ANAT 100 Mod 8-10 Flashcards
What functions of the Blood?
- Helps with transporting elements throughout body, oxygen for lungs to body tissue and CO2 from body tissues to lungs
- help with body temp and PH levels
- immune responses
Four physical characteristics of blood
Viscosity
Temperature
pH levels
Volume in and individual
Viscosity
4x more viscous than water
Characteristic of blood: temp
38 C
Characteristic blood: pH levels
Ranges between 7.35-7.45
Characteristics of blood: volume
The average is 5L
Components of blood
Plasma
Formed elements
Components of blood: plasma
Accounts for 55% of total blood volume (is 92% water and 8% solutes)
Plasma solutes
Include proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin) which is 7% of blood content
Blood components formed elements three types
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Known as red blood cells and contain hemoglobin to transport O2 and CO2 throughout body
RBC features
- they lack nuclei
- they are 8 um in diameter and 2 um thick
- their life span is approximately 120 days
Thrombocytes
Known as platelets and are smallest formed elements of the blood. Helps stop bleeding
Features of platelets
- They lack nuclei
- they round or spindle shaped discs
- they are 2-4 um in diameter
- they originate from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
Leukocytes
Known as white blood cells. These cells have a nucleus but do not contain hemoglobin.
Two divisions of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Five different cell types of granulocytes and agranulocytes
Monocyte
Lymphocytes
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Three types of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
- Are the most abundant cell types making up 60-70% of WBC.
- they are the first line of defence against bacterial invasion.
- they engulf bacteria and other cells
Eosinophils
Make up 2-4% of all WBC. They help defend the body against allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Basophils
- Are the least common making up only 1% of WBC
- heparin and histamine in the granules release during inflammatory or allergic reactions
Two types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
- account for 20-30% of WBC
- involved in the branch of immune system that attacks pathogens and abnormal cells
Monocytes
- account for 3-8% of WBC
- can move outside of blood vessels and into tissue
- part of immune system response
Structure of blood vessels: three tunics (layers)
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica Intima
Structure of blood vessel: tunica externa
Is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres
Structure of blood vessel: tunica media
Is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Structure of blood vessel: tunica intima
Composed of simple squamous epithelium also known as the endothelium
Two types of blood vessel cardiovascular system
Arteries
Veins
Venous system
Veins
Venule
Venous system: veins
Venule give rise to rise to small veins and then large veins
- larger lumen then arteries
- far less muscle in the tunica media compared to arteries
- veins have a one way valves that prevent blood flowing backwards
Venous system: Venule
- Smallest venues resemble capillaries structure
- smaller venules give rise to larger venules that have three thin tunics
Arterial: elastic artery
- are large arteries near the heart such as the aorta
- large lumen
- tunica media has more elastic fibers than smooth muscle
- exhibit stretching and recoil characteristics
Arterial system: muscular artery
- deliver blood to the various regions and organs of the body
- thick tunica media with a lot of smooth muscle
- exhibit contractile characteristics
Arterial system: arteriole
- Muscular arteries typically lead to large arterioles which lead to smaller ones
- large arterioles have three tunics but the media consist of only a few layers of smooth muscle
- small arterioles have single layer of smooth muscle around the tunica intima
Capillary
Smallest blood vessels and are the transition between arterioles the arterial system and venous system
- size 8-10 um
- consist only the tunica intima
The heart
- pumps blood throughout the body
- typically 30-35% of total blood volume in arterial system where 65-70% in venous system
Two types of circulation
Pulmonary
Systemic
Pulmonary circulation
Carrie’s deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart
Systemic circulation
Carrie’s oxygenated blood from heart to other organ systems/tissues of the body, except the lungs. Deoxygenated blood from tissues returns to the heart
Anatomical location of heart
- resides in the mediastinum, between lungs and thorax
- shape of heart resembles an inverted pear fruit
Coverings of the heart: two types of pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium: partietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Most external protective covering
Partietal and visceral pericardium
Two layers of precardial space filled with pericardial fluid. Decreases friction between the two layers when the heart beats
Four chambers of the heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
The atria of the heart
Receive blood from the body and lungs before blood enters the ventricles
Interatrail septum
Is the wall between the left and right atria where the fossa ovalis is found
Fossa ovalis
