anat Flashcards
components of respiratory system
1) upper respiratory (conducting portion)
- nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx
2) lower respiratory (respiration portion)
- trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
functions of respiratory system (EL)
1) air conduction, routing (prevent food from entering trachea), filtering, conditioning
2) gas exchange
3) site of olfactory receptors
4) voice production and resonance
parts of nose - external
root, bridge, dorsum, apex, ala, cartilage, bone
parts of nose - nasal cavity
. vestibule
- most outer region of nasal cavity
- only part lined with skin
. paranasal sinuses
- frontal (eye ish), maxillary (below), sphenoid (around nose), ethmoid (scattered around sphenoid)
- drain into nasal cavity
- function: lighten head & skull, warm & moisten air, increase speech resonance
. lateral wall
- bone protrusions (inferior, middle, superior conchae
. Olfactory receptors
- line septum, lateral wall, superior conchae
- olfactory mucosa sensory neurons (responsible for smell)
epithelium lining of most part of respiratory system
. ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium cells
- why pseudo? cuz nucleus different levels, all attached to basement membrane but not all reach the surface
. function: secrete & move mucous through ciliary action
. identifying features:
1) cilia: unidirectional movement
2) goblet cells (big fat white portion): secrete mucous
3) basal cells (near basement membrane): stem cells
pharynx
1) nasopharynx
- behind nasal cavity
- extend from base of skull to soft palate
- pharyngeal tonsils on superior lateral wall (roof)
- communicates: 1. oropharynx through pharyngeal isthmus (inferior) 2. nasal cavity through conchae 3. middle ear through auditory tube (lateral posterior)
2) oropharynx
- behind oral cavity
- extend from soft palate to hypoid
- include palatine & lingual tonsils
3) laryngopharynx
- extend from hypoid bone to opening of oesophagus
1): ciliated pseudo stratified columnar cells
2) & 3): non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium cells
larynx
- connect laryngopharynx to trachea
- extend from epiglottis superiorly to lower end of cricoid cartilage inferiorly
- ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
- vocal folds and part of epiglottis stratified squamos epithelium
types of cartilages in larynx
1) thyroid
2) cricoid: site for emergency tracheotomy
3) arytenoid: voice production by controlling position & tension of vocal folds
4) epiglottic
types of muscles in larynx
1) extrinsic: connect cartilages to other structures
2) intrinsic: connect laryngeal cartilages to each other
- controlled by laryngeal nerve controlled by vagus system
functions of larynx
1) respiratory
2) voice production
3) control thoracic pressure
vocal folds
1) voice production
- vocal folds come together, vibrate in response to air flow through rima glottidis
2) inhalation/exhalation
- vocal folds abducted (come apart), allow unobstructed air flow
3) sneeze/cough/shit/parturition (child birth)
- vocal folds close tightly, increase thoracic abdominal pressure
trachea (windpipe)
- split into L & R pri bronchus @ sternum angle level (T5 vertebrae)
- trachealis muscles connect open ends of trachea ring (posterior)
- smooth muscles & elastic connective tissue: control tracheal diameter & length during breathing
- smooth muscles & glands: ANS (para activation): contraction & secretion
- R pri bronchus > vertical, shorter, wider than L because of heart so not parted in middle, R more susceptible to food stuck
- pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
lungs - general
- split into L & R by heart & other structures in mediastinum
- pulmonary alveoli, most of bronchial tree, pulmonary arteries/veins, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels & nodes
- ANS connected to spinal cord (symp, parasympo, visceral sensory)
lung structures
- draw the thingy for oblique/horizontal fissure
- hilum: point of entry/exit for vessels
what is the epithelium type for mediastinum of lung
simple squamos epithelium
pleura of lungs
1) parietal pleura
- lined thoracic cavity
- costal, cervical, diaphragmatic, mediastinum parts
- somatic innervation: pain from pleura felt on thorax wall
2) visceral pleura
- covers lungs, continuous with parietal at root of lungs
- visceral sensory innervation: insensitive to pain/temp
3) pleura cavity
- space between both pleura, filled with thin layer of pleural fluid
. costodiaphragmatic recess
- recess to accommodate lung expansion during breathing
- first point of fluid accumulation
brochial tree - general
. function: conduct air to lungs
. in lungs except for L & R primary bronchi
. bronchi vs bronchioles
- bronchioles no more cartilage, more smooth muscles
- bronchioles more susceptible to innervation/infection
pathway for bronchial tree
L & R pri bronchus -> lobar bronchi (L 2 R 3) -> segmental bronchi -> even smaller bronchi -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory portion of lungs (alveoli)
respiratory pathway for lungs
respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar duct -> pulmonary alveoli
. network of capillaries surround alveoli
pulmonary alveoli
- lined by alveoli fluid, mesh of capillary network, reticular & elastic connective tissue with basement membrane in between
- alveolar macrophage: clear dust & debris, on air side/line septum
- alveolar epithelial cells & capillaries endothelial cell share fused basement membrane to reduce barrier for gas exchange
- elastic fibres in basement membrane to prevent collapse of bronchi & alveoli
types of alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
1) Type I: simple, squamos, specialised for gas exchange
2) Type II: cuboidal, rounded, secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant) to reduce surface tension and keep alveoli inflated
respiratory muscles
- voluntarily controlled by somatic nervous system
- diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory (for laboured breathing)
respiratory muscles
- voluntarily controlled by somatic nervous system
- diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory (for laboured breathing)
