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ANAT 100 Mod 8-10 > ANAT 100 Mod 8-10 > Flashcards

ANAT 100 Mod 8-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What functions of the Blood?

A
  • Helps with transporting elements throughout body, oxygen for lungs to body tissue and CO2 from body tissues to lungs
  • help with body temp and PH levels
  • immune responses
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2
Q

Four physical characteristics of blood

A

Viscosity
Temperature
pH levels
Volume in and individual

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3
Q

Viscosity

A

4x more viscous than water

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4
Q

Characteristic of blood: temp

A

38 C

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5
Q

Characteristic blood: pH levels

A

Ranges between 7.35-7.45

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6
Q

Characteristics of blood: volume

A

The average is 5L

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7
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma
Formed elements

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8
Q

Components of blood: plasma

A

Accounts for 55% of total blood volume (is 92% water and 8% solutes)

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9
Q

Plasma solutes

A

Include proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin) which is 7% of blood content

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10
Q

Blood components formed elements three types

A

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Known as red blood cells and contain hemoglobin to transport O2 and CO2 throughout body

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12
Q

RBC features

A
  • they lack nuclei
  • they are 8 um in diameter and 2 um thick
  • their life span is approximately 120 days
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13
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Known as platelets and are smallest formed elements of the blood. Helps stop bleeding

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14
Q

Features of platelets

A
  • They lack nuclei
  • they round or spindle shaped discs
  • they are 2-4 um in diameter
  • they originate from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
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15
Q

Leukocytes

A

Known as white blood cells. These cells have a nucleus but do not contain hemoglobin.

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16
Q

Two divisions of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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17
Q

Five different cell types of granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Monocyte
Lymphocytes
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

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18
Q

Three types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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19
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Are the most abundant cell types making up 60-70% of WBC.
  • they are the first line of defence against bacterial invasion.
  • they engulf bacteria and other cells
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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

Make up 2-4% of all WBC. They help defend the body against allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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21
Q

Basophils

A
  • Are the least common making up only 1% of WBC
  • heparin and histamine in the granules release during inflammatory or allergic reactions
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22
Q

Two types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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23
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • account for 20-30% of WBC
  • involved in the branch of immune system that attacks pathogens and abnormal cells
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24
Q

Monocytes

A
  • account for 3-8% of WBC
  • can move outside of blood vessels and into tissue
  • part of immune system response
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25
Q

Structure of blood vessels: three tunics (layers)

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica Intima

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26
Q

Structure of blood vessel: tunica externa

A

Is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres

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27
Q

Structure of blood vessel: tunica media

A

Is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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28
Q

Structure of blood vessel: tunica intima

A

Composed of simple squamous epithelium also known as the endothelium

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29
Q

Two types of blood vessel cardiovascular system

A

Arteries
Veins

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30
Q

Venous system

A

Veins
Venule

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31
Q

Venous system: veins

A

Venule give rise to rise to small veins and then large veins
- larger lumen then arteries
- far less muscle in the tunica media compared to arteries
- veins have a one way valves that prevent blood flowing backwards

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32
Q

Venous system: Venule

A
  • Smallest venues resemble capillaries structure
  • smaller venules give rise to larger venules that have three thin tunics
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33
Q

Arterial: elastic artery

A
  • are large arteries near the heart such as the aorta
  • large lumen
  • tunica media has more elastic fibers than smooth muscle
  • exhibit stretching and recoil characteristics
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34
Q

Arterial system: muscular artery

A
  • deliver blood to the various regions and organs of the body
  • thick tunica media with a lot of smooth muscle
  • exhibit contractile characteristics
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35
Q

Arterial system: arteriole

A
  • Muscular arteries typically lead to large arterioles which lead to smaller ones
  • large arterioles have three tunics but the media consist of only a few layers of smooth muscle
  • small arterioles have single layer of smooth muscle around the tunica intima
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36
Q

Capillary

A

Smallest blood vessels and are the transition between arterioles the arterial system and venous system
- size 8-10 um
- consist only the tunica intima

