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Case 7: HIV > Anat Path: AIDS > Flashcards

Anat Path: AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 5 primary immunodeficiency diseases

A

Primary is congenital/hereditary & uncommon (SIXDC)
Severe combined immunodeficiency genetic mutations that disrupt B & T cell development
Isolated IgG deficiency most common & decrease in s-IgA due to lack of secretory IgA
X-linked agammaglobulinanaemia of Bruton B cell deficiency
DiGeorge’s syndrome microdelection of chromosome 22
Common variable immunodeficiency low IgA & adult or acquired hypogammaglobulinanaemia

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2
Q

What is the 4 secondary immunodeficiency diseases

A

Acquired & uncommon (IIMO)
Iatrogenic immunosuppressive agents like chemo, radiation, steroids, cyclosporine
Infection AIDS or measles
Malignancies Hodgkin’s disease
Other malnutrition, autoimmune diseases, chronic renal failure & sarcoidosis

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3
Q

What is an opportunistic infection

A

Infection caused by an organism that rarely cause severe disease

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4
Q

What are the 4 classes of OI

A
  1. Fungal infection
  2. Viral infection
  3. Bacterial infection
  4. Protozoal infection
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5
Q

What are the 5 types of fungal OI infections

A
  1. Pneumocystic jiroveci
  2. Candida
  3. Cryptococcus
  4. Histoplasmosis
  5. Mucormycosis
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6
Q

Define AIDS

A

Severe immunodeficiency resulting from infection w/ HIV
Characterised by CD4+ <200 & OI

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7
Q

What does Pneumocystis Jiroveci cause & look like

A

Yeast like fungi that makes bubbly secretions in alveoli & lungs heavy & pale
Causes pneumonia

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8
Q

What does Candida cause

A

Formation of white plaque (thrush) in the mouth, oesophagus & skin
Can disseminate to other organs like small intestine & lungs

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9
Q

What does Cryptococcus cause

A

Basal meningitis w/ gelatinous appearance
Give soap bubble in microscopic

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10
Q

What does Histoplasmosis cause

A

Pneumonia or disseminated disease w/ nodules

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11
Q

What does Mucormycosis affect & how

A

Affects the brain & kidneys at the sinuses w/ right angle branching
Caused by Mucorales fungi

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of protozoal OI infections & main symptom

A
  1. Cryptosporidium, Isospora belly & Microsporidium
  2. Toxoplasmosis
    Main symptoms: diarrhoea
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13
Q

What does Cryptosporidium, Isospora belly & Microsporidium cause

A

Persistent watery & debilitating D & malabsorption due to damage to intestinal epithelium that causes inflammation & distortion of villi

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14
Q

What does Toxoplasmosis cause & what causes Toxoplasmosis

A

Caused by: cat faces, undercooked meat or congenital
Causes: pneumonia, CNS masses & encephalitis

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of bacterial OI infections

A
  1. TB
  2. BCG adenitis
  3. Bacterial pneumonia
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16
Q

What does TB affect & cause

A

Affects: lungs, lymph nodes, spleen & brain
Causes: caseous necrotising granulomatous inflammation w/ giant Langerhans type cell

17
Q

What is BCG Adenitis in children w/ ARV & w/o ARV

A

IRIS = BCG vaccine complications in HIV + & ARV
w/ ARV: persistent ulceration & discharge from vaccine site, regional lymphadenitis w/ or w/o abscess formation or disseminated BCG infection
w/o ARV: localised disease at site of injection w/ or w/o lymphadenitis

18
Q

What are the 3 types of viral OI infections

A
  1. CMV
  2. HPV
  3. HSV
19
Q

What does CMV look like & cause

A

Owl eye appearance due to enlarged cell & nucleus w/ basophilic granular inclusions
Causes: pneumonia, chorioretinitis, multi focal encephalopathy

20
Q

What does HPV cause

A

Progressive multi focal encephalopathy

21
Q

What does HSV cause

A

Local mucocutaneous lesions oral, genicular or ocular & disseminated disease

22
Q

What are the 4 types of malignant neoplasms

A
  1. Carcinoma of cervix
  2. Squamous carcinoma of conjunctiva
  3. Kaposi’s sarcoma
  4. High grade B cell lymphoma
23
Q

What are the 3 types of high grade B cell lymphomas

A
  1. Burkitt’s lymphoma
  2. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
  3. Primary CNS & body cavity lymphoma
24
Q

What is the microorganism causing Kaposi’s sarcoma & what 3 things does it cause

A

HSV type 8
Causes multiple reddish-purple skin lesions, nodal involvement & dissemination to organs (stomach & bowel)

25
Q

What does meningitis & subacute encephalitis cause

A

Memory loss, apathy, depression & dementia (MADD)

26
Q

Why does progressive multi focal leukoencephalopathy occur (3)

A

Due to destruction of white matter w/ progressive demyelination & progressive neurological deterioration

Case 7: HIV (6 decks)

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