Is a depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium an opening which allowed movement of blood from the right to the left atrium during fetal life
Auricles
Are extensions or pouches that project above the chambers of the left and right atria increasing the capacity of each atrium
Atrioventricular groove
Is the depression between the atria and ventricles encircling the heart also known as the coronary sulcus. It separates the atria from the ventricles externally. Also houses coronary coronary vessels
4 Valves of the heart
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle also known as the atrioventriclur valve. Has structures known as chordae tendinae
Chordae tendinae
Are things strands of collagen fibres that attach to the papillary muscle
What does the tricuspid valve control
The blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle and is known as the left atrioventricular or mitral valve
What does the bicuspid valve control
The flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve located
Between the left ventricle and aorta
Aortic semilunar valve control
Blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Pulmonary semilunar valve located
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve control
Blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary truck
Vessels draining blood into heart
Pulmonary veins right and left
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Drain oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Superior vena cava
Drains the deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium
Coronary sinus
Drains the deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Drains deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium
Vessels pumping blood away from heart
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary left and right arteries
Ascending aorta
Conducts oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
Pulmonary trunk
Conducts deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries
Left and right pulmonary arteries
Conducts deoxygenated blood from pulmonary trunk to the lungs
Flow of blood in heart
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Arterial supply of the heart
Right coronary artery branches
Left coronary artery branches
Three right coronary artery branches
Right coronary artery
Marginal branch
Posterior interventricular branch
Left coronary artery branches
Left coronary artery
Circumflex
Anterior interventricular branch
Veins that transport deoxygenated blood from coronary system
Small cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Breathings two cyclic phases
Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration?
Draws oxygen rich air into the lungs
Expiration
Forces oxygen poor air out of the lungs
Functions of the respiratory system
Gas exchange
Gas conditioning
Sound production
Olfaction
Defense
Gas exchange external respiration
- Refers to the exchange of gases between the air and blood
- inspired O2 moves across the cellular membrane of the alveolous of the lung to capillaries into blood
- waste co2 moves the opposite direction and out of the body through expiration
Gas exchange internal respiration
Exchanges gases 02 and co2 between blood and cells of the body
Gas conditioning
- Need to be warmed/cleaned to prevent damage in lungs
- occurs in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses is swirled around becoming warm.
- air is cleansed through contact with mucosal lining of the respiratory epithelium
Sound production: respiratory system
Occurs by forceful expiration of air through the vocal cords in the larynx causing vibration
Respiratory system: olfaction
The olfactory epithelium covers the top of the nasal cavity receptors for sense of smell
Respiratory system: Defense
Coarse hairs of the nostrils, ciliated cells, mucus lining help trap particles and microorganisms from entering the nose and respiratory system
Two respiratory tract epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Goblet mucus cells
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Small fingerlike increase surface area of conditioning air
Also functions to trap inhaled particles and microorganisms caught in mucus and sweep them back up the respiratory tract
Goblet mucus cells
Found interspersed throughout Pseudostratified epithelium and traps particulate matter or microorganisms that may be inhaled. Also provides moisture before it reaches lungs
Two regions of the respiratory systems
Conducting portion
Respiratory portion
Structures of conducting potion
Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
The conducting portion
Functions as transfer of inhaled air from the outside to the lung tissue
This is where air his humidified and trapping of debris occurs. No oxygen is absorbed into blood in this region
The respiratory potion structures
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
The respiratory portion function
Transfers gases between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries
Facilitate the movement of gases from air to blood
The paranasal sinuses
Are a collection of air filled spaces within the bones of the skull
Aid in conditioning of air, defence
Act as a resonance chambers
Structures of paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Nose and nasal cavity
First line defence against invading pathogens and debris, trapping them in coarse hairs and mucus.
