anarchy

Question 1

what is the definition of anarchy?

Answer 1

“The absence of any authority superior to nation-states and capable of arbitrating their disputes and enforcing international law. The term anarchy is derived from the ancient Greek root anarchos (“without authority”), denoting the absence of the rule of law or of settled government.”

Question 2

what are the. basic principles of Realism?

Answer 2

statism, surival, self-help = 3S

Question 3

what is statism?

Answer 3

state is the most important unit, states represent the collective will of the people. Its authority to exercise power domestically derives from its legitimacy
● Beyond state borders, the IS is ruled by anarchy —» functional anarchy (not chaos): the lack of a central power, a world state that could make and enforce rules

Question 4

what is the perceotion is the international realm?

Answer 4

all states consider themselves to be the highest authority, it is ruled by anarchy

Question 5

what is the perception of the domestic realm?

Answer 5

it is hierarchical

Question 6

what is the primary goal of foreign policy?

Answer 6

the survival of the state - under the condition of anarchy it is never fully guaranteed

Question 7

how is survival the best secured?

Answer 7

accumulation of power

Question 8

what is the basic principle of realism?

Answer 8

Balance of Power

Question 9

what is self-help?

Answer 9

each and every state is forced to secure its own prosperity and survival since there is no supreme authority - Therefore, according to Realists, it is dangerous to trust other states or int. org.

Question 10

what is the theory of hobbes?

Answer 10

• State of Nature: the war of all against all (homo homini lupus) —» permanent state of war, permanent insecurity and threat. People live in constant fear of each other.
• Way out: creating and maintaining a sovereign state (Leviathan) —» social contract
• Surrendering personal freedoms (use of force) for security —» rational cooperation for security
• Paradox: man becomes civilized because of fear of his fellow man
• Security does not extend beyond the borders of the state. The creation of the sovereign state by definition creates a state of nature among states (anarchy) —» this state of nature cannot be escaped, there can be no social contract among states

Question 11

What was the first great debate about?

Answer 11

if liberalism was defeated after WW1

Question 12

What can Liberalism mean?

Answer 12

What is Liberalism?
● economic liberalism (“neoliberalism”)
● domestic politics (liberalism as a political ideology)
● IR Liberalism (core concepts):
○ Cooperation, Interdependence and integration, Int. instituations, Non-state actor, pluralism of actors —» domestic + int. actors ex.: churches, Pluralism of power, Political systems and domestic politics —» black box has to be opened up, Collective security, Int. Law, Human rights and normativity
○ positive sum game vs. zero sum game (if 1 country is succeeding other might not) vs. if you (want something you have to take it from someone)

Question 13

List the 4 Liberalisms in IR

Answer 13

1. Sociological Liberalism
2. Independence Liberalism
3. Liberal Institutionalism
4. Republican Liberalism

Question 14

Describe Sociological Liberalism

Answer 14

transnational, non-governmental relations among societies
➔ Liberal assumption: interpersonal relations (relations between people) are more peaceful and more cooperative than intergovernmental relations (relations between governments/states)
➔ John Burton: World Society (1972): cobweb model: states are made up of many communities groups which all have different interests and external (inter”national”) connections. Overlapping relations/connections diminish the likelihood of conflict.
➔ Benefit: describes real-life international relations, it is not constrained by statism. This world is more cooperative than the state-centered world Realists describe.
➔ The (nation)state is an exclusive community (see nationalism), and the interests of states seldom overlap
➔ Therefore, the more complex and wide transnational networks are, the more peaceful the IS becomes

Question 15

Describe Interdependence Liberalism

Answer 15

mutual economic dependence (interdependence)
➔ Interdependence=mutual dependence on each other: the life of peoples and governments are affected by what is happening in other parts of the world
➔ Keohane & Nye: Power and Interdependence (1977)
◆ complex interdependence: Relations on multiple levels beyond that of heads of state (bureaucracy); transnational relations between non-state actors; effectiveness of the military option decreases.
◆ Interstate relations become friendlier and more cooperative
● States will pursue diverse goals (not just security), non-state actors will pursue their goals independent of states
● Power is measured differently, depending on the issue in question (cf. the influence of small states)
● The role of int. org. is increasing: amplifying the influence of small states, for a for coalition building, international agenda setting