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37
Q

The heart

A
  • pumps blood throughout the body
  • typically 30-35% of total blood volume in arterial system where 65-70% in venous system
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38
Q

Two types of circulation

A

Pulmonary
Systemic

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39
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Carrie’s deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart

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40
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Carrie’s oxygenated blood from heart to other organ systems/tissues of the body, except the lungs. Deoxygenated blood from tissues returns to the heart

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41
Q

Anatomical location of heart

A
  • resides in the mediastinum, between lungs and thorax
  • shape of heart resembles an inverted pear fruit
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42
Q

Coverings of the heart: two types of pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium: partietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

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43
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Most external protective covering

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44
Q

Partietal and visceral pericardium

A

Two layers of precardial space filled with pericardial fluid. Decreases friction between the two layers when the heart beats

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45
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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46
Q

The atria of the heart

A

Receive blood from the body and lungs before blood enters the ventricles

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47
Q

Interatrail septum

A

Is the wall between the left and right atria where the fossa ovalis is found

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48
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Is a depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium an opening which allowed movement of blood from the right to the left atrium during fetal life

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49
Q

Auricles

A

Are extensions or pouches that project above the chambers of the left and right atria increasing the capacity of each atrium

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50
Q

Atrioventricular groove

A

Is the depression between the atria and ventricles encircling the heart also known as the coronary sulcus. It separates the atria from the ventricles externally. Also houses coronary coronary vessels

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51
Q

4 Valves of the heart

A

Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve

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52
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle also known as the atrioventriclur valve. Has structures known as chordae tendinae

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53
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Are things strands of collagen fibres that attach to the papillary muscle

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54
Q

What does the tricuspid valve control

A

The blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle

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55
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle and is known as the left atrioventricular or mitral valve

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56
Q

What does the bicuspid valve control

A

The flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

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57
Q

Aortic semilunar valve located

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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58
Q

Aortic semilunar valve control

A

Blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

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59
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve located

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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60
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve control

A

Blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary truck

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61
Q

Vessels draining blood into heart

A

Pulmonary veins right and left
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Inferior vena cava

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62
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Drain oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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63
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Drains the deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

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64
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Drains the deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium

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65
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

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66
Q

Vessels pumping blood away from heart

A

Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary left and right arteries

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67
Q

Ascending aorta

A

Conducts oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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68
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Conducts deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

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69
Q

Left and right pulmonary arteries

A

Conducts deoxygenated blood from pulmonary trunk to the lungs

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70
Q

Flow of blood in heart

A

Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta

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71
Q

Arterial supply of the heart

A

Right coronary artery branches
Left coronary artery branches

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72
Q

Three right coronary artery branches

A

Right coronary artery
Marginal branch
Posterior interventricular branch

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73
Q

Left coronary artery branches

A

Left coronary artery
Circumflex
Anterior interventricular branch

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74
Q

Veins that transport deoxygenated blood from coronary system

A

Small cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein

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75
Q

Breathings two cyclic phases

A

Inspiration
Expiration

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76
Q

Inspiration?

A

Draws oxygen rich air into the lungs

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77
Q

Expiration

A

Forces oxygen poor air out of the lungs

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78
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange
Gas conditioning
Sound production
Olfaction
Defense

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79
Q

Gas exchange external respiration

A
  • Refers to the exchange of gases between the air and blood
  • inspired O2 moves across the cellular membrane of the alveolous of the lung to capillaries into blood
  • waste co2 moves the opposite direction and out of the body through expiration
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80
Q

Gas exchange internal respiration

A

Exchanges gases 02 and co2 between blood and cells of the body

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81
Q

Gas conditioning

A
  • Need to be warmed/cleaned to prevent damage in lungs
  • occurs in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses is swirled around becoming warm.
  • air is cleansed through contact with mucosal lining of the respiratory epithelium
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82
Q

