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ANAT 100 Mods 5-7 > ANAT 100 Mods 5-7 > Flashcards

ANAT 100 Mods 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system

A
  • Is the body’s control and communication system
  • controls voluntary and involuntary processes
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2
Q

Three steps of the nervous system

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

Allows us to gather vital sensory information about our external environment (touch temp sound) and internal environment

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4
Q

Integration

A

Create complete picture of environment incorporates multiple simultaneous signals

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5
Q

Motor output

A

to produce an appropriate response by sending motor output signals through the motor nerves

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6
Q

Two subdivisions of nervous system

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

Central nervous system

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord, commonly referred to as the control center of the body

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Is composed of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Two principal cell types of the nervous system

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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10
Q

Neurons

A

These cells are excitable and can generate and transmit rapid electrical signals to other neurons

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11
Q

Direction of nerve impulses

A

It is unidirectional only occurring in one direction

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12
Q

Neuron structure

A

Cell body
Cytoplasmic processes
- dendrites
- axons

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13
Q

Neuron: cell body

A

Also called the soma and houses the nucleus and other organelles. Functions to transfer electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive the neuronal signal from the other neurons and transfer those signals to the cell body

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15
Q

Neuron: Axon

A

One per neuron carry the signal from the cell body to the axon terminal where signal is then transferred to other neurons or organs

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16
Q

Classifications of neurons

A

Pseudounipolar (unipolar)
Bipolar
Multipolar

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17
Q

Neurons: unipolar

A

Have one cellular process that splits into a dendrite and an axon

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18
Q

Neuron: bipolar

A

Have one dendrite and an axon that extend directly from the cell body. Have two distinct cellular processes (only found in special sense like sight and hearing)

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19
Q

Neuron: multipolar

A

Have multiple dendrites and one axon summing to three or more cellular processes. Most common type motor neurons

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20
Q

Neurons: Supporting cells

A

Neuroglia, function to protect and support neurons as well as aid in sending signals between neurons to improve communication. But do not generate or transmit nerve impulses

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21
Q

Four supporting cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Astrocytes

A

Large star shaped cells with numerous processes. These cells communicate with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the integrity of the neural tissue. Most abundant glial cell in CNS

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23
Q

Microglia

A

Small glial cells. Perform many protective functions in the CNS. They are able to phagocytose or engulf and destroy pathogens and eliminate waste products from the other cells. Are least common supporting cell

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24
Q

Ependymal

A

Are cuboidal in shape and line cavities of the brain and spinal cord. These cells assist in the production, circulation and monitoring of CSF

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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wrap around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath

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26
Q

Myelination

A

Is composed mainly of fat and appears white. It insulates the axon and increase the speed at which electrical signals can travel down the axon

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27
Q

Support cell in PNS

A

Schwann cell

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28
Q

Schwann cell

A

Form myelin sheath around nerve fibers axons in the PNd

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29
Q

Schwann cell

A

Form myelin sheath around nerve fibers axons in the PNd

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30
Q

Parts of the brain

A

Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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31
Q

Cerebellum

A

Is a structure that is appended to the back of the brainstem and sits underneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Functions include motor activity

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32
Q

Brainstem

A

Is the area of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord.

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33
Q

Midbrain

A

Is the most superior aspect of the brain stem. Anteriorly the midbrain consist of large white matter that makes up the cerebral peduncles

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34
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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35
Q

Pons

A

Is the structure in the middle of the middle stem. Located anterior to the 4th ventricle and cerebellum. Allows communications between the brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

Telencephalon

A

Is responsible for the interpreting sensory signals, sending out motor signals and decision making

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37
Q

Features of the telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex
Sulci and gyri
Lobes of the cerebrum
Grey matter
White matter

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38
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Made up of two paired hemisphere right and left cerebral hemisphere separated by the longitudinal fissure

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39
Q

Sulci and gyri

A

Folded grooves increase surface area of neural tissue which increase the functional capacity of the tissue