Question 16

Describe Liberal Institutionalism

Answer 16

int. institutions are the primary factor and creates more international system
◆ International institutions facilitate cooperation among states
◆ They decrease uncertainty, fear and the lack of trust

Question 17

Describe Republican Liberalism

Answer 17

democratic political systems

Question 18

Describe the neo-neo debate

Answer 18

1. Both schools accept the anarchic nature of the international system
   - Realism: anarchy places strict constraints on state behavior
   - Liberalism: Realists underestimate the role of interdependence, globalization ad international institutions, which limit the negative effects of anarchy
2. Booth schools consider cooperation possible
   - Realism: cooperation is difficult, temporary, and a function of state interests
   - Liberalism: cooperation is easy when state interests overlap
3. States evaluate cooperation differently
   - Realism: states are interested in relative gains
   - Liberalism: states are interested in absolute gains
4. What are states primarily motivated by
   - Realism: survival, security and power, due to the constraints of anarchy
   - Liberalism: economic prosperity and other, non-security issues
5. The role of international institutions
   - Realism: they are of secondary important since they are function of great power interests, therefore they do not limit anarchy
   - Liberalism: they are autonomous actors, are of central importance as they limit anarchy and thereby facilitate cooperation

Question 19

explain absolute and relative gains in the neo neo debate

Answer 19

Neoliberalism:
● States are atomised units (their behavior is independent of that of other states)
● States are maximizing their absolute gains. They do not care how much the partner benefits from cooperation
● Cheating is the main obstacle of cooperation for self-interested states (see game theory examples)
● International institutions can limit cheating with e.g. monitoring
Neorealism:
● States do not care about absolute gain and they are afraid of cheating partners
● BUT states are positional units, not atomised
● Therefore, cheating will not be the primary concern for them, but partners benefitting more - in relative terms - since these relative gains can be turned into against the state
● Thus, cheating and the fear of the relative gains of the partner together hinder cooperation.
● Realists argue that relative gains motivate state decisions about cooperation, even though states do not care about absolute gains.

Question 20

What is Constructivism?

Answer 20

According to constructivists, the world is constructed by individuals, most importantly the leaders of states. Therefore, if we change our shared beliefs about the international system, sooner or later the system itself will also change.
- Thus, the world can be shaped and changed (see the end of the Cold War)

Question 21

What is the critique of constructivism of the neo neo debate?

Answer 21

Individualism: the view that actors (states) have fixed (given, unchanging) interests and that the structure (e.g. anarchy) constrains their behavior.
- Materialism: the view that the structure that constrains behavior is defined by distribution of power, technology, and geography (i.e. By material factors).
- Status quo theories —» have difficulties with explaining change
- Ideas and norms:
- Realism —» material interests override norms, so they don’t matter;
- Liberalism —» norms are secondary when explaining behavior;
Constructivism —» central role, they are able to explain behavior

Question 22

Main ideas of Wendt?

Answer 22

Constructivism: since the world is constructed, it can be changed. Anarchy is no exception (Wendt).
- Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics (1992) one of the key texts of Constructivism.
- Ideas, institutions, historical contingency (chance) —» questions historical path- dependency, anarchy does not necessarily lead to self-help
- States are still the primary units of analysis, but their relations are socially constructed. State identity and interests are products of the interactions of states.
- State behavior is guided by norms, subjective factors, cultural-historical experiences, institutions etc.
- Anarchy is also a social construct, different forms of anarchy are possible („cultures of anarchy”) that are not characterized by self-help.

Question 23

What are the basics os classical realism?

Answer 23

● Rich historical tradition
● Anthropological pessimism
● Anarchy cannot be circumvented, conflict is a permanent feature of world politics —» the benefit of hindsight and the role of history
● Primacy of state interests and survival
● Power as an instrument
● States are not equal, IR is essentially the science of great powers
● Pessimism regarding the possibility of progress (the rules of international relations are unchanging)
● Alternative to morality: the state interest justifies everything and anything, morality and norms should be disregarded when the state’s interests are at stake

Question 24

What are the basics of Waltzian Neorealism?