Sound production: respiratory system

A

Occurs by forceful expiration of air through the vocal cords in the larynx causing vibration

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83
Q

Respiratory system: olfaction

A

The olfactory epithelium covers the top of the nasal cavity receptors for sense of smell

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84
Q

Respiratory system: Defense

A

Coarse hairs of the nostrils, ciliated cells, mucus lining help trap particles and microorganisms from entering the nose and respiratory system

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85
Q

Two respiratory tract epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Goblet mucus cells

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86
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Small fingerlike increase surface area of conditioning air

Also functions to trap inhaled particles and microorganisms caught in mucus and sweep them back up the respiratory tract

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87
Q

Goblet mucus cells

A

Found interspersed throughout Pseudostratified epithelium and traps particulate matter or microorganisms that may be inhaled. Also provides moisture before it reaches lungs

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88
Q

Two regions of the respiratory systems

A

Conducting portion
Respiratory portion

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89
Q

Structures of conducting potion

A

Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

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90
Q

The conducting portion

A

Functions as transfer of inhaled air from the outside to the lung tissue

This is where air his humidified and trapping of debris occurs. No oxygen is absorbed into blood in this region

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91
Q

The respiratory potion structures

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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92
Q

The respiratory portion function

A

Transfers gases between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries

Facilitate the movement of gases from air to blood

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93
Q

The paranasal sinuses

A

Are a collection of air filled spaces within the bones of the skull

Aid in conditioning of air, defence
Act as a resonance chambers

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94
Q

Structures of paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus

95
Q

Nose and nasal cavity

A

First line defence against invading pathogens and debris, trapping them in coarse hairs and mucus.

Air enters vestibules

96
Q

The pharynx

A

Muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and the larynx. Functions to connect oral cavity with the esophagus in digestive system

97
Q

The larynx

A

Organ that produces sounds known as voice box. Made up of cartilages, ligaments and muscles

Preventing food from entering the trachea

98
Q

Cartilage of the larynx

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

99
Q

The epiglottis

A

Is a large spoon shaped elastic cartilage that functions to prevent food from passing into trachea

100
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Is a shield shaped hyaline cartilage that provides attachment for many muscles as well as vocal cords

101
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Is a complete ring of hyaline cartilage, functions as an attachment for muscles and vocal cords

102
Q

The vocal cords

A

Small ligaments attached to the laryngeal cartilages that vibrate when air is forced out of lungs, sound is produced

103
Q

The trachea

A

Known as the windpipe. Extends from the larynx to the T4/T5 level. Spilts at a junction called the carina. Main function is conduction of air to the lungs

104
Q

Structure of the trachea

A

Made up of 15-20 c-shaped cartilaginous rings. Function to keep the airway open

105
Q

Three histological layers of trachea

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Aventitia

106
Q

Mucosa of trachea

A

Is lined with Rate in order to clear and debris or pathogens that make it into the lower respiratory tract

107
Q

Submucosa of trachea

A

Lies between mucosa and adventitia. Made up of loose connective tissue, containing larger vessels and nerves as well as mucus secreting glands

108
Q

Adventitia of trachea

A

Is the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the trachea. These rings make the trachea flexible and durable

109
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Splitting the trachea results in two primary bronchi the left and right. The right bronchi’s is wider shorter and more vertical then the left

110
Q

Hilus

A

The aspect of the lung where the primary bronchitis enter the lung

111
Q

Ending of the conducting portion

A

Bronchi dividing into smaller and smaller tubes.
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

112
Q

The lungs

A

Right and left lung

113
Q

The right lung

A

The right lung is slightly large
- 3 has three lobes superior, middle, inferior
- has two fissures that separate the lobes the horizontal and oblique fissures

114
Q

The left lung

A

Has two lobes superior and inferior. The superior lobes contains cardiac notch

The left lung has one fissure the oblique fissure that separate lobes

115
Q

Cardiac notch of the left lung

A

A depression on the anterior border of the left lung that accommodates the space taken up by the apex of the heart

