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PHGY - Midterm > ANAT - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

ANAT - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the Lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymph plasma
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Red bone marrow
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2
Q

What 3 organs are associated with the lymphatic system?

A
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
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3
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Lymphatic/Immune system?

A
  1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
    □ Transports lymph back to blood (maintains normal blood volume)
  2. Carries out immune response
    □ Produces, maintains and distributes lymphocytes
    □ Contain phagocytic and lymphocytes essential for defense against disease
    □ Lymphocytes = specialized white blood cells
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4
Q

Interstitial fluid vs Lymph

A
  • After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels its called “lymph plasma”
  • Differ only by locations
  • Interstitial fluid is in found between cells, but lymph plasma is located within lymph vessels and lymphatic tissues
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5
Q

How do Lymphatic vessels differ from veins?

A

Lymphatic vessels have:
- thinner walls
- more valves
- are more permeable

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6
Q

Can lymphatic capillaries absorb large molecules like proteins and lipid?

A

Yes, lymphatic capillaries can absorb large particles like lipids and proteins

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7
Q

Describe the walls of lymphatic capillaries?

A
  • The wall of lymphatic capillaries are made of overlapping endothelia cells
  • The cells are not tightly joined, instead they have loosely overlapping edges which form easily opened flaps
  • When the pressure is greater in the interstitial fluid than the lymph plasma, the cells in the wall separate and interstitial fluid enters the capillary
  • Anchoring filaments are attached to lymphatic capillaries and they anchor them to surrounding connective tissue.
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8
Q

Why are the anchoring ligaments on lymphatic capillaries important?

A

Anchoring ligaments are important because if there is an increase in interstitial fluid volume then this increase in pressure will force the overlapping sections apart instead of collapsing them

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9
Q

How much fluid is leaked out into lymphatic vessels daily?

A

3.6L

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10
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels return fluid?

A

Lymphatic vessels return fluid back to the systemic circulation of the heart

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11
Q

All lymph plasma returns to the bloodstream through the ________ ____ _____ and various ___ _____

A

All lymph plasma returns to the bloodstream through the thoracic lymphatic duct and various lymphatic trunks

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12
Q

Describe the flow of lymph

A

Lymphatic capillaries —> Lymphatic collecting vessels —> Lymphatic trunks —> Lymphatic ducts

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13
Q

Describe the histology of a lymphatic capillary

A

You can see the nucleuses, but other than than is essentially uniformly pink

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14
Q

How do lymphatic collecting vessels compare to veins?

A

They are similar, but they have more internal valves

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15
Q

Lymphatic ______ can be superficial or deep?

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels can be superficial or deep

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16
Q

Define Superficial and Deep Lymphatic Collecting Vessels

A

Superficial = located in the subcutaneous layer of skin, collect lymph from superficial structures of the body. They tend to follow the venous drainage system. They drain into deep lymphatic vessels

Deep = carry lymph from internal organs

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17
Q

Lymphatic vessels doesn’t have a pump, so how does it move?

A

Lymph relies solely on muscle contraction to move

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18
Q

What forms lymphatic trunks?

A

Superficial and deep lymphatic vessels merge to form lymphatic trunks

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19
Q

What forms lymphatic trunks?

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels leaving lymph nodes unite to form lymphatic trunks

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20
Q

Name the principal lymphatic trunks:

A

Principle Lymphatic trunks:
1) Broncho mediastinal
2) Lumbar
3) Intestinal
4) Jugular
5) Subclavian

21
Q

Where do the Principle Lymphatic trunks:
1) Broncho mediastinal
2) Lumbar
3) Intestinal
4) Jugular
5) Subclavian
Drain lymph from?

A

Principle Lymphatic trunks:
1) Broncho mediastinal - thoracic wall, lungs, heart
2) Lumbar - lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, abdominal walls
3) Intestinal - stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen, part of liver
4) Jugular - head and neck
5) Subclavian - upper limbs

Essentially the name implies where they drain from

22
Q

Where do lymphatic trunks deliver lymph to?