Answer 24

● Kenneth Waltz theory of international politics (1979) most cited source in IR
● Waltz’s goal making realism more scientific —» tools lifted from microeconomics, analogy of the market applied to the international system
○ Rational actor model: the State is rational and behaves like the consumer/firm in the market (utility maximization)
○ Walt: human nature, as used in the classical realism, is not a Scientific category, so it cannot be the starting point for realist thought
● Main question: why do wars occur? Classical realism: bad people; because there is nothing to prevent them in the international system
● Classical Realism: inductive approach (looking at int’l. politics from the state), anarchy is a feature of the international system to which states (the units) react according to their own characteristics.
● Structural Realism: deductive systemic theory, the structure of the system (anarchy) explains the behavior of units (states). (Cf. Levels of analysis)
● Anarchy itself is the most important characteristic of the system
○ Twin facts of life: anarchy creates constant danger and self-help
● System = structure+units
● Key elements of the system:
○ Structure/ordering principle —» anarchy
○ Distribution of capabilities among units of the system
● The 3S are still valid, but state behavior is shaped by the constraints of the system, not by human nature
● Anarchy’s influence on state behavior:
○ Anarchy —» danger and uncertainty —» self-help state —» power maximization —» balance of power, conflict a feature of the anarchic system
● The goal of the balance of power is to prevent the emergence of a hegemon. Thus, the balance of power, a product of anarchy, both reinforces and recreates anarchy!
● Benefit of Structural Realism: anarchy and the distribution of capabilities are measurable, observed patterns/laws are generalizable.Ahistorical science: all anarchical systems work the same way.
● Structural Realism is good at explaining why dissimilar states behave similarly under anarchy
● Cases where similar states behave differently —» unit level explanations needed, e.g. Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA)
● Power for Waltz: the total of a state’s capabilities —» not just military power (cf. Classical Realism)
○ Military
○ Economy
○ Territory
○ Population
○ Geography
● Power is a relative concept (is compared to other states)
● Anarchy places states under the same constraints (self-help and power maximization), but states differ
● States differ based on their position in the system. Power and capabilities define position.
● States act according to their capabilities
● Distribution of capabilities within a system —» concentration in great powers —» polarity (number of great powers in the system).
● POWER IS A RELATIONAL CONCEPT
● Great powers can have a greater influence on what goes on in a system —» Neorealism truly is a science of great powers.
● Multipolarity, bipolarity, unipolarity: polarity used to characterize different international systems (distribution of capabilities)
● These systems are not created equal:Waltzian Realism claims that bipolar systems are the most stable (the number of systemic conflicts is lowest)

Question 25

What is the security dilemma?

Answer 25

● Def. of the security dilemma: steps taken by the state to improve its own security ultimately end up inducing fear in its neighbors (who then arm themselves too)
● Paradox: attempts at increasing security end up decreasing it (due to increased level of arms and lack of trust)
● Many Realists believe it is the most fundamental concept of international relations (more important than war!) —» key to explaining conflict.

Question 26

What is Offensive Realism?

Answer 26

states seek power for power’s sake, the system incentivizes states to be offensive.They grow as big as they can. Conflict will be a permanent feature of the system, cooperation will be temporary and fragile. - John Mearsheimer, Randall Schweller, Stephen Walt

Question 27

what is Defensive Realism?

Answer 27

states are primarily interested in security.There are revisionist (power seeking) states, but security seeking or status quo states can cooperate under certain conditions. - Kenneth Waltz, Robert Jervis, Charles Glaser, (most Neorealists belong here)

Question 28

Basic tenets of Liberalism?