116
Q

Surfaces of the lungs

A

Apex
Diaphragmatic
Costal
Mediastinal

117
Q

The apex of the lung

A

Is the most superior point of this organ. It sits just above the first rib

118
Q

The diaphragmatic of the lungs

A

Sits superiorly to the diaphragm a dome shaped skeletal muscle. The base of the lung known as diaphragmatic surface, rest on diaphragm

119
Q

Costal surface of lung

A

Named after adjacent ribs, this surface curves around the lateral aspect of the lung

120
Q

The mediastinal of the lung

A

Surface of the lung is the medial surface, it contains the entry and exit points for all vessels and airways at a structure known as the hilus

121
Q

Pleural membranes of lungs function

A

Secretes pleural fluid to fill the pleural space between the two membranes. Fluid acts as a lubricant allowing visceral pleural of the lung to slide freely on the parietal pleura of the thoracic wall during inflation and deflation

122
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura

123
Q

Partial pleura

A

Is an outer serous membrane attached to the walls and floor of the thoracic cavity around the lungs

124
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Is a serous membrane attached to the surface of the lung that is continuous with the parietal pleura at the hilus

125
Q

Structures of the respiratory portion

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli

126
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Branch from the terminal bronchioles, first structures to contribute to gas exchange. Are a thin walled ducts

127
Q

Alveoli

A

Where gas exchange takes place, each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries in order to maximize the amount of oxygen going into the body and c02 leaving the body

128
Q

The digestive tract (alimentary canal)

A

Mouth
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

129
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Biliary ducts
Gallbladder
Pancreas

130
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Biliary ducts
Gallbladder
Pancreas

131
Q

Functions of digestive tract

A

Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility
Elimination of waste

132
Q

Digestion example

A

Process of chewing crushes food in mouth into smaller pieces to facilitate processing by enzymes into small molecules

133
Q

Absorption example

A

Digestion completed in small intestine and here most nutrients are absorbed. In large intestine water vitamins are absorbed

134
Q

Secretion example

A

Presence of food cells of the stomach mucosal wall release gastric acid to perform chemical digestion

135
Q

Motility example

A

Food is swallowed muscles in the esophageal wall contract and relax to push food through the esophagus down to the stomach

136
Q

Elimination of waste example

A

Leftover materials which are not absorbed or utilized by the body are eliminated by the process of defecation

137
Q

Defecation

A

Removal of fecal matter from the rectum

138
Q

Organization of digestive tract wall

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventita

139
Q

Three main innermost layer of mucosa elements of digestive tract

A

Surface epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

140
Q

Surface epithelium

A

Type of epithelial layer reflects the expected function of the organs. Functions include secretion, absorption, protection

141
Q

Lamina propria

A

Layer of loose connective tissue under the surface epithelium

142
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

Layer is composed of smooth muscle fibres under the lamina propria

143
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer below the mucosa. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains blood vessel, lymphatics, glands and nerve plexuses

144
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Is composed of circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle with nerve plexuses in between the layers.

145
Q

Plexuses

A

Responsible for muscular contraction to propel food through the digestive tract

146
Q

Serosa/ adventitia

A

Outermost layer of the digestive tract is either a Serosa or an adventitia. When the outer layer is serous membrane it is known as Serosa. When it is loose connective tissue it is known as adventita

147
Q

Serous membrane

A

A single layer of thin flat cells that form a membranous sheet and secrete lubricating fluid

148
Q

Two parts of oral cavity

A

The vestibule
Oral cavity proper

149
Q

The vestibule

A

Which is the space between the cheeks and lips and gums and teeth

150
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

Which includes the other areas of the mouth

151
Q

Structures of the oral cavity

A

Palate
Tongue
Salivary glands
Teeth
Pharynx
Tonsils

152
Q

Palate

A

Makes up the superior border of the oral cavity. It is divided into the hard palate (bone) and soft palate (muscle). The posterior extension of the soft palate is called the uvula