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40
Q

Grey matter

A

Consists of the nerve bodies short interneurons and glial cells

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41
Q

Three categories of white matter

A

Association
Commissural
Projection fibres

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42
Q

White matter: association

A

Facilitate communication within one hemisphere

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43
Q

White matter: commissural

A

Facilitate communication between the two hemispheres

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44
Q

White matter: projection fibres

A

Facilities communication between different levels of the CNS such as between the brain and spinal cord

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45
Q

Meninges three connective tissue

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

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46
Q

Dua matter

A

Most superficial and tough of the meninges composed of a double layer of connective tissue that attaches firmly to the skull

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47
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Loosely covers the brain creates an area called subarachnoid space. The space is filled with CSF and blood vessels

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48
Q

Pia matter

A

Is firmly attached to the cerebral cortex and is the innermost layer of the meninges

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49
Q

Ventricles of brain purpose

A

Provide support and protection to the brain contains CSF

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50
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Lateral ventricles
Inter-ventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Subarachnoid space

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51
Q

Spinal cord purpose

A

Facilitates communication between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system through the spinal nerves

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52
Q

The PNS- Sensory (afferent)

A

Transmits sensory info from the periphery to the CNS

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53
Q

The PNS- Motor (efferent)

A

Transmit motor commands from the CNS to the periphery

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54
Q

PNS- Somatic

A

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

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55
Q

PNS- Autonomic

A

Involuntary motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle
Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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56
Q

12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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57
Q

CN I: olfactory Nerve

A

Sensory only
Function: Smell

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58
Q

CN II: optical nerve

A

Sensory only
Function: vision

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59
Q

CN III: oculomotor nerve

A

Motor only
Function: movement of the eye

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60
Q

CN IV: trochlear nerve

A

Motor only
Function: movement of eye

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61
Q

CN V: trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory and motor
Function: muscle of medication chewing

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62
Q

CN VI: abducens

A

Motor only
Function: movement of eye

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63
Q

CN VII: facial nerve

A

Sensory and motor
Function sensory: anterior taste 2/3
Function motor: muscles of facial expression

64
Q

CN VIII: vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory
Function: equilibrium and hearing

65
Q

CN IX: glossopharyngeal

A

Sensory and motor
Function sensory: taste 1/3 of tongue
Function motor: pharynx muscle

66
Q

CN X: vagus nerve

A

Sensory and motor
Sensory: innervation of larynx
Motor: pharynx and larynx muscles and thoracic and abdo organs

67
Q

CN XI: accessory nerve

A

Motor
Functions: trapezius and stenocleidomastoid muscle

68
Q

CN XII: hypoglossal

A

Motor
Function: muscles in tongue

69
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Also known as visceral motor system and is responsible for transmitting involuntary signals from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

70
Q

ANS neuron pathways

A

Preganglionic
Postganglionic

71
Q

ANS: preganglionic neruon

A

Has its cells body within the CNS, the axon enters into the PNS and travels to the autonomic ganglion

72
Q

ANS: autonomic ganglion

A

Where the preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons meet and communicate located in the PNS

73
Q

ANS: postganglionic

A

Is entirely in the PNS it’s cell body is in the autonomic ganglion while its axon travels to the target organ

74
Q

Sympathetic nervous system: origin, response, effect

A

Original: spinal cord segment T1-L2
Response: fight or flight
Effect: widely distributed to many parts of body

75
Q

ParaSympathetic nervous system: origin, response, effect

A

Original: Brainstem and spinal segment S2-S4
Response: rest and digest
Effect: more limited distribution to target organs

76
Q

Spinal segment S2-S4 called

A

Craniosacral division

77
Q

Spinal cord segment T1-L2 called

A

Thoracolumbar division

78
Q

Sympathetic pathways

A
  • Sympathetic preganglionic axons leave lateral horn of spinal cord
  • pass through spinal nerve of the sympathetic trunk
    Trunk provides a pathway for sympathetic fibres to travel through the body to effector tissue/organ
79
Q