Answer 28

1. Anthropological optimism: human nature is fundamentally good
2. IR are more characterized by cooperation than conflict
3. Strong belief in the possibility of progress (positive progress)
   BUT: variance among liberalisms in terms of the explanation of cooperation —» 4 distinct liberalisms in post-1945 IR, depending on which element of IS they focus on

Question 29

List again the 4 liberalisms in IR with short description

Answer 29

1. Sociological Liberalism (cobweb model): transnational, non-governmental relations among societies
2. Interdependence Liberalism: mutual economic dependence (interdependence)
3. Liberal Institutionalism: int. institutions are the primary factor and creates more international system
4. Republican Liberalism (democratic peace): democratic political systems
   —» 4 distinct explanations for the prevalence of cooperation in IR, 4 explanations on how the negative effects of anarchy can be mitigated, Put simply: why is there cooperation?

Question 30

What is neoliberal institutionalism - wilsonian liberalism?

Answer 30

● Wilson and Classical Liberalism (Idealism): emphasized the role of international institutions in stabilizing the international system
● Collective security: all states accept that one state’s security is the concern of all members of the community of states, and will step up against aggression together (see NATO’s Article V)
● Modern Liberalism: international institutions render cooperation easier and more likely…but cannot change global politics on their own.
● Strong states cannot be completely constrained, but these states do not rule over international institutions (cf. Realism)
● International institution = international organization or a collection of rules (called a regime) that regulate the behavior of states in a certain area, e.g. shipping. Institutions can be universal or regional.
● International institutions mitigate the negative effects of anarchy:
○ The increase trust among states by facilitating the flow of information
○ They provide a forum for negotiation
○ They offer monitoring possibilities over partners (credible promises are easier to make)
○ Increase the credibility of international agreements
○ They provide continuity and stability
● Challenge: demand for these institutions is increasing (management and regulation), but their power and legitimacy is not
○ Functionalism (integration theory)
○ Technological and economic cooperation makes parties recognize mutual gains
○ Self-interested rational actors increase the level of cooperation
○ Cooperation proliferates from one policy area to the next (spillover effect)
○ Empirics: the European Union

Question 31

what is Republican Liberalism - Democratic peace theory?

Answer 31

● Democracies do not fight each other
● This is the only scientifically supported law in IR
● But it is still the subject of criticism
● Logical extreme of the theory: the higher the number of democracies, the more peaceful an international system becomes
● Policy relevance: democracy promotion

Question 32

What is Interdependence Liberalism - Complex interdependence (Keohane & Nye)?

Answer 32

● Post-WWII interdependence is qualitatively different from previous forms of interdependence Before WWII: “simple interdependence”:
○ Heads of state meet with other heads of state
○ Military force is always an option
○ Security and survival (high politics) enjoys precedence over economic and social policy (low politics)
● Emergence of a new, complex interdependence
○ Relations on multiple levels beyond that of heads of state (bureaucracy)
○ Transnational relations between non-state actors
○ Effectiveness of the military option decreases
● Consequence: international relations resemble domestic politics. Different issues lead to the emergence of different coalitions between and within governments.
● With such relations, the intensity of conflicts varies, but generally, the role of power measured in terms of military power is negligible
● Instead, new forms of power become relevant
● States turn from high politics (security) towards low politics (welfare) due to the general lack of the threat of military conflict —» economic variables become more important for the study of IR
● Interstate relations become friendlier and more cooperative
○ States will pursue diverse goals (not just security), non-state actors will pursue their goals independent of states
○ Power is measured differently, depending on the issue in question (cf. the influence of small states)
○ The role of int. org. is increasing: amplifying the influence of small states, for a for coalition building, international agenda setting
● Complex interdependence characterizes industrialized states more
● Keohane & Nye: conflict cannot be fully excluded. If military conflict breaks out, Realism is a useful framework of analysis!

Question 33

How was constructivism born?

