anat

Question 1

components of respiratory system

Answer 1

1) upper respiratory (conducting portion)
- nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx

2) lower respiratory (respiration portion)
- trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

Question 2

functions of respiratory system (EL)

Answer 2

1) air conduction, routing (prevent food from entering trachea), filtering, conditioning
2) gas exchange
3) site of olfactory receptors
4) voice production and resonance

Question 3

parts of nose - external

Answer 3

root, bridge, dorsum, apex, ala, cartilage, bone

Question 4

parts of nose - nasal cavity

Answer 4

. vestibule
- most outer region of nasal cavity
- only part lined with skin

. paranasal sinuses
- frontal (eye ish), maxillary (below), sphenoid (around nose), ethmoid (scattered around sphenoid)
- drain into nasal cavity
- function: lighten head & skull, warm & moisten air, increase speech resonance

. lateral wall
- bone protrusions (inferior, middle, superior conchae

. Olfactory receptors
- line septum, lateral wall, superior conchae
- olfactory mucosa sensory neurons (responsible for smell)

Question 5

epithelium lining of most part of respiratory system

Answer 5

. ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium cells
- why pseudo? cuz nucleus different levels, all attached to basement membrane but not all reach the surface

. function: secrete & move mucous through ciliary action

. identifying features:
1) cilia: unidirectional movement
2) goblet cells (big fat white portion): secrete mucous
3) basal cells (near basement membrane): stem cells

Question 6

pharynx

Answer 6

1) nasopharynx
- behind nasal cavity
- extend from base of skull to soft palate
- pharyngeal tonsils on superior lateral wall (roof)
- communicates: 1. oropharynx through pharyngeal isthmus (inferior) 2. nasal cavity through conchae 3. middle ear through auditory tube (lateral posterior)

2) oropharynx
- behind oral cavity
- extend from soft palate to hypoid
- include palatine & lingual tonsils

3) laryngopharynx
- extend from hypoid bone to opening of oesophagus

1): ciliated pseudo stratified columnar cells
2) & 3): non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium cells

Question 7

larynx

Answer 7

• connect laryngopharynx to trachea
• extend from epiglottis superiorly to lower end of cricoid cartilage inferiorly
• ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
• vocal folds and part of epiglottis stratified squamos epithelium

Question 8

types of cartilages in larynx

Answer 8

1) thyroid
2) cricoid: site for emergency tracheotomy
3) arytenoid: voice production by controlling position & tension of vocal folds
4) epiglottic

Question 9

types of muscles in larynx

Answer 9

1) extrinsic: connect cartilages to other structures
2) intrinsic: connect laryngeal cartilages to each other

• controlled by laryngeal nerve controlled by vagus system

Question 10

functions of larynx

Answer 10

1) respiratory
2) voice production
3) control thoracic pressure

Question 11

vocal folds

Answer 11

1) voice production
- vocal folds come together, vibrate in response to air flow through rima glottidis

2) inhalation/exhalation
- vocal folds abducted (come apart), allow unobstructed air flow

3) sneeze/cough/shit/parturition (child birth)
- vocal folds close tightly, increase thoracic abdominal pressure

Question 12

trachea (windpipe)

Answer 12

• split into L & R pri bronchus @ sternum angle level (T5 vertebrae)
• trachealis muscles connect open ends of trachea ring (posterior)
• smooth muscles & elastic connective tissue: control tracheal diameter & length during breathing
• smooth muscles & glands: ANS (para activation): contraction & secretion
• R pri bronchus > vertical, shorter, wider than L because of heart so not parted in middle, R more susceptible to food stuck
• pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Question 13

lungs - general

Answer 13

• split into L & R by heart & other structures in mediastinum
• pulmonary alveoli, most of bronchial tree, pulmonary arteries/veins, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels & nodes
• ANS connected to spinal cord (symp, parasympo, visceral sensory)

Question 14

lung structures

Answer 14

• draw the thingy for oblique/horizontal fissure
• hilum: point of entry/exit for vessels

Question 15

what is the epithelium type for mediastinum of lung

Answer 15

simple squamos epithelium

Question 16

pleura of lungs

Answer 16

1) parietal pleura
- lined thoracic cavity
- costal, cervical, diaphragmatic, mediastinum parts
- somatic innervation: pain from pleura felt on thorax wall

2) visceral pleura
- covers lungs, continuous with parietal at root of lungs
- visceral sensory innervation: insensitive to pain/temp

3) pleura cavity
- space between both pleura, filled with thin layer of pleural fluid

. costodiaphragmatic recess
- recess to accommodate lung expansion during breathing
- first point of fluid accumulation

Question 17

brochial tree - general

Answer 17

. function: conduct air to lungs
. in lungs except for L & R primary bronchi
. bronchi vs bronchioles
- bronchioles no more cartilage, more smooth muscles
- bronchioles more susceptible to innervation/infection

Question 18

pathway for bronchial tree

Answer 18

L & R pri bronchus -> lobar bronchi (L 2 R 3) -> segmental bronchi -> even smaller bronchi -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory portion of lungs (alveoli)

Question 19

respiratory pathway for lungs

Answer 19

respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar duct -> pulmonary alveoli
. network of capillaries surround alveoli

Question 20

pulmonary alveoli

Answer 20

• lined by alveoli fluid, mesh of capillary network, reticular & elastic connective tissue with basement membrane in between
• alveolar macrophage: clear dust & debris, on air side/line septum
• alveolar epithelial cells & capillaries endothelial cell share fused basement membrane to reduce barrier for gas exchange
• elastic fibres in basement membrane to prevent collapse of bronchi & alveoli

Question 21

types of alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

Answer 21

1) Type I: simple, squamos, specialised for gas exchange
2) Type II: cuboidal, rounded, secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant) to reduce surface tension and keep alveoli inflated

Question 22

respiratory muscles

Answer 22

• voluntarily controlled by somatic nervous system
• diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory (for laboured breathing)

Question 22

respiratory muscles

Answer 22

• voluntarily controlled by somatic nervous system
• diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory (for laboured breathing)