Air enters vestibules
The pharynx
Muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and the larynx. Functions to connect oral cavity with the esophagus in digestive system
The larynx
Organ that produces sounds known as voice box. Made up of cartilages, ligaments and muscles
Preventing food from entering the trachea
Cartilage of the larynx
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
The epiglottis
Is a large spoon shaped elastic cartilage that functions to prevent food from passing into trachea
Thyroid cartilage
Is a shield shaped hyaline cartilage that provides attachment for many muscles as well as vocal cords
Cricoid cartilage
Is a complete ring of hyaline cartilage, functions as an attachment for muscles and vocal cords
The vocal cords
Small ligaments attached to the laryngeal cartilages that vibrate when air is forced out of lungs, sound is produced
The trachea
Known as the windpipe. Extends from the larynx to the T4/T5 level. Spilts at a junction called the carina. Main function is conduction of air to the lungs
Structure of the trachea
Made up of 15-20 c-shaped cartilaginous rings. Function to keep the airway open
Three histological layers of trachea
Mucosa
Submucosa
Aventitia
Mucosa of trachea
Is lined with Rate in order to clear and debris or pathogens that make it into the lower respiratory tract
Submucosa of trachea
Lies between mucosa and adventitia. Made up of loose connective tissue, containing larger vessels and nerves as well as mucus secreting glands
Adventitia of trachea
Is the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the trachea. These rings make the trachea flexible and durable
Primary bronchi
Splitting the trachea results in two primary bronchi the left and right. The right bronchi’s is wider shorter and more vertical then the left
Hilus
The aspect of the lung where the primary bronchitis enter the lung
Ending of the conducting portion
Bronchi dividing into smaller and smaller tubes.
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
The lungs
Right and left lung
The right lung
The right lung is slightly large
- 3 has three lobes superior, middle, inferior
- has two fissures that separate the lobes the horizontal and oblique fissures
The left lung
Has two lobes superior and inferior. The superior lobes contains cardiac notch
The left lung has one fissure the oblique fissure that separate lobes
Cardiac notch of the left lung
A depression on the anterior border of the left lung that accommodates the space taken up by the apex of the heart
Surfaces of the lungs
Apex
Diaphragmatic
Costal
Mediastinal
The apex of the lung
Is the most superior point of this organ. It sits just above the first rib
The diaphragmatic of the lungs
Sits superiorly to the diaphragm a dome shaped skeletal muscle. The base of the lung known as diaphragmatic surface, rest on diaphragm
Costal surface of lung
Named after adjacent ribs, this surface curves around the lateral aspect of the lung
The mediastinal of the lung
Surface of the lung is the medial surface, it contains the entry and exit points for all vessels and airways at a structure known as the hilus
Pleural membranes of lungs function
Secretes pleural fluid to fill the pleural space between the two membranes. Fluid acts as a lubricant allowing visceral pleural of the lung to slide freely on the parietal pleura of the thoracic wall during inflation and deflation
Pleural membranes
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Partial pleura
Is an outer serous membrane attached to the walls and floor of the thoracic cavity around the lungs
Visceral pleura
Is a serous membrane attached to the surface of the lung that is continuous with the parietal pleura at the hilus
Structures of the respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Branch from the terminal bronchioles, first structures to contribute to gas exchange. Are a thin walled ducts
Alveoli
Where gas exchange takes place, each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries in order to maximize the amount of oxygen going into the body and c02 leaving the body
The digestive tract (alimentary canal)
Mouth
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Accessory digestive organs
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Biliary ducts
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Accessory digestive organs
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Biliary ducts
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Functions of digestive tract
Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility
Elimination of waste
Digestion example
Process of chewing crushes food in mouth into smaller pieces to facilitate processing by enzymes into small molecules
Absorption example
Digestion completed in small intestine and here most nutrients are absorbed. In large intestine water vitamins are absorbed
Secretion example
Presence of food cells of the stomach mucosal wall release gastric acid to perform chemical digestion
Motility example
Food is swallowed muscles in the esophageal wall contract and relax to push food through the esophagus down to the stomach
Elimination of waste example
Leftover materials which are not absorbed or utilized by the body are eliminated by the process of defecation
Defecation
Removal of fecal matter from the rectum
Organization of digestive tract wall
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventita
Three main innermost layer of mucosa elements of digestive tract
Surface epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Surface epithelium
Type of epithelial layer reflects the expected function of the organs. Functions include secretion, absorption, protection
Lamina propria
Layer of loose connective tissue under the surface epithelium
Muscularis mucosa
Layer is composed of smooth muscle fibres under the lamina propria
Submucosa
Layer below the mucosa. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains blood vessel, lymphatics, glands and nerve plexuses
Muscularis externa
Is composed of circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle with nerve plexuses in between the layers.