153
Q

Two sets of teeth

A

Deciduous
Permanent

154
Q

Deciduous

A

Consist of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars. Total of 20 teeth

155
Q

Permanent

A

Consist of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars for a total of 32 teeth

156
Q

The tongue

A
  • Is a muscle associated with speech, taste, and mechanical manipulation of food.
  • made up of muscle that control the shape of the tongue (intrinsic muscle) and muscles that move the tongue during chewing and speech (extrinsic muscle)
157
Q

Papillae of the tongue

A

Superior and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered in papillae which are projections. Four types which contain taste buds

158
Q

Three major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

159
Q

Parotid

A

Secretes serous (watery) fluid and is located anterior and inferior to the external ear opening

160
Q

Submandibular

A

Secretes serous and mucous (viscous) fluid and is inferior to the mandible

161
Q

Sublingual

A

Secretes mucus and is inferior to the tongue

162
Q

Three main tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil
Lingual tonsils

163
Q

Esophagus

A

Following oral cavity it is the next portion of the digestive tract

Muscular tube 25 cm in length and extending from the pharynx to the stomach

164
Q

Four layers of the esophagus

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

165
Q

Esophagus: mucosa

A

Stratified squamous epithelium protects the esophagus from the friction as food travels from the oral cavity to the stomach

166
Q

Esophagus: Submucosa

A

Contains mucus secreting glands. The mucus secreted is transported through a duct to be deposited in the lumen of the esophagus. This mucus will lubricate the tract to allow food to pass through more easily

167
Q

Esophagus: Muscularis externa

A

Consist of smooth and skeletal muscles. The upper 1/3 is only skeletal The middle 1/3 is mixed with skeletal and smooth muscle fibres and the lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

168
Q

Esophagus: adventita

A

Covered in aventitia which is composed of loose connective tissue

169
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Fundus
Body
Antrum

170
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

Shape of stomach gives rise to lesser and greater curvatures

171
Q

Stomach: mucosa

A

Epithelium is simple columnar and secretes mucus which helps protect the stomach from acids

172
Q

Stomach: rugae

A

Are non permanent folds and allow the stomach to expand following ingestion of food or liquid

173
Q

Stomach: Submucosa

A

Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, glands and nerve plexuses which supply the stomach tissue with oxygen and control contraction of the musculature

174
Q

Stomach: Muscularis externa

A

Has three layers of smooth muscles arranged in different directions:
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique layer

175
Q

Stomach: Serosa

A

Covered in Serosa

176
Q

Two parts of intestines

A

Small intestines
Large intestines

177
Q

Three portions of the small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

178
Q

Duodenum

A

25 cm in length. It is c-shaped and enclosed the head of the pancreas

179
Q

Jejunum

A

2.5 m in length. Lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdo

180
Q

Ileum

A

3.5 m in length. Lies in the right lower quadrant of the abdo

181
Q

Small intestine mucosa

A

Villi
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Intestinal glands
Plicae circulares

182
Q

Small intestine: villi

A

Which are fingerlike projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine

183
Q

Small intestine: epithelium

A

Founding the villi are simple columnar with many absorptive cells whose apical surfaces have microvilli

184
Q

Small intestine: lamina propria

A

Forms core of each villus and contains blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries

185
Q

Small intestine: intestinal glands

A

Are deep folds of mucosa between the villi and secrete intestinal juices

186
Q

Small intestine: plicae circulares

A

Which are permanent transverse folds that help increase the surface area for absorption and causes the material to spiral through the small intestine

187
Q

Small intestine: Submucosa

A

Found in duodenum, To help protect the small intestine from stomach acid. Not found in Jejunum and ileum

188
Q

Small intestine: Serosa

A

The outermost layer of the small intestine

189
Q

Large intestine

A

Is the terminal portion of the digestive tract. Three sections. The Cecum, the colon, the rectum

190
Q

Large intestine: cecum

A

First portion of the large intestine and had an extension off of it called the verniform appendix