A

Lymphatic trunks —> Lymphatic ducts

23
Q

Which area of drainage is larger: the right or left lymphatic duct?

A

The left lymphatic duct

24
Q

How are the lymphatic ducts divided?

A
  • Right lymphatic ducts
  • Thoracic duct (left)
25
Q

What 3 lymphatic trunks join to form the right lymphatic duct

A
  • Right jugular trunk
  • Right subclavian trunk
  • Right bronchomediastinal trunk
26
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct collect from?

A
  • the right side of the body above the diaphragm
27
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct return venous circulation to?

A

The right lymphatic duct returns to venous circulation at or near the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein = Venous angle

28
Q

Where does the thoracic duct collect from?

A
  • both sides below the diaphragm
  • the left side above the diapragm
29
Q

What is the largest lymphatic vessel

A

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel

30
Q

Describe the pathway of the thoracic duct?

A
  • Starts at cisterna chyli
  • Collects from lumbar trunks and interstitial trunks
  • Brings lymph back into venous circulation by travelling up the left side of the spine to the level of the left clavicle
31
Q

Where does the thoracic duct return lymph to venous circulation?

A

The thoracic duct returns lymph to circulation at the left subclavian vein near the junction with the left internal jugular vein (venous angle)

32
Q

Why are the right and left lymphatic ducts divided as they are?

A

embryological development

32
Q

What comprises the venous angle?

A

The subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein

33
Q

What cells comprise the initial line of defense for the immune system?

A

Macrophages and Lymphocytes

34
Q

What do lymphocytes develop from?

A

Lymphocytes develop from stem cells in red bone marrow

35
Q

What do lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

36
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

T cells migrate from bone to thymus which is where they will mature

37
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

B cells stay in red bone marrow and mature and get into blood from there

38
Q

Which cell is responsible for “cell mediated immunity”

A

T cells = cell mediated immunity

39
Q

What are the 4 kinds of T cells and their purpose?

A

1) Cytotoxic T cells
- can directly attack and destroy antigen
- responsible for cell mediated immunity
2) Helper T cells
- Works with suppresser T cells to regulate immune response
- role in activation and activity of B cells
3) Suppressor T cells
- Work to shut down the cytotoxic T cells
4) Memory cells
- when T lymphocytes are activated by antigens binding their external surface, these cells hide, and if reinvaded these cells are the first to recognize and destroy

40
Q

What type of cell is responsible for antibody mediated immunity?

A

B cells

41
Q

What are the 2 type of B cells - describe

A

1) Plasma cells
- b cells are activated to differentiate into plasma cells when an antigen binds its receptor
- produce and secrete an antibody to neutralize the antigen that activated it
- requires help of “helper T cell” to promote the b cell to differentiate into plasma cell
- requires help of “suppressor T cell” to shut it down

2) Memory B cells
- same as memory T cells

42
Q

Describe NK cells

A

NK cells
- 5% of circulating lymphocytes
- Immunological surveillance cells
- Travel in the body, get in tissue, police for antigen to kill/destroy

43
Q

What type of connective tissue is lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoid tissue is specialized loose ct, reticular ct

44
Q

What are the 2 ways lymphoid tissue is packed?

A
  1. Diffuse Lymphatic tissue
    - mainly in mucus membranes and in lymphatic organs
  2. Lymphatic follicles/nodes
    - have germinal center = where B cells become plasma cells, thus indicates presence of antigen
    - tightly packed spheres of reticular tissue and cells
45
Q

Where are lymphoid tissues found?

A
  • Digestive system (GALT)
  • Pharynx as tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual tonsils) (tonsil = neutralize antigens coming in nose/mouth, have crypts to catch)
  • Ileum (Peyer’s patches)
  • Appendix
46
Q

What are the 3 lymphoid organs?

A
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
47
Q
A
47
Q
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PHGY - Midterm (10 decks)

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