Plexuses
Responsible for muscular contraction to propel food through the digestive tract
Serosa/ adventitia
Outermost layer of the digestive tract is either a Serosa or an adventitia. When the outer layer is serous membrane it is known as Serosa. When it is loose connective tissue it is known as adventita
Serous membrane
A single layer of thin flat cells that form a membranous sheet and secrete lubricating fluid
Two parts of oral cavity
The vestibule
Oral cavity proper
The vestibule
Which is the space between the cheeks and lips and gums and teeth
Oral cavity proper
Which includes the other areas of the mouth
Structures of the oral cavity
Palate
Tongue
Salivary glands
Teeth
Pharynx
Tonsils
Palate
Makes up the superior border of the oral cavity. It is divided into the hard palate (bone) and soft palate (muscle). The posterior extension of the soft palate is called the uvula
Two sets of teeth
Deciduous
Permanent
Deciduous
Consist of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars. Total of 20 teeth
Permanent
Consist of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars for a total of 32 teeth
The tongue
- Is a muscle associated with speech, taste, and mechanical manipulation of food.
- made up of muscle that control the shape of the tongue (intrinsic muscle) and muscles that move the tongue during chewing and speech (extrinsic muscle)
Papillae of the tongue
Superior and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered in papillae which are projections. Four types which contain taste buds
Three major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Parotid
Secretes serous (watery) fluid and is located anterior and inferior to the external ear opening
Submandibular
Secretes serous and mucous (viscous) fluid and is inferior to the mandible
Sublingual
Secretes mucus and is inferior to the tongue
Three main tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil
Lingual tonsils
Esophagus
Following oral cavity it is the next portion of the digestive tract
Muscular tube 25 cm in length and extending from the pharynx to the stomach
Four layers of the esophagus
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia
Esophagus: mucosa
Stratified squamous epithelium protects the esophagus from the friction as food travels from the oral cavity to the stomach
Esophagus: Submucosa
Contains mucus secreting glands. The mucus secreted is transported through a duct to be deposited in the lumen of the esophagus. This mucus will lubricate the tract to allow food to pass through more easily
Esophagus: Muscularis externa
Consist of smooth and skeletal muscles. The upper 1/3 is only skeletal The middle 1/3 is mixed with skeletal and smooth muscle fibres and the lower 1/3 is smooth muscle
Esophagus: adventita
Covered in aventitia which is composed of loose connective tissue
Regions of the stomach
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Stomach anatomy
Shape of stomach gives rise to lesser and greater curvatures
Stomach: mucosa
Epithelium is simple columnar and secretes mucus which helps protect the stomach from acids
Stomach: rugae
Are non permanent folds and allow the stomach to expand following ingestion of food or liquid
Stomach: Submucosa
Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, glands and nerve plexuses which supply the stomach tissue with oxygen and control contraction of the musculature
Stomach: Muscularis externa
Has three layers of smooth muscles arranged in different directions:
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique layer
Stomach: Serosa
Covered in Serosa
Two parts of intestines
Small intestines
Large intestines
Three portions of the small intestines
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
25 cm in length. It is c-shaped and enclosed the head of the pancreas
Jejunum
2.5 m in length. Lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdo
Ileum
3.5 m in length. Lies in the right lower quadrant of the abdo
Small intestine mucosa
Villi
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Intestinal glands
Plicae circulares
Small intestine: villi
Which are fingerlike projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine
Small intestine: epithelium
Founding the villi are simple columnar with many absorptive cells whose apical surfaces have microvilli
Small intestine: lamina propria
Forms core of each villus and contains blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries
Small intestine: intestinal glands
Are deep folds of mucosa between the villi and secrete intestinal juices