Answer 33

● 1980s in the US: Realism cannot adequately explain changes in the world, most importantly the end of the Cold War. Why then? Why this way? Why so Suddenly? Why does the post-Cold War world look the way it does?
○ Realism: multipolarity and competition „sometime in the future” (Waltz 2002)
○ Liberalism: only deals with Liberal ideas (Fukuyama)
● Why Constructivism became popular:
○ Demonstrates that international relations cannot be understood without a reference to norma and ideas
○ Can explain (retroactively) the end of the Cold War (ability to explain change)
● A critique of mainstream theories, one of the engines of the Fourth Great Debate (see later)
● Origins: sociology and philosophy, term constructivism coinded by Nicolas Onuf, World of Our Making (1989)
● Meta-theory (a theory about theories), not a substantive theory (a theory about particular aspects of international affairs).Hence it could more likely be compared to rational choice theory

Question 34

What was the fourth great debate?

Answer 34

● 4th debate: the reflexive critique of materialism/rationalism, most important cleavage within IR theory —» debate between materialism/rationalism and reflexivism
● Question: what kind of social science should we do?
○ Rationalism/materialism: unity of science —» natural science and social science form a whole, therefore the same methods that natural science uses should be applied to the study of societies
○ Reflexivism: the social world radically differs from the natural world, therefore social science should be separate, with its own methods
● Since the debate is about the nature of science, it is an epistemological debate
● Rationalism: neo-neo synthesis, most Marxism
● Reflexivism: postmodern, most feminists, critical Constructivism
● Mainstream Constructivism accepts the ontology of Constructivism (the social construction of society), but applies the same methods rationalists do. Hence it can engage in debate with the mainstream.

Question 35

Milyen egy kritikai elmélet?

Answer 35

• a társadalom intézményeinek kritikus vizsgálata
• emancipatorikus törekvések
• társadalmi visszásság: egyenlőtlenségek ,kirekesztések és kizsákmányoló/elnyomó mechanizmusok, bemutatása ezáltal egy és így egy igazságosabb rendszer kialakítása
• igazságos bánásmód, egyén autonómiája
• önreflektív elmélet-> ez azt jelenti, hogy az elmélet alkotójának tisztában kell lennie az
  elképzelése szituáltságával, korlátaival és ezeket a tényezőket folyamatosan figyelembe
  kell vennie. -> a kritikai elméletalkotás abból indul ki, hogy a kognitív folyamatok kontextuálisan kötöttek. Így bármiféle tudás társadalmi, kulturális és ideológiai befolyásnak van kitéve, éppen ezért kritikusan szemlélendő.
• nemzetközi kapcsolatok kritikai elméletei elsősorban a globális hatalmi viszonyok struktúráját vizsgálják ezen az alapon, felfedve a társadalmak propagált értékei és mindennapi gyakorlata közötti ellentmondásokat és inkonzisztenciákat (pl. amit a fejlődő társadalmakkal szemben mutatnak).
• állam mint a kirekesztés elsődleges intézményi formája jelenik meg

Question 36

Mi a feminizmus?

Answer 36

olyan politikai eszme és mozgalom, amely a nők társadalmi felszabadításáért és jogi,
társadalmi egyenlőtlenségül megvalósításáért és elismeréséért küzd
- a feminizmus nem csak a nőkről szól
- biológiai és társadalmi nem
-sztereotípiák férfi és női szerepekről

Question 37

Milyen fajtái vannak?

Answer 37

• Liberális feminizmus
• Radikális feminizmus
• Marxista és szocialista feminizmus
• Posztkoloniálisfeminizmus

Question 38

Hullámai?

Answer 38

első hullám –20. szd. eleje, a Nyugat
* nők szavazati joga
* oktatáshoz való jog
* családjogi kérdések, öröklés

másodikhullám–1968-1980, a Nyugat + néhány egyéb terület
* az eddigiek nem hoztak egyenlőséget, csak a felszínen
* strukturális problémák megoldása
* a személyes = politikai
* szexualitás, test, férfi-női kapcsolatok

harmadik hullám –1980-, az egykori harmadik világ területein is
* Interszekcionalitás
* bőrszín, etnikai hovatartozás, származás, vallás, szexuális orientáció, társadalmi hovatartozás
* kötőjeles identitások
* negyedik hullám?
* high-tech, web 2.0. alapú feminizmus

posztfeminizmus
* mindent elértünk, poszt-patriarchális társadalom
* nincs szükség feminizmusra
* pejoratív dolog a feminizmus