Parasympathetic pathways

A
  • preganglionic neurons leave brain or spinal cord at level of sacrum
  • pre meets post close to viscera
  • postganglionic travel to effector organ
80
Q

Nerves III, IV, IX supply

A

Head

81
Q

Nerves X supply

A

Throax to descending colon

82
Q

S 2.3.4 of vertebrae supply

A

Bladder and reproductive organs

83
Q

Vision

A

Requires special visual receptors called photoreceptors located at the back of the eye

84
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

Lacrimal gland, eyelid, extrinsic eye muscle

85
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Produces tears, which keep the cornea or outside surface of eyeball moist and clean

86
Q

Eyelid

A

The upper eyelid contains the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and Orbicularis oculi muscle which control the opening and closing of the eyelid

87
Q

Extrinsic eye muscle

A

There are six muscles that allow you to move your eyes to increase your range of motion

88
Q

Six Extraocular eye muscles

A

Superior/inferior rectus
Medial/lateral rectus
Superior/inferior oblique

89
Q

Cavities of the eye

A

Separated into two fluid filled cavities
Anterior cavity and posture cavity

90
Q

Anterior cavity of the eye

A

Is composed of the anterior and posterior chambers both of which are filled with aqueous humour

91
Q

Posterior cavity of eye

A

Compartment is filled with vitreous humour (gelatinous fluid)

92
Q

Lens of the eye

A

Separates the anterior and posterior cavity of the eye

93
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Outer layer- fibrous
Middle layer- vascular
Deep layer- sensory

94
Q

Middle layer of eye made up of

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

95
Q

Choroid of eye

A

Contains the blood vessels that supply the eye with oxygen and nourishment

96
Q

Ciliary body of the eye

A

Produces aqueous humor and contains the ciliary muscles which control the shape of the lens

97
Q

Iris of the eye

A

Contains the sphincter and dilator muscles which control the narrowing and widening of the pupil

98
Q

Deep layer of the eye contains

A

Sensory tunic innermost layer of eye
Neural layer
Optic disc
Macula
CN II nerve

99
Q

Neural layer of eye

A

Outermost region made up of photoreceptors (robs and cons) which are light sensitive cells

100
Q

Optic disc of eye

A

Is the area where smaller nerve cell axons converge. It is the location we can see when we look into the eye

101
Q

Macula of the eye

A

Is the central area of the retina the central depression of the macular are where fine detailed vision occurs

102
Q

Outer layer of the eye consist of

A

The fibrous tunic is the outermost layer
Sclera
Cornea

103
Q

Sclera of the eye

A

Is the internal aspect of the fibrous tunic located posterior to the lens. Form the white portion of the eye

104
Q

Cornea of the eye

A

Is the external aspect of the fibrous tunic located anterior to the lens. It transparent enabling light transmission

105
Q

Flow of aqueous humour

A
  1. Produced by ciliary in posterior chamber
  2. Flows through the pupil into anterior chamber
  3. Exits anterior chamber angle through trabecular Westwood
  4. Arriving at schlemms canal
  5. Then into episcleral venous channels
106
Q

The ear is divided into these three sections

A

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

107
Q

External ear

A

Represents structures of ear you can touch.
Sound waves travel through external auditory canal to reach the tympanic membrane causing vibration

108
Q

Ceruminous gland of ear

A

Are microscipic glands that are present in the external auditory canal these secrete ear wax

109
Q

Middle ear

A

Located within the temporal bone.
Sound waves involved with hearing are also transmitted through the middle ear

110
Q

Three bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

111
Q

Inner ear

A

Located within the temporal bone

It house receptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium

112
Q

Inner ear components

A

Vestibular apparatus
Cochlea

113
Q

Vestibular apparatus of ear

A

Contains receptors for equilibrium made up of three parts

114
Q

Cochlea of ear

A

Contains receptors for hearing looks like a seashell

115
Q

Vestibular apparatus three structures

A

Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

116
Q

Semicircular of ear

A

Detects rotational movement aka changes in the head position such as side to side and up and down