Small intestine: plicae circulares
Which are permanent transverse folds that help increase the surface area for absorption and causes the material to spiral through the small intestine
Small intestine: Submucosa
Found in duodenum, To help protect the small intestine from stomach acid. Not found in Jejunum and ileum
Small intestine: Serosa
The outermost layer of the small intestine
Large intestine
Is the terminal portion of the digestive tract. Three sections. The Cecum, the colon, the rectum
Large intestine: cecum
First portion of the large intestine and had an extension off of it called the verniform appendix
Large intestine: four portions of colon
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Ascending colon
Extends from the cecum ip the right side of abdo to join transverse colon
Transverse colon
Extends from below the liver crossing the abdo to join descending colon below the spleen
Descending colon
Extends down the left side of abdo from splenic end of the transverse colon to sigmoid colon
Sigmoid colon
S-shaped terminal portion of colon that leads into the rectum
Anal canal
Circular muscle layer thickens into the internal anal sphincter which is involved with waste excretion
Rectum
Three teniae coli merge to form the continuous longitudinal muscular layer
Order of digestive tract
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Three Accessory organs digestion
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Accessory organs function
Significant part of acquiring nutrients from food
Provide enzymes to breakdown food
Accessory organs function
Significant part of acquiring nutrients from food
Provide enzymes to breakdown food
The liver functions
Produces bile to breakdown fats
Stores glucose as glycogen can be used as energy
Metabolism of toxins, drugs and alcohol
The gallbladder function
Underneath the liver functions in storage and release of bile in digestive system
The pancreas
Controls blood glucose levels, and secretes digestive enzymes in intestines
Both endocrine and exocrine functions
Four lobes of liver
Located upper right quad abdo
Right and left
Caudate
Quadrate
Ligaments of liver
Coronary ligament- attach to interior of diaphragm
Falciform ligament- separates left and right lobe
Hilum (porta hepatis)
Hepatic vessels and ducts enter and leave the liver
Structures of hilum
Common hepatic duct
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct
Drains bile produced in liver
Portal vein
Carries nutrient rich blood from digestive system into the liver
Hepatic artery
Carries oxygenated blood to the liver
Hepatocytes
Liver lobes made up Simple cuboidal liver cells
Portal triad
Bile ductule
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Flow of venous blood in liver
Portal veins
Sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic veins
Inferior vena cava
Heart
Flow of blue
Canaliculi
Bile ductules
Hepatic ducts
Liver cirrhosis
Slow progressive disease liver tissue becomes scarred liver can not function properly
The gallbladder
Stores and concentrate bile not immediately required for digestion
Three regions of gallbladder
Fundus
Body
Neck
Three Biliary system ducts
Hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Gallbladder hepatic duct
Right and left loves of liver drain bile into common hepatic duct
Gallbladder cystic duct
Transport bile to and from gallbladder
Gallbladder common bile duct
Hepatic duct and cystic duct drain into common bile duct which enters the duodenum
Divisions of pancreas
Head
Body
Tail
Ducts of pancreas
Common bile duct
Main pancreatic duct
Ampulla of cater
Kidney
Beginning of urinary system, filter blood to produce urine. Urine gets rid of waste and excess ions
The kidney supportive tissue
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
The kidney renal capsule
Covers outside of kidney dense irregular connective tissue. Protect kidney and maintain structure
The kidney adipose capsule
Offers cushions and protection surrounding the kidney
Two kidney regions
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Nephron
Filter blood and produce urine composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
The renal corpuscle
Composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule. Blood flows the glomerular capillaries filtering it
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Helps regulate blood pressure by monitoring ion concentration
Three parts of urinary tract
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Ureters
Two long thin tubes connecting kidneys to bladder
