...
the upper ganglia in the sympathetic trunk C1-T4
268
The head and neck receive preganglionic fibres from ...
T1
269
The thoracic organs receive innervation from ...
T1-4
270
The pathway to the lungs is via ______ with the postganglionic fibres originating in the trunk at the same levels
T2-4
271
Which splanchnics are considered the thoracic splanchnic nerves?
greater, lesser, and least thoracic and lumbar splanchnics
272
The fibres for the abdomen originate in the...
thoracic splanchnic nerves
273
The lest splanchnic nerve goes to the kidney and synapses in the __________.
ganglia of the renal plexuses
274
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve synapses in the ______ to innervate the foregut (stomach and first part of the duodenum).
celiac ganglion
275
The lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve supplies the ________ via the superior mesenteric ganglion.
midgut (remainder of the duodenum and the small and large intestine as far as 2/3 along the transverse colon)
276
The _________ innervate the hindgut (rest of the GI) and synapse on the inferior mesenteric ganglion.
lumbar splanchnic nerves
277
Where does the pelvis receive postganglionic fibres from?
lower paravertebral ganglia and small ganglia located near the target organs
278
What supplies the smooth muscle in the pharynx and larynx as well as all the organs in the thorax
vagus nerve
279
What connects the eye and the central nervous system?
optic nerve (CN II)
280
The orbit is ________ in shape.
pyramidal, tip of the pyramid being the eyeball
281
Where is the apex of the orbit located?
junction of the superior and inferior orbital fissures
282
The superior orbital fissure is a passage for which cranial nerves?
CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI
283
The sensory component of the eye that is stiuated at the back and connected directly to the optic nerve is called the _______.
retina
284
What does the lens of the eye do?
acts as a refracting prism, focusing light rays onto the retina
285
The anterior part of the outer layer of the eye is called the...
cornea -transparent with a small radius-focus penetrating light rays
286
The rest of the eye is enveloped in the opaque _______.
sclera
287
Which layer of the eye contains the blood supply and is the opening for the pupil?
middle layer - choroid
288
What is the retina made up of?
nerve cells connected to the optic nerve
289
What are the light sensitive cells of the retina called?
rods and cones
290
What is the most sensitive area of the retina and directly in line with the cornea and lens?
fovea centralis
291
Where do the nerve cells leave to join the optic nerve?
optic disc
292
Which chamber of the eye contains the aqueous humor and the pupil?
anterior chamber
293
Which chamber is posterior to the iris, contains aqueous humor and surrounds the lens?
posterior chamber
294
Which chamber is behind the lens and is filled with gelatinous vitreous humor?
vitreous body
295
Which muscles control the thickness of the lens?
ciliary muscles via the suspensory ligaments
296
What do the dilator and sphincter pupillae control?
amount of light entering the pupil
297
The ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae are under parasympathetic nervous control by CN ____ via the ________.
CN III via ciliary ganglion
298
How many extraocular muscles are there?
7 in total but 6 that control eye movement
299
What does the levator palpebrae superioris do?
elevates the upper eye lid
300
Where does the superior oblique originate?
from fibrous ring-runs through trochlea and goes to back of the lateral part of the eyeball
301
The inferior oblique originates...
near the middle of the floor of the orbit-runs under the eye to insert on its lateral underside
302
What does the somatic innervation from CN III supply?
all the orbital muscles except for the lateral rectus and superior oblique
303
The sympathetic preganglionic acons of the eye leave the spinal cord at what level?
T1
304
What is the name of the continuous membrane inside of the eyelids?
conjunctiva
305
Where do tears enter?
conjunctival sacs
306
The tears migrate medially into the ___________ via the lacrimal punctum
lacrimal duct
307
What is the name of the muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the occipital bone in front of the cervical vertebrae?
pharynx
308
What are the three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
309
How does the nasopharynx communicate with the middle ear?
tympanic (Eustachian) tube
310
What connects the oropharynx and the mouth?
fauces
311
What part of the pharynx extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus?
laryngopharynx
312
What protects the opening of the laryngopharynx?
epiglottis
313
What are the tonsils responsible for?
protecting the GI tract from infection
314
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
posterior wall of the top of the pharynx (nasopharynx)
315
What are the lingual tonsils?
small clusters of lymphoid tissue found on the posterior part of the tongue
316
What are the two parts of the mouth?
vestibule & oral cavity
317
Which part of the mouth is located between the lips and gums?
vestibule
318
What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
genioglossus, hyoglussus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
319
Which muscle pulls the tongue forward?
genioglossus
320
Which muscle depresses the tongue laterally?
hyoglossus
321
The optic canal is found in which bone?
Sphenoid
322
The optic tracts synapse in the
Lateral geniculate bodies.
323
The lacrimal gland is innervated by the:
VII.
324
Which of these bones does not contribute to the medial border of the orbit?
Sphenoid.
325
If CN VI were cut, the eye tends to be:
Adducted.
326
The auditory tube is in which bone?
Petrous temporal.
327
Trigeminal nerve- associated function:
muscles of mastication
328
Glossopharyngeal nerve- associated function:
taste and general sensation
329
Facial nerve- associated function:
muscles of expression
330
Accessory nerve- associated function:
Movements of the upper limb
331
Hypoglossal nerve- associated function:
movement of the tongue
332
Trigeminal nerve- origin:
Pons
333
Facial nerve- origin:
Brain stem
334
Glossopharyngeal nerve- origin:
Medulla
335
Which of these nerves innervates the laryngeal muscles?
X
336
The temporomandibular joint is a:
The temporomandibular joint is a:
337
Adam's apple is the:
Thyroid cartilage
338
The trapezius is innervated by:
XI
339
The opening to the larynx is in the:
Laryngopharynx.
340
The masseter is a muscle of mastication. It is innervated by:
V
341
The sternomastoid is innervated by:
XI
342
largest paranasal sinus?
Maxillary.
343
Which nerve innervates the ear?
VIII.
344
Sensory innervation of the head is by way of:
CN V.
345
Branches of the facial nerve arise near the:
Parotid gland.
346
Sympathetic innervation to eye is through the:
T1.
347
The lacrimal gland is on which aspect of the orbit?
Superolateral.
348
The roof of the orbit is formed by the:
Frontal bone.
349
Which of these structures is avascular?ACornea.BChoroid.CPupil.DStudent.ENone of the above.
ACornea.
350
Which muscles are controlled via the ciliary ganglion?
Sphincter pupillae.and Ciliary muscles.
351
The opening to the larynx is protected by the:
Epiglottis.
352
Which muscles functions in protrusion of the tongue?
Genioglossus.
353
In part, sensory innervation to the tongue is by way of CN:
V.
354
The largest muscle of the larynx is the:
Cricothyroid.
355
foramen to its cranial nerves: Optic canal.
II.
356
foramen to its cranial nerves: Superior orbital fissure.
III; IV; VI.V1.
357
foramen to its cranial nerves: Foramen rotundum.
V2.
358
foramen to its cranial nerves: Foramen ovale.
V3.
359
cranial nerves with their associated foramina. Stylomastoid foramen.
facial
360
cranial nerves with their associated foramina. Jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal.
361
cranial nerves with their associated foramina. Foramen ovale.
V3.
362
cranial nerves with their associated foramina. Foramen rotundum.
V2.