191
Q

Large intestine: four portions of colon

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

192
Q

Ascending colon

A

Extends from the cecum ip the right side of abdo to join transverse colon

193
Q

Transverse colon

A

Extends from below the liver crossing the abdo to join descending colon below the spleen

194
Q

Descending colon

A

Extends down the left side of abdo from splenic end of the transverse colon to sigmoid colon

195
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

S-shaped terminal portion of colon that leads into the rectum

196
Q

Anal canal

A

Circular muscle layer thickens into the internal anal sphincter which is involved with waste excretion

197
Q

Rectum

A

Three teniae coli merge to form the continuous longitudinal muscular layer

198
Q

Order of digestive tract

A

Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

199
Q

Three Accessory organs digestion

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

200
Q

Accessory organs function

A

Significant part of acquiring nutrients from food

Provide enzymes to breakdown food

201
Q

Accessory organs function

A

Significant part of acquiring nutrients from food

Provide enzymes to breakdown food

202
Q

The liver functions

A

Produces bile to breakdown fats
Stores glucose as glycogen can be used as energy
Metabolism of toxins, drugs and alcohol

203
Q

The gallbladder function

A

Underneath the liver functions in storage and release of bile in digestive system

204
Q

The pancreas

A

Controls blood glucose levels, and secretes digestive enzymes in intestines

Both endocrine and exocrine functions

205
Q

Four lobes of liver

A

Located upper right quad abdo
Right and left
Caudate
Quadrate

206
Q

Ligaments of liver

A

Coronary ligament- attach to interior of diaphragm
Falciform ligament- separates left and right lobe

207
Q

Hilum (porta hepatis)

A

Hepatic vessels and ducts enter and leave the liver

208
Q

Structures of hilum

A

Common hepatic duct
Portal vein
Hepatic artery

209
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Drains bile produced in liver

210
Q

Portal vein

A

Carries nutrient rich blood from digestive system into the liver

211
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the liver

212
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver lobes made up Simple cuboidal liver cells

213
Q

Portal triad

A

Bile ductule
Portal vein
Hepatic artery

214
Q

Flow of venous blood in liver

A

Portal veins
Sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic veins
Inferior vena cava
Heart

215
Q

Flow of blue

A

Canaliculi
Bile ductules
Hepatic ducts

216
Q

Liver cirrhosis

A

Slow progressive disease liver tissue becomes scarred liver can not function properly

217
Q

The gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrate bile not immediately required for digestion

218
Q

Three regions of gallbladder

A

Fundus
Body
Neck

219
Q

Three Biliary system ducts

A

Hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct

220
Q

Gallbladder hepatic duct

A

Right and left loves of liver drain bile into common hepatic duct

221
Q

Gallbladder cystic duct

A

Transport bile to and from gallbladder

222
Q

Gallbladder common bile duct

A

Hepatic duct and cystic duct drain into common bile duct which enters the duodenum

223
Q

Divisions of pancreas

A

Head
Body
Tail

224
Q

Ducts of pancreas

A

Common bile duct
Main pancreatic duct
Ampulla of cater

225
Q

Kidney

A

Beginning of urinary system, filter blood to produce urine. Urine gets rid of waste and excess ions

226
Q

The kidney supportive tissue

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule

227
Q

The kidney renal capsule

A

Covers outside of kidney dense irregular connective tissue. Protect kidney and maintain structure

228
Q

The kidney adipose capsule

A

Offers cushions and protection surrounding the kidney

229
Q

Two kidney regions

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla

230
Q

Nephron

A

Filter blood and produce urine composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

231
Q

The renal corpuscle

A

Composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule. Blood flows the glomerular capillaries filtering it

232
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Helps regulate blood pressure by monitoring ion concentration

233
Q

Three parts of urinary tract

A

Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

234
Q

Ureters

A

Two long thin tubes connecting kidneys to bladder

ANAT 100 Mod 8-10 (1 decks)

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