117
Q

Utricle and saccule of ear

A

Are responsible for detecting positional movement aka respect to gravity and linear acceleration

118
Q

Three ducts of the cochlea

A

Vestibular
Tympanic
Cochlear duct

119
Q

Organ of corti of ear

A

Is made up of specialized cochlear hair cells when the membrane is moved by sound waves the hair cells fire impulse which is sent to the brain

120
Q

Endocrine

A

Cells of these glands secrete hormones directly into the interstitial surrounding the secretory cells. Hormone are then picked up by the blood capillaries

121
Q

Exocrine

A

Glands secrete cell products into a duct system

122
Q

Hormones

A

Act as chemical messengers travelling through the blood circulation to cause an effect on a target organ

123
Q

Endocrine glands (5 types)

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas

124
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small pea size gland at the base of the brain that extends from the hypothalamus. It is known as the master gland as it produces and release hormones that control all other endocrine glands

125
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Sits anterior to the trachea and produces thyroid hormones important for metabolism. It is also involved in calcium homeostasis

126
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Sits on top of each kidney. They have important roles in the production of corticosteroids as well as the maintenance of fluids

127
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Group of steroid hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland that are responsible for several functions such as glucose metabolism sex characteristics and electrolyte balance

128
Q

Pancreas

A

Is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Located posterior to the stomach extending from the duodenum to the spleen. It’s main endocrine function is to control sugar levels in blood

129
Q

Pituitary gland divided into two lobes

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

130
Q

Pituitary Anterior lobe six hormones

A

TSH
PRL
ACTH
GH
FSH and LH
MSH

131
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone: acts on the lid gland causing it to release thyroid hormones

132
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin: induces the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk

133
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone: acts in the adrenal glands causing them to release their hormones. Regulate blood pressure, blood sugar

134
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone: growth in all cells

135
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone: acts in the gonads stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone and maturation of oocytes in the ovaries

136
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone: acts on gonads in males, they stimulate secretion of testosterone and sperm production in testes

137
Q

MSH

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone: simulates melanocytes in the skin to produce pigment

138
Q

Portier lobe of pituitary gland two hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

139
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Promote reabsorption of water at the kidneys

140
Q

Oxytocin

A

Promote uterine contractions during childbirth plays role in breasting feeding as well as

141
Q

Pituitary anterior lobe tissue

A

Glandular tissue

142
Q

Pituitary gland posterior lobe tissue

A

Nervous tissue

143
Q

Thyroid gland three structures

A

The right lobe
The left lobe
Isthmus

144
Q

Colloid

A

A protein rich fluid secreted by the follicular cells

145
Q

Follicular cells

A

Are simple cuboidal cells surrounding each follicle. Producing triiodothyronine and thyroxine which increase the rate of metabolism and oxygen consumption

146
Q

C cells

A

Are important in calcium homeostasis they produce calcitonin a hormone which lowers the blood calcium concentration

147
Q

Adrenal glands divisions

A

Medulla
Cortex

148
Q

Adrenal gland layers

A

The outer layer
The middle layer
The inner layer

149
Q

Adrenal gland outer layer

A

Produces mineralocoeticoids

150
Q

Adrenal gland middle layer

A

Produces glucocorticoids

151
Q

Adrenal gland inner layer

A

Produces androgens (sex hormones)

152
Q

Adrenal gland medulla

A

Is the core of the adrenal gland it produces epinephrine and norepinephrine in the response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation resulting in an autonomic right or flight response

153
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Islet of lanergans
Alpha and beta

154
Q

Beta cells of pancreas

A

Produce the hormone insulin which functions to lower blood glucose levels

155
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas

A

Produce glucagon functions to increase blood glucose levels

ANAT 100 Mods 5-7 (1 decks)

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